Gene bank: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia


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{{short description|Facility that preserves genetic material}}

{{about|preservation of genetic material|gene banks in Molecular Biology, a collection of DNA from one organism |Genomic library}}

{{forabout|preservation of genetic material|gene banks in Molecular Biology, a collection of DNA from one organism |Genomic library|Duke University star and former NBA basketball player|Gene Banks}}

{{leadUse rewritedmy dates|date=January 20182024}}

[[File:ICRISAT active genebank.jpg|thumb|The active gene bank of the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics in Patancheru, India.]]

A '''gene bank''' is a type of [[biorepository]] that is designed around the preservation of [[genetic information]]. Gene banks are often used for storing the genetic material of species that are [[endangered]] or [[extinction|close to extinction]]. They are also used for the preservation of major crop species and cultivars, in order to preserve [[crop diversity]].

'''Gene banks''' are a type of [[biorepository]] that preserves [[genetic material]]. For [[plants]], this is done by in vitro storage, freezing cuttings from the plant, or stocking the [[seed]]s (e.g. in a [[seedbank]]). For [[Animal|animals]], this is done by the freezing of [[sperm]] and [[ovum|egg]]s in [[Frozen zoo|zoological freezer]]s until further need. With corals, fragments are taken and stored in water tanks under controlled conditions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cdnn.info/eco/e031117/e031117.html|title=青汁と口臭とサプリメントと運動|website=www.cdnn.info|access-date=2017-03-01}}</ref> Genetic material in a 'gene bank' is preserved in a variety of ways, such as freezing at -196° Celsius in liquid nitrogen, being placed in artificial ecosystems, and put in controlled nutrient mediums.

Preservation is done via the collection and storage of reproductive material from an organism. For example, [[seeds]] and [[Cutting (plant)|cuttings]] may be collected from plants, [[spores]] may be collected from fungi and [[Spermatozoon|sperm]] and [[egg cells]] may be collected from animals.

Accession is the common term given to an individual sample in a gene bank, such as a distinct species or variety.

Aquatic organisms such as [[coral]] are preserved via the collection of fragments of coral, that are then sustained, live, in a carefully controlled aquatic environment.

The collected material is oftentimes stored at a temperature below {{convert|0|°C}}. It may also be stored in [[cryogenic]] conditions using [[liquid nitrogen]]. Certain gene banks are based around the continuous cultivation of living organisms, such as certain species of plants being raised in a controlled nutrient medium, or artificially created habitats that then harbor certain species.

In plants, it is possible to unfreeze the material and propagate it. However, in animals, a living female is required for [[artificial insemination]]. While it is often difficult to use frozen animal sperm and eggs, there are many examples of it being done successfully.

In an effort to conserve [[agricultural biodiversity]], geneGene banks are usedpresent toall store and conserveover the [[plantworld, geneticwith resources]]differing of major crop plantsobjectives and their [[crop wild relatives]]resources. ThereOne are many gene banks all overof the world,largest withis the [[Svalbard Global Seed Vault]] being considered the most famous one.<ref>On practical and theoretical differences between a storage and a gene bank, see [[Nicole C. Karafyllis]] (ed.): ''Theorien der Lebendsammlung. Pflanzen, Mikroben und Tiere als Biofakte in Genbanken'' (in German), Freiburg: Karl Alber 2018 (''Lebenswissenschaften im Dialog'' Vol. 25) {{ISBN|978-3-495-48975-8}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Liu |first=Rita |date=15 April 2022 |title=Seed banks: the last line of defense against a threatening global food crisis |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/apr/15/seed-banks-the-last-line-of-defense-against-a-threatening-global-food-crisis |access-date=2 March 2023 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

The database of the largest gene banks in the world can be queried via a common website, [[Genesys (website)|Genesys]]. A number of global gene banks are coordinated by the [[CGIAR]] [https://www.genebanks.org/genebanks/ Genebank Platform]

== Types of gene banksbank ==

{{Cleanup rewrite|2=section|date=January 2016}}

[[File:Svalbard_Global_Seed_Vault,_inside_the_vault_-_panoramio.jpg|thumb|Inside Svalbard Global Seed Vault]]

=== Seed bank ===

[[seed bank|Seed bank]]s, also known as '''seed vaults'''. are large repositories where seeds of many different species are stored at freezing temperatures. They are used to preserve [[genetic diversity]] for the future.

A [[seed bank]] preserves dried seeds by storing them at a very low temperature. Spores and pteridophytes are conserved in seed banks, but other seedless plants, such as tuber crops, cannot be preserved this way.{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}} The largest seed bank in world is the [[Millennium Seed Bank Project|Millennium Seed Bank]] housed at the [[Wellcome Trust]] Millennium Building (WTMB), located in the grounds of [[Wakehurst Place]] in [[West Sussex]], near [[London]].<ref name="TED Kew">{{cite web|last=Drori|first=Jonathan|title=Why we're storing billions of seeds|url=http://www.ted.com/talks/jonathan_drori_why_we_re_storing_billions_of_seeds.html|work=TED2009|publisher=TED|access-date=2011-12-11 |date=May 2009 |archive-date=8 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111208213834/http://www.ted.com/talks/jonathan_drori_why_we_re_storing_billions_of_seeds.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The storage temperature depends on how long the seeds are to be kept. Durations of 3–5 years (short term storage), 10-15 years (medium term storage) and 50+ years (long term storage) will typically have storage temperatures of {{convert|5|to|10|°C}}, {{convert|0|°C}} and {{convert|-18|to|-20|°C}} respectively. [[spores|Spores]], such as those from [[pteridophytes]] can also be stored. However, storage organs, such as the [[tuber]]s made by [[root vegetable]]s, cannot be stored. It is also important that when seeds are stored, the moisture content of the seeds and the surrounding medium is kept low, otherwise the seeds will not be viable after long periods in freezing temperatures.<ref name=":04">{{Cite web |last=Babasaheb |first=Jige, Sandipan |date=December 2021 |title='NEW TRENDS IN BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION' |url=https://www.jetir.org/view?paper=JETIRFI06067 |access-date=11 October 2023 |website=www.jetir.org}}</ref> The largest seed bank in the world is the [[Millennium Seed Bank Project|Millennium Seed Bank]] housed at the [[Wellcome Trust]] Millennium Building (WTMB), located in the grounds of [[Wakehurst Place]] in [[West Sussex]], near [[London]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gosling |first=Rebecca |date=2 December 2020 |title=What is a seed bank, how does it work and why is it important? |url=https://www.woodlandtrust.org.uk/blog/2020/12/what-is-a-seed-bank/ |access-date=11 October 2023 |website=Woodland Trust}}</ref>

[[File:Beans in hand, gene bank.jpg|thumb|Beans stored at a seed vault]]

===''In vitro'' bank===

In this technique, buds, protocorm and meristematic cells are preserved through particular light and temperature arrangements in a nutrient medium, which is either jellifieda gel or in liquid form. This technique is used to preserve seedless plants and plants that reproduce asexually or that require preservation as clones such as commercial cultivars.<ref>{{Cite web|title=In vitro bank|url=https://cropgenebank.sgrp.cgiar.org/index.php/procedures-mainmenu-243/conservation-mainmenu-198/in-vitro-bank-mainmenu-200|access-date=2021-04-20 April 2021|website=cropgenebank.sgrp.cgiar.org}}</ref>

===Cryobank===

In this technique, a seed or embryo is preserved at very low temperatures. It is usually preserved in liquid nitrogen at {{convert|-196&nbsp;|°C. This is helpful for the conservation of species facing extinction}}.<ref name=":2">{{citeCite web |title=Cryo bank |url=http://cropgenebank.sgrp.cgiar.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=96&Itemid=201 |workaccess-date=CGIAR1 GeneticNovember Resources2023 Systems:|website=cropgenebank.sgrp.cgiar.org}}</ref> PhaseBy 2|publisherfreezing the seeds or embryos at this temperature they can stay viable for at least a century.<ref name=Collective":04" Action/> This is helpful for the Rehabilitationconservation of Globalspecies Publicfacing Goods|access-dateextinction.<ref name=23":2" January 2012}}</ref> Cryobanks are utilized for the [[cryoconservation of animal genetic resources]].<ref name=":1">’’Cryoconservation{{Cite journal |date=2012 |title=Cryoconservation of Animal Genetic Resources |url=https://www.fao.org/3/i3017e/i3017e00.’pdf ‘Rep|journal=Rep. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2012. |volume=FAO Animal Production and Health Guidelines No. 12. Print. |issue=}}</ref> An example of one of the world’s largest animal cryobanks is the [[frozen zoo]] made by the [[San Diego Zoo]], in [[San Diego, California|San Diego California]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prisco |first=Jacopo |date=31 March 2022 |title=Back from the brink: How 'frozen zoos' could save dying species |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/03/31/world/frozen-zoo-save-species-scn-c2e-spc-intl/index.html |access-date=1 November 2023 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> With animal cryobanks freezing embryos is preferred instead of the separate egg and sperm because the embryos are more resistant to the freezing process.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 May 2010 |title=The Frozen Zoo |url=http://arabianwildlife.uaeinteract.com/current/fr_zoo.html |access-date=1 November 2023 |archive-date=21 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100521054237/http://arabianwildlife.uaeinteract.com/current/fr_zoo.html |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>[[File:Cryopreservation USDA Gene Bank.jpg|thumb|USDA cryopreservation gene bank]]

[[File:Cryopreservation USDA Gene Bank.jpg|thumb|USDA cryopreservation gene bank]]

==== Storage of pollen ====

[[Pollen]] is stored through a cryopreservation technique called [[vitrification]]. Vitrification in this context is based around the freezing of pollen grains without the formation of ice crystals, which would heavily damage the pollen.<ref name=":1" /> The pollen, which is stored in [[liquid nitrogen]], is kept at temperatures of {{convert|-180|to|-196|°C}}. [https://www.ars.usda.gov/plains-area/fort-collins-co/center-for-agricultural-resources-research/paagrpru/docs/seed/history-of-ncgrp/ The National Seed Storage Lab] in [[Fort Collins]], [[Colorado]] currently uses this technique to store pollen.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Connor |first1=Kristina F. |last2=Towill |first2=Leigh E. |date=1 January 1993 |title=Pollen-handling protocol and hydration/dehydration characteristics of pollen for application to long-term storage |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00024157 |journal=Euphytica |language=en |volume=68 |issue=1 |pages=77–84 |doi=10.1007/BF00024157 |issn=1573-5060}}</ref> Pollen can also be [[freeze dried]] and stored at temperatures of {{convert|5|to|-18|°C}}.<ref name=":04" /> An important element that must be considered is the levels of moisture in the pollen. If the pollen grains have a low moisture content it helps increase the length of the pollen’s life. Low levels of moisture help the pollen freeze without creating ice or ice crystals, which helps preserve the life span of the pollen while it is being stored.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Janick |first=Jules |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jLVW6QDNHxIC&q=pollen+moisture&pg=PA179 |title=Plant Breeding Reviews, Volume 13 |date=7 April 2010 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0-470-65004-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kartha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RG-XCKyDs_wC&dq=pollen+storage+and+the+levels+of+moisture+for+different+plants&pg=PA171 |title=Cryopreservation of Plant Cells and Organs |date=3 April 1985 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-0-8493-6102-9 |language=en}}</ref> Ideal levels of moisture content to be allowed in the pollen depends on the type of plant. The pollen from different plant species can be divided into two groups. One is [[binucleate]] pollen, which has a thicker exine and the second is [[Multinucleate|trinucleate]] pollen, which has a thinner [[exine]]. Binucleate pollen has a higher lifespan when frozen at a low moisture level. Trinucleate pollen, however, has a higher lifespan when frozen at a high moisture level.<ref name=":3" /> Moisture level in the pollen can be decreased by exposing the pollen to diluted salt solutions, silica gel and dry air or by chemical treatment with vitrification solutions.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dinato |first1=N. B. |last2=Santos |first2=I. R. I. |last3=Vigna |first3=B. B. Z. |last4=Ferreira de Paula |first4=A. |last5=Favero |first5=A. P. |date=2020 |title=PERSPECTIVE: Pollen Cryopreservation for Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources Conservation |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33988640/#:~:text=Pollen%20from%20many%20plant%20species,least%20the%20freezable%20is%20removed |journal=Cryo Letters |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=115–127 |issn=0143-2044 |pmid=33988640}}</ref>

This is a method in which pollen grains are stored. Using this technique, plants with one set of chromosomes can be made. The pollen is stored in liquid nitrogen. This method is useful for crossbreeding.

=== Field gene bank ===▼

This is a method of planting plants for the conservation of genes. For this purpose, an ecosystem is created artificially. Through this method, one can compare the differences among plants of different species and can study them in detail. It needs more land, adequate soil, weather, etc. Germplasm of important crops are conserved through this method. 42,000 varieties of rice are conserved in the Central Rice Research Institute in Orissa.

▲=== Field gene bankbanks ===

[[File:Field gene bank of Garcinia mangostana.JPG|thumb|Field gene bank in Malaysia]]

'''Field gene banks''' are gene banks based around the management of live specimens, in contrast to a [[seed bank]] which is focused on the facilitation of backups of [[germplasm]], typically in the form of seeds. Field gene banks are vulnerable to natural disasters, pests and disease. As such, they are typically used as a method of last resort if a species cannot be preserved via normal means, such as [[Asexual reproduction|if it didn't produce seeds]]. This method uses more land, energy and water than other methods.

== Facilities ==

* The Centre for Pacific Crops and Trees (CePaCT) plant gene bank in [[Suva]], Fiji, focuses on propagating (and re-propagating) seedlings of plants (using clippings and [[tissue culture]], rather than as seeds), to preserve the genetic diversity of the most important varieties of food crops of the Pacific region, such as banana, taro, breadfruit and yam.<ref>Smith, Carl. [https://www.abc.net.au/news/science/2023-10-17/pacific-gene-bank-cepact-crops-seedlings-climate-change/102631070 Inside the Pacific's CePaCT plant gene bank, a last line of defence for crop species loss], ''[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]]'', 17 October 2023. Retrieved 8 September 2024.</ref>

== See also ==

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* [[Seedbank|Seed bank]]

* [[Plant genetic resources]]

* [[Multi-Crop Passport Descriptor|Multi-Crop Passport Descriptor (MCPD)]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==

* {{cite book

|author = Ellis, R.H., T.D. Hong and E.H. Roberts

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|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081211023031/http://www.bioversityinternational.org/publications/Web_version/52/

|archive-date = 11 December 2008

|df = dmy-all

}}

* {{cite book |author= |year=2003 |editor-last=Engels |editor-first=Jan |title=A Guide to Effective Management of Germplasm Collections |publisher=CABI, IFPRI, IPGRI, SGRP |url=http://www.bioversityinternational.org/Publications/pubfile.asp?ID_PUB=899 |url-status=dead |editor-last2=Visser |editor-first2=Bert |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070525135543/http://www.bioversityinternational.org/publications/pubfile.asp?ID_PUB=899 |archive-date=25 May 2007 |df=dmy-all}} 174 p.

* {{cite book

|author = Kameswara, N., J. Hanson, M. E. Dulloo, K. Ghosh, A. Nowell and M. Larinde.

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|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080121190945/http://www.bioversityinternational.org/Publications/pubfile.asp?ID_PUB=1167

|archive-date = 21 January 2008

|df = dmy-all

}} 147 p.

* {{cite book

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|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081211022959/http://www.bioversityinternational.org/Publications/1013/default.asp

|archive-date = 11 December 2008

|df = dmy-all

}}

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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071225164324/http://www.bioversityinternational.org/Themes/Genebanks/index.asp Genebanks]

* [https://www.genesys-pgr.org/ Genesys]

* [http://dad.fao.org/ DAD-IS: Domestic Animal Diversity Information System]<br />

{{Natural resources}}

{{Authority control}}

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[[Category:Gene banks| ]]