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{{See also|Slavery in Portugal|Slavery in Al-Andalus|Slavery in Spain|Saqaliba|Black Sea slave trade|Balkan slave trade}}
By the 15th century, slavery had existed in the [[Iberian Peninsula]] (Portugal and Spain) of Western Europe throughout recorded history. The [[Roman Empire]] had established its system of slavery in ancient times. Historian Benjamin Isaac suggests proto-racism existed in ancient times among [[Greco-Roman world|Greco-Roman people]]. Racial prejudices were based on dehumanizing the foreign peoples they conquered through warfare.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Isaac |first=Benjamin |title=Proto-Racism in Graeco-Roman Antiquity |journal=[[World ArcheologyArchaeology]] |date=2006 |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=32, 42 |jstor=40023593?seq=11 |url=https://archive.org/details/569b-9a-1361d-9e-34093c-859718f-6ae-9f-4/mode/2up?q=proto-racism |access-date=16 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Isaac |first1=Benjamin |title=The Invention of Racism in Classical Antiquity |year=2013 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9781400849567 |pages=26, 142, 175 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Invention_of_Racism_in_Classical_Ant/eem1AQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=racism}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Isaac |first1=Benjamin |title=The Invention of Racism in Classical Antiquity |year=2013 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9781400849567 |pages=55–60 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/267/monograph/chapter/1205947/pdf}}</ref> Since the [[fall of the Western Roman Empire]], various systems of slavery continued in the successor Islamic and Christian kingdoms of the peninsula through the early modern era of the Atlantic slave trade.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Phillips |first1=William |title=Slavery in Medieval and Early Modern Iberia |date=2014 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press, Incorporated |isbn=9780812244915 |pages=9, 18, 32, 57, 150 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Slavery_in_Medieval_and_Early_Modern_Ibe/KbboAQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=racism}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 October 2012 |title=Iberian Roots of the Transatlantic Slave Trade, 1440–1640 |url=https://www.gilderlehrman.org/node/324 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160810140644/http://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/origins-slavery/essays/iberian-roots-transatlantic-slave-trade-1440%E2%80%931640 |archive-date=10 August 2016 |access-date=3 September 2020 |website=The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History |language=en}}</ref> In 1441–1444, Portuguese traders first captured Africans on the Atlantic coast of Africa (in what is today [[Mauritania]]), taking their captives to slavery in Europe, and established a fort for the slave trade at the [[Bay of Arguin]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Caldeira |first=Arlindo |title=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |year=2024 |chapter=The Portuguese Slave Trade |chapter-url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-903 |access-date=20 May 2024 |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.903 |series=Oxford Reference |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4 |archive-date=11 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240511002522/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-903 |url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Iberian Union Empires.png|thumb|right|A map of the [[Spanish Empire]] (red) and [[Portuguese Empire]]s (blue) in the period of their personal union (1581–1640)]]
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