2011 Nakba Day: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia

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~~'''~~[[Nakba Day~~'''~~]] in ~~'''~~2011~~'''~~ was the [[Nakba Day|annual day of commemoration]] for the [[Palestinian people]] marking the [[~~1948 Palestinian exodus|~~Nakba]]—the [[Creation of Israel#Demographic outcome|displacement]] that accompanied the [[Israeli Independence|creation]] of [[Israel]] in 1948. Generally held on May 15, commemorative events in 2011 began on May 10, in the form of march by Palestinian [[Arab citizens of Israel]] on Israel's [[Yom Ha'atzmaut|Independence Day]]. On May 13, clashes between stone-throwing youths and Israeli security forces in [[East Jerusalem]] resulted in one Palestinian fatality, and clashes continued there and in parts of the [[West Bank]] in the days following.

In an unprecedented development on May 15, thousands of people, mostly [[Palestinian refugees]] from [[Lebanon]], the West Bank, [[Gaza Strip]] and [[Syria]], marched towards the ceasefire borders with Israel.<ref name=GideonBiger170511>{{cite web|url=http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/opinion/israel-was-infiltrated-but-no-real-borders-were-crossed-1.362215|title=Israel was infiltrated, but no real borders were crossed|author=Gideon Biger|date=17 May 2011|publisher=Haaretz|~~accessdate~~access-date=18 May 2011}}</ref><ref name=Daragmeh/><ref name="BBC"/><ref name=HS>{{cite web|url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/world/dead-as-israelis-open-fire-on-protesters/story-e6frf7lf-1226056390986|title=At least 12 people killed as Israelis open fire on border protesters|author=Jack Guez|publisher=Herald Sun|date=May 16, 2011}}</ref> Fifteen Palestinians were killed and hundreds wounded, most by live ammunition as the [[Israeli Defense Force]]s tried to hold them back across the line. Dozens of Israelis were also injured. More than a hundred protestors from Syria managed to breach the fence and enter the [[Israeli occupied territories|Israeli-occupied]] [[Golan Heights]], and at least one made it all the way to [[Tel Aviv]].

Attempts by march organizers in Egypt and Jordan to reach their countries' borders with [[Gaza Strip|Gaza]] and Israel, respectively, were largely thwarted by domestic security forces. At a mass demonstration outside the Israeli Embassy in [[Cairo]], the [[Egyptian Army]] used tear gas and live fire to disperse the crowd, wounding 353. In other events in Tel Aviv, an Israeli man was killed and others wounded by an Arab truck driver who claimed he lost control of his vehicle, but is suspected by Israeli police of having purposefully carried out a "terrorist attack".

Organized by calls put out by Palestinians on Facebook, the border marches were given impetus by the [[Arab Spring|revolutions and uprisings]] taking place in the [[Arab world]].<ref name=Daragmeh>{{cite web|url=http://www.heraldextra.com/news/world/article_10865d67-e7a6-57cf-af4b-dd705e5a19b5.html|title=Palestinians test tactic of unarmed mass marches|author=Karin Laub - The Associated Press|date=17 May 2011|work=Daily Herald|access-date=17 May 2011|archive-date=3 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180503000250/https://www.heraldextra.com/news/world/article_10865d67-e7a6-57cf-af4b-dd705e5a19b5.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="BBC"/> The American and Israeli governments said the marches were coordinated by the [[Iran]]ian and the [[Syria]]n governments to shift public attention from domestic unrest.<ref name="HAARETZ">{{cite web|url=http://www.haaretz.co.il/hasite/spages/1228099.html|title=דובר הבית הלבן: לישראל יש זכות להגן על גבולותיה|work=הארץ|access-date=2011-05-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110826115028/http://www.haaretz.co.il/hasite/spages/1228099.html|archive-date=2011-08-26|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Background==

''Al-Nakba'' is the [[Arabic language|Arabic]] word for "the catastrophe" or "the disaster" and is used by Palestinians to refer to the loss of Palestine, the displacement and dispersal that accompanied the creation of Israel in 1948.<ref name=Kamrava>{{cite book|title=The modern Middle East: a political history since the First World War|author=Mehran Kamrava|page=[https://archive.org/details/modernmiddleeast0000kamr/page/125 125]|edition=Illustrated|publisher=University of California Press|year=2005|~~ISBN~~isbn=978-0-520-24150-3|url=https://archive.org/details/modernmiddleeast0000kamr|url-access=registration|quote=nakba loss of palestine.}}</ref><ref name = Farsoun>{{cite book| url = https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof0000fars| url-access = registration| quote = nakba refugees return.|page=[https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof0000fars/page/14 14]|title=Culture and customs of the Palestinians|author=Samih K. Farsoun|edition=Illustrated|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=2004|~~ISBN~~isbn=978-0-313-32051-4}}</ref><ref name=Gregory>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yo6VyhJKKb8C&~~pg=PA86&dq~~q=nakba+past+present&hlpg=~~en&ei=OHbNTZ_dFcWKswaE9JS4Cw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CEAQ6AEwBDgU#v=onepage&q&f=false~~PA86|page=86|title=The colonial present: Afghanistan, Palestine, Iraq|author=Derek Gregory|edition=Illustrated, reprint|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|year=2004|isbn=978-1-57718-090-6}}</ref> More than 700,000 Palestinians were [[1948 Palestinian exodus|expelled or fled]] over the course of the [[1948 Palestine War]] and they and their descendants number several million today, divided between Jordan (2 million), Lebanon (427,057), Syria (477,700), the West Bank (788,108) and the Gaza Strip (1.1 million), with another quarter of a million internally displaced Palestinians in Israel.<ref name=Telegraph19/><ref name=reuters>Figures given here for the number of Palestinian refugees includes only those registered with [[UNRWA]] as June 2010. [[Internally displaced Palestinians]] were not registered, among others. [https://www.reuters.com/article~~/2011/05/15~~/us-palestinians-israel-refugees-idUSTRE74E2BP20110515 Factbox: Palestinian refugee statistics]</ref>

Nakba Day is commemorated annually, generally on May 15. Commemorations among Palestinian [[Arab citizens of Israel]] are often held on [[Israeli Independence Day]] which falls on the [[Hebrew calendar]] date of [[Iyar|5 Iyar]] (in 2011, May 10). On that day, several thousand [[internally displaced Palestinians]] and their supporters held their 14th annual "March of Return" between [[al-Damun]] and [[al-Ruways]], two [[~~List~~Depopulated ofPalestinian ~~Arab~~locations ~~towns~~in ~~and villages depopulated during the 1948 Palestinian exodus~~Israel|Palestinian villages depopulated]] during the [[1948 Palestinian ~~exodus~~expulsion and flight]].<ref name=AIC>{{cite web |url=http://www.alternativenews.org/english/index.php/topics/israeli-society/3587-thousands-mark-palestinian-nakba-in-galilee- |title=Thousands Mark Palestinian Nakba in Galilee |publisher=Alternativenews.org |date=2011-05-12 |~~accessdate~~access-date=2013-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005013923/http://www.alternativenews.org/english/index.php/topics/israeli-society/3587-thousands-mark-palestinian-nakba-in-galilee- |archive-date=2013-10-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref> At least 1,000 Arabs and Jews held the first public commemoration of the Nakba in [[Jaffa]] on May 14 to protest the "Nakba Law" passed by the Israeli [[Knesset]] in March. Organized by members of youth movements in Jaffa and [[Lod]], Arab Members of [[Knesset]] did not attend the protest, where demonstrators chanted pro-Palestinian, [[pan-Arabism|pan-Arab]], and anti-Israel slogans, and blocked traffic along Jaffa's main street.<ref>{{cite ~~web~~news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4068464,00.html |title=Hundreds mark 'Nakba Day' in Jaffa - Israel News, Ynetnews |newspaper=Ynetnews |publisher=Ynetnews.com |date=1995-06-20 |~~accessdate~~access-date=2011-05-18 |last1=Shaalan |first1=Hassan }}</ref><ref name="Hartman">Hartman, Ben. {{cite news|url=http://www.jpost.com/DiplomacyAndPolitics/Article.aspx?id=220514|title=Hundreds hold first-ever Nakba Day march in Jaffa|publisher=jpost.com|date=2011-05-15}}</ref>

In anticipation of Nakba Day events, the Israeli military sealed off the [[West Bank]] for 24 hours and deployed [[Israel Defense Forces|IDF]] regiments and Border Police gendarmes. Inside Israel, police prepared for Arab protests and possible violence, and security forces were deployed in the predominantly Arab [[Wadi Ara]] region. A heavy police presence was reported in many of [[Jerusalem]]'s Arab neighborhoods, and included both regular police officers and Border Police gendarmes.<ref name="Maan1"/>

Israeli forces were provided with riot and crowd-control gear, and were ordered to use live fire only under extreme circumstances. Israel's political leadership instructed the IDF not to take risks and assume major precautions. Soldiers were ordered not to intervene in peaceful demonstrations that did not target soldiers, settlers, or infrastructure. The IDF said that it wanted "zero funerals" during the demonstrations. Senior field officers were deployed in every sector of operations to monitor the situation and assist in the decision-making process. Israeli commanders also monitored internet chatter and social media websites to get a clear sense of the Palestinian street's mood. IDF Brigades were also trained to deal with clashes between Palestinians and settlers.<ref>{{cite ~~web~~news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4067434,00.html |title=IDF gears for 'Nakba Day' - Israel News, Ynetnews |newspaper=Ynetnews |publisher=Ynetnews.com |date=1995-06-20 |~~accessdate~~access-date=2011-05-18 |last1=Greenberg |first1=Hanan }}</ref><ref>{{cite ~~web~~news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4067158,00.html |title=IDF chief warns of violence on 'Nakba Day' - Israel News, Ynetnews |newspaper=Ynetnews |publisher=Ynetnews.com |date=1995-06-20 |~~accessdate~~access-date=2011-05-18 |last1=Greenberg |first1=Hanan }}</ref><ref>{{cite ~~web~~news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4067922,00.html |title=The goal: Zero funerals - Israel Opinion, Ynetnews |newspaper=Ynetnews |publisher=Ynetnews.com |date=1995-06-20 |~~accessdate~~access-date=2011-05-18 |last1=Fishman |first1=Alex }}</ref>

==Border demonstrations==

Inspired by the uprisings and revolutions taking place in the Arab world, Palestinians used [[Facebook]] to call for mass protests throughout the region on May 15, 2011, Nakba Day.<ref name=Daragmeh/><ref name=ATimes>{{cite web|author=|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/ME18Ak03.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520150314/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/ME18Ak03.html |url-status=unfit |archive-date=2011-05-20 |title=Persistence will pay off for Palestinians |publisher=Atimes.com |date=2011-05-18 |~~accessdate~~access-date=2013-10-02}}</ref><ref name=Bikya>{{cite web|url=http://bikyamasr.com/wordpress/?p=33601 |title=Army fires on ~~Cairo’s~~Cairo's Nakba rally |publisher=Bikyamasr.com |~~accessdate~~access-date=2013-10-02 |url-status=dead |~~archiveurl~~archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721165108/http://bikyamasr.com/wordpress/?p=33601 |~~archivedate~~archive-date=2011-07-21 }}</ref><ref name=YNETr>{{cite ~~web~~news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4069686,00.html |title=Syrian infiltrator recounts journey to TA |newspaper=Ynetnews |publisher=Ynetnews.com |date=1995-06-20 |~~accessdate~~access-date=2013-10-02}}</ref> A page calling for a "Third Palestinian Intifada" to begin on May 15 garnered more than 350,000 "likes" before being taken down by Facebook managers at the end of March after complaints from the Israeli government as well as a counter group which repeatedly requested Facebook to block the page on the grounds that it incited violence.<ref name=Philips>{{cite web |url=http://www.thirdage.com/news/israeli-troops-clash-with-palestinian-protesters_05-15-2011?page=2 |title=Israeli Troops Clash with Palestinian Protesters |publisher=Thirdage.com |date=2011-05-15 |~~accessdate~~access-date=2013-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611040127/http://www.thirdage.com/news/israeli-troops-clash-with-palestinian-protesters_05-15-2011?page=2 |archive-date=2011-06-11 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=CNN3>{{cite news|author=Kevin Flower~~, CNN~~ |url=http://articles.cnn.com/2011-03-29/world/palestinian.facebook_1_facebook-page-social-media-website-incites-violence?_s=PM:WORLD |title=Facebook page supporting Palestinian intifada pulled down |publisher=Articles.cnn.com |date=2011-03-29 |~~accessdate~~access-date=2013-10-02 |url-status=dead |~~archiveurl~~archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110624035859/http://articles.cnn.com/2011-03-29/world/palestinian.facebook_1_facebook-page-social-media-website-incites-violence?_s=PM%3AWORLD |~~archivedate~~archive-date=2011-06-24 }}</ref> The page called for mass marches to Palestine from Egypt, Lebanon, Syria and Jordan to commemorate the Nakba and demand the [[Palestinian right of return|right of return]] for all Palestinian refugees.<ref name=AhramO>{{cite web|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/11737/Egypt/Politics-/Egyptians-call-for-a-march-to-Palestine-on-Nakba-d.aspx |title=Egyptians to mark Nakba with a march to Palestine |publisher=English.ahram.org.eg |date=2011-05-09 |~~accessdate~~access-date=2013-10-02}}</ref>

===Egypt===

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On the Friday (May 13) before Nakba Day, thousands demonstrated in [[Cairo]]'s [[Tahrir Square, Cairo|Tahrir Square]] in solidarity with Palestinians (and [[Copts]]). On Saturday, thousands were planning to make their way toward the [[Rafah crossing]] with the [[Gaza Strip]] in convoys set to depart from Cairo, Alexandria, Suez, Damietta, North Sinai. Gharbiya, Beni Suef, Assiut, Qena and Sohag.<ref name=Bikya/><ref name=AhramO/> However, an order from the Supreme Council of Armed Forces to tourism companies not to send buses to the convoy organizers left them without sufficient transportation and the few buses they did manage to procure were stopped by the army.<ref name=Bikya/> The blockage of access by Egyptian forces to the [[Sinai Peninsula]], meant that only about 80 activists managed to reach the border with Rafah.<ref>[http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=387910 Egyptians rally at Rafah for Palestinian rights] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140312025046/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=387910 |date=2014-03-12 }}. ''[[Ma'an News Agency]]''. 2011-05-15.</ref>

At the Israeli Embassy in Cairo on May 15, thousands gathered for a demonstration. Individuals tried to break into the building, but were dispersed by Egyptian security forces using tear gas and live fire.<ref name=Bikya/> Some 353 protesters were injured and 180 arrested.<ref>[http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/node/440439 Rights organization urges release of Nakba protesters]. ''[[Al-Masry Al-Youm]]''. 2011-05-17.</ref> At least two of the wounded had been shot in head and chest by Egyptian forces, and at least two of those arrested were well known for their ~~tweetss~~tweets during the [[2011 Egyptian revolution]].<ref name=Bikya/>

===Israel===

On 15 May, about 25 Arab-Israeli students gathered near [[Avivim]] alongside the border with Lebanon to commemorate Nakba Day. Israeli police ordered them to leave the area. A female attorney among the protesters asked why and was slapped by an Israeli police commander. The protesters said they could not leave immediately because they were waiting for their bus to arrive, and that they were attacked by security forces who fired tear gas. Israeli authorities said the group had no permit to protest and that the area had been declared a closed military zone because of the escalating border disturbances. A police statement said when they refused to leave, reasonable force was used to remove them, and eight people were arrested.<ref name=Watch>{{cite ~~web~~news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4069475,00.html |title=Watch: Police commander slaps Arab protester |newspaper=Ynetnews |publisher=Ynetnews.com |date=1995-06-20 |~~accessdate~~access-date=2013-10-02 |last1=Magnezi |first1=Aviel }}</ref>

===Jordan===

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===Lebanon===

In Lebanon, activists had organized an event on a mountaintop in the village of [[Maroun al-Ras]] that overlooks the border with Israel. Some 30,000 people, including Palestinian refugees from various [[Palestinian refugee camp]]s across Lebanon attended.<ref name=AJP/><ref name=DS>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Politics/2011/May-17/Palestinian-refugee-camps-bury-Nakba-martyrs.ashx#axzz1Mp1xlw2c |title=Palestinian refugee camps bury Nakba martyrs |publisher=Dailystar.com.lb |date=2011-05-17 |~~accessdate~~access-date=2013-10-02}}</ref> After walking up the mountain to the protest site, many decided to descend the opposite side, and continued on towards the border.<ref name=AJP/> [[Lebanese Armed Forces|Lebanese Army]] soldiers fired into the air in a failed effort to deter them.<ref name="Economist">{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/newsbook/2011/05/israel|title=Israel: Unrest on the borders|publisher=The Economist|date=15 May 2011|~~accessdate~~access-date=16 May 2011| ~~archiveurl~~archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110519061435/https://www.economist.com/blogs/newsbook/2011/05/israel| ~~archivedate~~archive-date= 19 May 2011 | url-status= live}}</ref> Crossing through a minefield that was laid by Israel during the [[2006 Lebanon War]], they reached the border fence, and threw stones over it, chanting for their right of return.<ref name=AJP>{{cite web|title=In Pictures: Nakba day violence on the Israel-Lebanon border|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/photo_galleries/middleeast/2011516141741145621.html|publisher=Al Jazeera English}}</ref> Eleven Palestinian refugees were killed and 100 injured by gunfire before the protesters retreated.<ref name=AJP/><ref name=DS/> Media reported that the protesters were shot by the IDF.<ref name=AJP/><ref name="Economist"/> The IDF said most of those killed were likely shot by the [[Lebanese Armed Forces]] (LAF) and that they had a video that established this, but would not release it on the grounds that it might cause embarrassment to the Lebanese Army.<ref name=JPideo>{{cite web|last=Katz |first=Yaakov |url=http://www.jpost.com/Defense/Article.aspx?id=220904 |title=IDF withholds video of Lebanese firing on protesters |publisher=Jpost.com |date=2011-05-17 |~~accessdate~~access-date=2013-10-02}}</ref>

===Palestinian territories===

[[File:Flickr - Israel Defense Forces - Qalandiya Rioters Use Ambulance for Cover While Hurling Rocks.jpg|thumb|Palestinians throwing rocks while taking cover behind an ambulance at [[Qalandiya]]]]

On 13 May, protests took place throughout the West Bank, primarily at the weekly Friday protests against the [[Israeli West Bank barrier|separation fence]]. Near [[Nabi Salih]], dozens of Palestinians, Israeli leftists, and foreign activists clashed with IDF forces who said they were dispersed for throwing stones. Protestors reported 10 injuries. Similar protests took place in [[Na'alin]] and [[Umm Salamuna]], south of [[Bethlehem]], where six were arrested and the area sealed off by the IDF. A protest was also held near [[Bil'in]].<ref name=Efraim>~~http~~{{Cite web|url=https://www.ynetnews.com/~~articles~~category/~~0,7340,L-4068181,00{{dead link~~13341|~~date~~title=~~June~~ynetnews ~~2017~~- ~~|bot=InternetArchiveBot~~sorry page|~~fix-attempted~~website=~~yes~~ ynetnews}}</ref>

Palestinian demonstrators marched on the [[Qalandia]] checkpoint on May 15. Organizers had previously convened seminars on strategies for non-violent resistance to prepare for a march on the [[Qalandia]] checkpoint on May 15. Several of them were arrested by [[Palestinian National Authority|Palestinian Authority]] police in the month before the protest date. Representatives from Bi'lin, Nil'in and Nabi Salih, villages known for their grassroots weekly protests against the separation barrier, attended the protest which began at around 10:30am on May 15. More than 1,000 protestors marched through the Qalandia refugee camp until they reached within 100 meters of the checkpoint, where Israeli forces used tear gas to disperse them.<ref name=JQ>{{cite web|author=Kieron Monks |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/features/2011/05/201151611522564602.html |title=Green shoots emerge at Qalandia checkpoint |publisher=English.aljazeera.net |date= |~~accessdate~~access-date=2013-10-02}}</ref><ref name=Donnison>{{cite news|last=Donnison |first=Jon |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-13417788 |title=Palestinians emboldened by Arab Spring |publisher=Bbc.co.uk |date=2011-05-16 |~~accessdate~~access-date=2013-10-02}}</ref> A standoff ensued that lasted more than seven hours between Israeli soldiers and around 100 Palestinian protesters who threw stones as Israeli troops fired tear gas and rubber bullets.<ref name=JQ/><ref name=Donnison/> Israeli undercover officers in plain clothes carrying pistols ran into the crowd from time to time and made arrests.<ref name=Donnison/> In several incidents, Palestinians took cover behind ambulances while throwing rocks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/144186 |title=Camera ~~Doesn’t~~Doesn't Lie: Attackers Hide Behind Ambulances|publisher=Israel National News |date= |~~accessdate~~access-date=2011-05-18}}</ref> More than 80 Palestinians, including three paramedics, were injured, and 20 were hospitalized. Dr. Sami Dar Nakhla said the IDF was using a new form of toxic tear gas that caused seizures and unconsciousness, and remarked that the last time he saw so many casualties in one day was during the [[Second Intifada]].<ref name=JQ/>

Between 500 and 600 Palestinians marched towards the [[Erez crossing]] on the border between Israel and the [[Gaza Strip]].<ref name=AJE/> IDF forces fired on the group intermittently over the course of several hours with tanks, machine guns, gas canisters, and sound bombs, killing one demonstrator and wounding more than 80.<ref name="BBC"/><ref name=AJE/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/middleeast/news/article_1639368.php/Israel-Syria-Lebanon-borders-calm-after-Palestinian-Nakba-protest |title=Israel-Syria-Lebanon borders calm after Palestinian Nakba protest |publisher=Monsters and Critics |date=1948-05-14 |~~accessdate~~access-date=2011-05-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519234719/http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/middleeast/news/article_1639368.php/Israel-Syria-Lebanon-borders-calm-after-Palestinian-Nakba-protest |archive-date=2011-05-19 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=AI/> The IDF said that it fired at the legs of protestors approaching the fence.<ref name=YNETT/> The wounded included 31 children and 3 journalists who attended the march.<ref name=AI>{{cite web|author=dhyams |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde15/025/2011/en/ |title=Israeli military's killing of Nakba protesters must be investigated |publisher=Amnesty.org |date=2011-05-13 |~~accessdate~~access-date=2013-10-02}}</ref> A group of youth under the age of 18 who approached the fence were fired upon by a tank, wounding 15.<ref name=YNETT/> A group of Palestinian women also came to the site to throw stones.<ref name=YNETT/> [[Hamas]], which governs the territory, reportedly asked protesters to withdraw from the border.<ref name="AJE">[http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2011/05/2011515649440342.html Palestinians killed in 'Nakba' clashes]. ''[[Al-Jazeera English]]''. 2011-05-15.</ref> In a separate incident, Israeli troops killed 17-year-old Khamis Salah Mesleh Habeeb in the "buffer zone" at the Israel-Gaza Strip border near the [[Nahal Oz]] crossing.<ref name=AI/> The IDF said that troops opened fire on a Palestinian man they suspected of placing explosives on the Israel-Gaza Strip border fence near Nahal Oz.<ref name=YNETT>{{cite ~~web~~news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4068838,00.html |title=Gaza: Dozens hurt by IDF fire - Israel News, Ynetnews |newspaper=Ynetnews |publisher=Ynetnews.com |date=1995-06-20 |~~accessdate~~access-date=2011-05-18 |last1=Greenberg |first1=Hanan }}</ref>

===Syria===

In Syria, the demonstrations were organized by phone and Internet by Palestinian refugees, most of them university students independent of any political faction, in response to the call for a "Third Palestinian Intifada" on Facebook.<ref name=Golan>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hORDwISozjMd3J4mnoJRPRbpY9vA?docId=CNG.24720c3e4e4b36a7a28281c90f818eda.281 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140131025725/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hORDwISozjMd3J4mnoJRPRbpY9vA?docId=CNG.24720c3e4e4b36a7a28281c90f818eda.281 |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 31, 2014 |title=Shot Palestinian youth proud of Golan protest ~~|publisher=Google.com~~ |date=2011-05-18 |~~accessdate~~access-date=2013-10-02}}</ref><ref name=Nabulsi/> Demonstrators gathered near the Israeli-Syrian [[Purple Line (ceasefire line)|ceasefire line]] waving Palestinian flags. The first wave of demonstrators was stopped by Syrian police, who were later overtaken when a second group arrived.<ref name=MEO/> About 1,000 demonstrators approached the fence, and some 300 children among them, rushed toward the fence.<ref name="BBC"/><ref name=YNETG/> Some managed to breach the border and enter the Israeli side of the ceasefire line. The sole Israeli military patrol present was overwhelmed and opened fire on the demonstrators, who threw stones at Israeli troops.<ref name=MEO>{{cite web |url=http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=46168 |title='They crossed minefields,' Golan residents marvel |publisher=Middle-east-online.com |date=2011-05-17 |~~accessdate~~access-date=2013-10-02 |archive-date=2011-08-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110808050113/http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=46168 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Four demonstrators were killed and dozens injured.<ref name="AJE"/> The dead were Palestinian refugees: Qais Abu Alheija from Houd, Bashar Ali Shahabi from [[Lubya]], Samer Khartabeel from [[Tiberias]], and Abadah Zaghmout from [[Safsaf]].<ref name=Nabulsi>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/may/19/nakba-day-palestinian-summer |title=Nakba day: we waited 63 years for this |publisher=Guardian |date= 2011-05-19|~~accessdate~~access-date=2013-10-02 |location=London |first=Karma |last=Nabulsi}}</ref> Two demonstrators were arrested and detained, but were returned to Syria.<ref name=YNETr/> About a dozen Israeli soldiers injured by stone-throwing during the clashes, and suffered mild-to-moderate injuries. Among the injured was the Israeli commander, Colonel Eshkol Shukrun, who was hit in the face.<ref name=YNETG/>

More than a hundred demonstrators managed to bypass the fence and enter the Arab [[Druze]] town of [[Majdal Shams]].<ref name=YNETG>{{cite ~~web~~news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4069033,00.html|title=IDF says handled border breach well|work=ynet|date=15 May 2011 |last1=Greenberg |first1=Hanan }}</ref><ref name=HaaretzP>{{cite web|last=Arens |first=Moshe |url=http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/idf-unprepared-for-syria-border-breach-despite-intelligence-tips-1.362173 |title=IDF unprepared for Syria border breach, despite intelligence tips |publisher=Haaretz.com |date=2011-05-17 |~~accessdate~~access-date=2013-10-02}}</ref> Arab residents of the [[Golan Heights]], many of whom still hold Syrian citizenship, had gathered near the fence when they heard shots, and welcomed those who entered Majdal Shams, offering them food and drink.<ref name=MEO/> The demonstrators eventually headed back to Syria after negotiations, and police combed the area for any additional infiltrators. At least one demonstrator, Hassan Hijazi, a 28-year-old Palestinian refugee, managed to hitch a ride to central Israel with Israeli and French Arab peace activists, and reached [[Tel Aviv]] by bus, even sitting alongside Israeli soldiers.<ref name=YNETr/> After finding his old family home in [[Jaffa]], he turned himself in at a police station, saying he had fulfilled a lifelong ambition.<ref name=Telegraph19>{{cite news|last=Blomfield |first=Adrian |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/israel/8524356/Israel-braced-for-further-Palestinian-protests.html |title=Israel braced for further Palestinian protests |publisher=Telegraph.co.uk |date= 2011-05-19|~~accessdate~~access-date=2013-10-02 |location=London}}</ref>

==Other Nakba Day events==

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On 13 May, Palestinian residents in [[Jerusalem]] clashed with Israeli security forces, throwing stones and [[molotov cocktail]]s. One demonstrator, Milad Sayyid Ayyash, was shot in the [[Silwan]] neighborhood either by Israeli security forces or a private security guard, and died in hospital the following day. About 30 demonstrators and four police officers and gendarmes were injured during the clashes, and 70 Palestinians were arrested.<ref name="AJE"/>

On 14 May, a funeral procession for Milad Sayyid Ayyash passed through Silwan, where some participants threw stones at Jewish homes. Palestinians also threw stones at police and vehicles sporting Israeli flags for independence day throughout east Jerusalem. Five police officers were injured by stone-throwing, and one was hospitalized. Security forces arrested 13 Palestinians. In the Arab-Israeli city of [[Qalansawe]], residents also threw stones at police.<ref name="Hartman"/><ref>{{cite ~~web~~news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4068533,00.html |title='Nakba Day' rioters throw stones at police - Israel News, Ynetnews |newspaper=Ynetnews |publisher=Ynetnews.com |date=1995-06-20 |~~accessdate~~access-date=2013-10-02 |last1=Efraim |first1=Omri }}</ref> At least 1,000 Arabs and Jews from across Israel attended a procession in [[Jaffa]], marching down Jaffa's main street to a park in the [[Ajami]] neighborhood, where a rally and concert by Arab-Israeli hip-hop group [[DAM (band)|DAM]] was held. The demonstrators waved Palestinian flags and signs, and loudly chanted pro-Palestinian, Arab nationalist, and anti-Israel slogans. There was a very small police presence, and no counter-protests. Police blocked traffic from reaching the demonstration. However, a minor incident took place prior to the demonstration when a group of protesters arrived at the promenade in [[Tel Aviv]] and left their bus while waving Palestinian flags, prompting passerby to spit on and curse them. The protesters responded with slurs and returned to the bus.<ref>{{cite ~~web~~news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4068464,00.html |title=Hundreds mark 'Nakba Day' in Jaffa - Israel News, Ynetnews |newspaper=Ynetnews |publisher=Ynetnews.com |date=1995-06-20 |~~accessdate~~access-date=2013-10-02 |last1=Shaalan |first1=Hassan }}</ref>

[[File:Nakba Day 2011 Arroub.jpg|thumb|Israeli soldiers and Palestinian demonstrators in [[Al-Arroub (camp)|Al-Arroub]]]]

On May 15, hundreds of Palestinians clashed with IDF and police forces at the Qalandiya checkpoint and throughout [[Jerusalem]], with dozens hurling stones. Four police officers were lightly injured in several incidents. Three molotov cocktails were also thrown at the back gate of [[Hadassah Medical Center|Hadassah Hospital]] at [[Mount Scopus]]. Security forces responded with crowd-control measures, and arrested 36 protesters. Several were arrested by undercover officers. Israeli authorities closed off the [[Old City (Jerusalem)|Old City]] in Jerusalem to prevent large rallies. Shop owners in the [[Muslim Quarter (Jerusalem)|Muslim]] and [[Christian Quarter]]s closed down their shops in observance of a strike to commemorate Nakba Day. Three Palestinians were arrested in the Old City after they threatened local business owners to participate in the strike.<ref name="Maan1"/><ref name=YNETP>{{cite ~~web~~news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4068783,00.html |title=Palestinian mark 'Nakba Day' |newspaper=Ynetnews |publisher=Ynetnews.com |date=1995-06-20 |~~accessdate~~access-date=2013-10-02 |last1=Levy |first1=Elior }}</ref><ref>{{cite ~~web~~news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4068874,00.html |title=IDF, Palestinians clash near Jerusalem - Israel News, Ynetnews |newspaper=Ynetnews |publisher=Ynetnews.com |date=1995-06-20 |~~accessdate~~access-date=2013-10-02 |last1=Levy |first1=Elior }}</ref>

At 12pm, a 63-second siren was sounded throughout the West Bank to commemorate 63 years since the Nakba.<ref name=YNETP/> In [[Ramallah]]'s [[Al-Manara Square]], a gathering organized by the [[Palestinian National Authority|Palestinian Authority]] to commemorate Nakba Day was attended by thousands of people who waved Palestinian flags and black flags, burned Israeli flags, and watched concerts.<ref name="Economist"/><ref name=YNETP/> At another rally for thousands staged near the tomb of late Palestinian president [[Yasser Arafat]], the PLO's head of refugees' affairs made a speech vowing the refugees' right of return would not be abandoned by the Palestinian leadership. At the entrance of nearby [[Birzeit University]], Palestinian students burned tires and pelted Israeli soldiers manning the [['Atara]] checkpoint with stones. Israeli troops responded by firing rubber bullets and tear gas canisters, injuring 30 protesters according to the Palestinian Red Crescent.<ref name="Maan1">[http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=387899 More than 100 injured in West Bank Nakba protests] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030152751/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=387899 |date=2014-10-30 }}. ''[[Ma'an News Agency]]''. 2011-05-15.</ref>

About 100 residents of [[Hebron]] released 200 black balloons to commemorate the Nakba in the center of the city in a rally organized by [[Fatah]]. Israeli forces dispersed the demonstrators. Ten demonstrators were injured, and a further 18 suffered from tear gas inhalation. While the demonstration was taking place, [[Israeli settlement|Israeli settlers]] from [[Kiryat Arba]] threw four molotov cocktails at a Hebron home while 30 family members and European observes were inside. In nearby [[Fawwar, Hebron|Al-Fawwar]] refugee camp, Israeli forces clashed with Palestinian protesters, where six suffered from tear gas inhalation.<ref>[http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=387975 Hebron: Settlers set fire to homes as residents mark Nakba] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514080126/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=387975 |date=2013-05-14 }}. ''[[Ma'an News Agency]].'' 2011-05-15.</ref> Palestinians also demonstrated near the [[Israeli settlement]] bloc of [[Gush Etzion]]. [[Palestinian National Authority|Palestinian Authority]] security forces arrested some demonstrators, while allowing other protests to go unhindered.<ref>{{cite web|last=Hasson |first=Nir |url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/palestinian-protesters-clash-with-israeli-forces-on-nakba-day-1.361793 |title=Palestinian protesters clash with Israeli forces on Nakba Day - Haaretz Daily Newspaper | Israel News |publisher=Haaretz.com |date=2011-05-14 |~~accessdate~~access-date=2011-05-18}}</ref>

Following the events of Nakba Day, Palestinian factions in the West Bank called for a two-hour general strike to mourn demonstrators killed.<ref>[http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=387980 Monday strike called to mourn Nakba fallen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730145835/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=387980 |date=2013-07-30 }}. ''[[Ma'an News Agency]]''. 2011-05-15.</ref>

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===Tel Aviv truck attack===

In [[Tel Aviv]], an Israeli man was killed and 17 people were injured when Islam Issa, an Israeli-Arab truck driver from [[Kafr Qasim]], rammed several vehicles along a {{convert|2|km|mi|sp=us}} highway section along Bar-Lev Street. Issa was arrested and indicted.<ref>{{cite ~~web~~news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4068672,00.html |title=Suspected terror attack in TA; 1 dead - Israel News, Ynetnews |newspaper=Ynetnews |publisher=Ynetnews.com |date=1995-06-20 |~~accessdate~~access-date=2011-05-18 |last1=Zitun |first1=Yoaz }}</ref>

Issa was tried in the Tel Aviv District Court on one count of murder, six counts of attempted murder, aggravated assault, and endangering human lives. On July 19, 2012, he was found guilty, with the judges ruling unanimously.<ref>{{cite ~~web~~news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4257851,00.html |title=TA Nakba day rampage driver convicted - Israel News, Ynetnews |newspaper=Ynetnews |publisher=Ynetnews.com |date= 19 July 2012|~~accessdate~~access-date=2013-10-02 |last1=Cohen-Freidman |first1=Naama }}</ref> On November 14, 2012, Issa was sentenced to life imprisonment and an additional 40 years. He was also ordered to pay [[Israeli new shekel|NIS]] 258,000 to the family of the man killed, and an additional NIS 230,000 to the rest of the victims.<ref>{{cite ~~web~~news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4305249,00.html |title='Nakba Day' rampage driver gets life in prison - Israel News, Ynetnews |newspaper=Ynetnews |publisher=Ynetnews.com |date=1995-06-20 |~~accessdate~~access-date=2013-10-02 |last1=Cohen-Friedman |first1=Naama }}</ref>

==Reactions==

* Israel stated the demonstrators committed a "serious" incursion, arguing that "Syria is a [[police state]]. Demonstrators do not randomly approach the border without the prior approval of the central government", and that the demonstrations were an "Iranian provocation, on both the Syrian and the Lebanese frontiers, to try to exploit the Nakba day commemorations."<ref name="BBC">[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-13373006 Israeli forces open fire at Palestinian protesters]. ''[[BBC News]]''. 2011-05-15.</ref> Israel filed a complaint against Syria and Lebanon to the [[United Nations]], citing violations of its borders with alleged backing from the Syrian authorities.<ref>{{cite news | author = ''JTA' | title = Israel files complaint with U.N. over border infiltrations | url = http://www.jta.org/news/article/2011/05/16/3087705/israel-files-complaint-with-un-over-border-infiltrations | work = JTA | date = 2011-05-16 | ~~accessdate~~access-date = 2011-05-18 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110517220146/http://www.jta.org/news/article/2011/05/16/3087705/israel-files-complaint-with-un-over-border-infiltrations | archive-date = 2011-05-17 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

* Iran urged the [[United Nations]] to take "serious and firm action" against "the Zionist regime's recent criminal actions and the killing of the regional countries' people", that the killing of people staging peaceful demonstrations added another "black stain" on the "ignominious record of the Zionist regime", and that it added to Israel's "long list of crimes".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tehrantimes.com/index_View.asp?code=241002|title = Iran urges intl. Response to Israel atrocities on Nakba Day|date = 18 May 2011}}</ref>

* Lebanon filed a complaint to the [[United Nations Security Council]] over the "killing and wounding of civilians", claiming that Israel's actions constituted a "hostile act" and a violation of Lebanese sovereignty and United Nations Resolutions, urging the Security Council to pressure Israel to stop its "hostile and provocative policies against Lebanon" and to "hold it accountable for killing civilians".<ref name=UNprotests>[{{Cite web|url=http://www.france24.com/en/20110517-israel-lebanon-make-rival-un-protests-over-clashes# |title=Israel, Lebanon make rival UN protests over clashes~~] {{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic~~}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jpost.com |title=Lebanon complaint to UN: Israel attack was a hostile act |publisher=Jpost.com |date=2013-06-20 |~~accessdate~~access-date=2013-10-02}}</ref>

* Syria condemned Israel, referring to its actions as "criminal activities". The Syrian Foreign Ministry said that Israel "will have to bear full responsibility" for its actions, calling on the international community to hold Israel responsible, and claiming that the "popular Palestinian struggle" was a result of Israel's "continuous disregard" of international institutions and "plunder" of Palestinian "rights and lands".<ref>{{cite ~~web~~news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4069005,00.html |title=Syria: Israel's actions criminal - Israel News, Ynetnews |newspaper=Ynetnews |publisher=Ynetnews.com |date=1995-06-20 |~~accessdate~~access-date=2013-10-02}}</ref> Syria filed a complaint to the [[United Nations Security Council]], urging it to "take responsibility and put pressure on Israel to stop its aggressive and provocative policy towards Lebanon".<ref>{{cite ~~web~~news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4069408,00.html |title=Israel files complaint against Syria, Lebanon - Israel News, Ynetnews |newspaper=Ynetnews |publisher=Ynetnews.com |date=1995-06-20 |~~accessdate~~access-date=2013-10-02 |last1=Greenberg |first1=Hanan }}</ref>

* The United Kingdom expressed deep concerns and called on all parties to exercise restraint and protect civilian life in a statement released by the British Foreign and Commonwealth Office. The statement also said that "these developments make clearer than ever that a lasting and comprehensive resolution to the conflicts in the region is urgently needed and will only be achieved through negotiation".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/news/?view=PressR&id=596269382 |title=Announcements - GOV.UK |publisher=Fco.gov.uk |date= |~~accessdate~~access-date=2013-10-02 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

* The United States expressed regret for the deaths, but that Israel had a right to secure its borders and its neighbors had a responsibility to prevent such activities, and urged maximum restraint. The United States also accused Syria of deliberately provoking Israel to distract attention from the [[2011 Syrian uprising|government crackdowns]] on civilian protestors in Syria.<ref>{{cite news | author = ''USA Today'' | title = White House calls Syrian actions 'unacceptable' | url = http://content.usatoday.com/communities/theoval/post/2011/05/obama-white-house-calls-syrian-actions-unacceptable/1?sms_ss=gmail&at_xt=4dd2ccd9b01e9d4c%2C0 | work = USA Today | date = 2011-05-17 | ~~accessdate~~access-date = 2011-05-17 }}</ref>

==References==

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==External links==

~~{{Commonscatinline}}~~

*[http://www.nakba.co.uk "Nakba - Everything you need to know about Nakba Day]

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[[Category:2011 in Syria|Nakba Day]]

[[Category:2011 in the Palestinian territories|Nakba Day]]

[[Category:~~History of the Palestinian refugees~~Nakba]]