Goniopholis: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia
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{{Short description|Extinct genus of reptiles}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = [[Late Jurassic]] - [[Early Cretaceous]], {{fossilrange|155|139.8}}
| image = Swanage Crocodile Goniopholis kiplingi.jpg
| image_caption = SkullHolotype skull of the "[[Swanage]] Crocodile", ''G. kiplingi'' on display at the [[Dorset Museum]]. [[Berriasian]] age (earliest [[Cretaceous]]).▼
| image_width = 250px
| taxon = Goniopholis
▲| image_caption = Skull of the "Swanage Crocodile", ''G. kiplingi''. [[Berriasian]] age (earliest [[Cretaceous]])
| authority = [[Richard Owen|Owen]], [[1841 in paleontology|1841]]
| type_species = {{extinct}}'''''Goniopholis crassidens'''''
| type_species_authority = Owen, 1841
| subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
| subdivision =
*{{extinct}}'''''G. baryglyphaeus''''' <small>Schwarz, [[2002 in paleontology|2002]]</small>
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}}
'''''Goniopholis''''' (meaning "angled scale") is an [[extinct]] [[genus]] of [[goniopholidid]] [[crocodyliform]] that lived in [[Europe]] and [[AfricaNorth America]] during the [[Late Jurassic]] and [[Early Cretaceous]].<ref name=AEBS11>{{Cite journal | last1 = De Andrade | first1 = M. B. | last2 = Edmonds | first2 = R. | last3 = Benton | first3 = M. J. | last4 = Schouten | first4 = R. | title = A new Berriasian species of ''Goniopholis'' (Mesoeucrocodylia, Neosuchia) from England, and a review of the genus | doi = 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00709.x | journal = Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society | volume = 163 | pages = S66S66–S108 | year = 2011 | pmiddoi-access = | pmc =free }}</ref><ref name=Escuchacrocs>{{cite journal |author1=Buscalioni, A.D. |author2=Alcalá, L. |author3=Espílez, E. |author4=Mampel, L. |year=2013 |title=European Goniopholididae from the Early Albian Escucha Formation in Ariño (Teruel, Aragón, España) |journal=Spanish Journal of Palaeontology |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=103–122 |doi=10.7203/sjp.28.1.17835 |doi-access=free }}</ref> BeingLike semi-aquaticother goniopholidids, it isresembled veryliving similar to modern crocodiles. It ranged from 2–4 metres in lengthcrocodilians, and would haveprobably had a very similar lifestyleecology toas thesemi-aquatic [[Americanambush alligator]] or [[Nile crocodile]]predators.
==Discovery and species==
[[File:Goniopholis crassidens.jpg|upright|thumb|left|''G. crassidens'' holotype BMNH 3798]]
[[File:Goniopholis BW.jpg|thumb|left|''G. simus'' restoration]]
The [[type species]] of the genus is ''G. crassidens'' which is known from the Berriasian of England, and the referable species ''G. simus'' from the Berriasian of NW Germany, might be [[Conspecificity|conspecific]]. Other species that are referable to ''Goniopholis'' include ''G. kiplingi'' from the [[Berriasian]] of England, and ''G. baryglyphaeus'' from the Late Jurassic ([[Kimmeridgian]]) of Portugal making it the oldest known ''Goniopholis'' species.<ref name=AEBS11/><ref name=Escuchacrocs/> The species ''G. kiplingi'' honors the author [[Rudyard Kipling]], "in recognition for his enthusiasm for natural sciences".<ref name="BBCAEBS11" /> ''G. kiplingi'' had skull reaching {{citecvt|475.6|mm}}, it is one of the largest goniopholidid along with ''[[Amphicotylus]] milesi'' which had skull reaching {{cvt|43|cm}}.<ref name="AEBS11" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yoshida |first=Junki |last2=Hori |first2=Atsushi |last3=Kobayashi |first3=Yoshitsugu |last4=Ryan |first4=Michael J. |last5=Takakuwa |first5=Yuji |last6=Hasegawa |first6=Yoshikazu |date=2021 |title=A new goniopholidid from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation, USA: novel insight into aquatic adaptation toward modern crocodylians web|url=https://wwwroyalsocietypublishing.bbc.co.ukorg/newsdoi/uk-england-dorset-1744633010.1098/rsos.210320 |titlejournal=BBCRoyal NewsSociety -Open RudyardScience Kipling|language=en inspires|volume=8 naming|issue=12 of|pages=210320 prehistoric|doi=10.1098/rsos.210320 crocodile|dateissn=20112054-03-205703 |workpmc=[[BBC8652276 Online]]|accessdatepmid=2034909210}}</ref> MarchBased 2012on skull length, total body length of ''G. kiplingi'' is estimated at {{cvt|3.47|m}}.</ref name="AEBS11" />
Eggs attributed to ''Goniopholis'' were found in the Late Jurassic of Portugal.<ref>Russo, J., Mateus O., Marzola M., & Balbino A. (2017). Two new ootaxa from the late Jurassic: The oldest record of crocodylomorph eggs, from the Lourinhã Formation, Portugal. PLOS ONE. 12, 1-23.</ref>
A partial skeleton of an indeterminate species of ''Goniopholis'' has been recovered from the Berriasian aged [[Angeac-Charente bonebed]] of France.<ref name=":0">Ronan Allain, Romain Vullo, Lee Rozada, Jérémy Anquetin, Renaud Bourgeais, et al.. [https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03264773/document Vertebrate paleobiodiversity of the Early Cretaceous (Berriasian) Angeac-Charente Lagerstätte (southwestern France): implications for continental faunal turnover at the J/K boundary]. Geodiversitas, Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle Paris, In press. ffhal-03264773f</ref>
==Misassigned species==
Two species were referred to ''Goniopholis'' from [[Brazil]]. ''[[Goniopholis hartti]]'' (Marsh, 1869) from the [[Lower Cretaceous]] of Brazil is in fact a member of the genus ''[[Sarcosuchus]]''.<ref name=AEBS11/> ''G. paulistanus'' Roxo, 1936, based on two tooth crowns and a disassociated fragment of the right tibia from the Upper Cretaceous [[Bauru Group]], has been reassigned to [[Itasuchidae]] and given its own genus ''[[Roxochampsa]]''.<ref>André E. Piacentini Pinheiro; Paulo Victor Luiz Gomes da Costa Pereira; Rafael G. de Souza; Arthur S. Brum; Ricardo T. Lopes; Alessandra S. Machado; Lílian P. Bergqvist; Felipe M. Simbras (2018). "Reassessment of the enigmatic crocodyliform "Goniopholis" paulistanus Roxo, 1936: Historical approach, systematic, and description by new materials". PLoS ONE. 13 (8): e0199984. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0199984. </ref>▼
''Goniopholis'' have been inferred to have been [[ectothermic]] on the basis of bone [[histology]] and stable isotope analysis.<ref name="faure-brac2021">{{cite journal | last1 = Faure-Brac | first1 = M.G. | last2 = Amiot | first2 = R. | last3 = de Muizon | first3 = C. | last4 = Cubo | first4 = J. | last5 = Lécuyer | first5 = C. | title = Combined paleohistological and isotopic inferences of thermometabolism in extinct Neosuchia, using ''Goniopholis'' and ''Dyrosaurus'' (Pseudosuchia: Crocodylomorpha) as case studies | journal = Paleobiology | publisher = Cambridge University Press (for The Paleontological Society) | date = 2021 | pages = 1-22 | doi = 10.1017/pab.2021.34| doi-access = free }}</ref>
From [[North America]], ''G. lucasii'' and ''G. kirtlandicus'' are currently placed in their own genera ''[[Amphicotylus]]'' and ''[[Denazinosuchus]]'', respectively,<ref name=AEBS11/> while ''G. felix'', ''G. gilmorei'' (Holland, 1905) and ''G. stovalli'' (Mook, 1964), all from the [[Morrison Formation]], are referable to ''Amphicotylus'' and closely related to ''[[Eutretauranosuchus]]'' which are known from the same formation.<ref name=MorrisonGonio>{{cite journal |last=Allen |first=Eric |year=2010 |title=Phylogenetic analysis of goniopholidid crocodyliforms of the Morrison Formation |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=30 |issue=Supp. 1 |pages=52A | doi = 10.1080/02724634.2010.10411819}}</ref><ref name=Poletal12>{{Cite journal | last1 = Pol | first1 = D. | last2 = Leardi | first2 = J. M. | last3 = Lecuona | first3 = A. | last4 = Krause | first4 = M. | title = Postcranial anatomy of ''Sebecus icaeorhinus'' (Crocodyliformes, Sebecidae) from the Eocene of Patagonia | doi = 10.1080/02724634.2012.646833 | journal = Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology | volume = 32 | issue = 2 | pages = 328 | year = 2012 | pmid = | pmc = }}</ref><ref name=Pritchardetal12>{{Cite journal | last1 = Pritchard | first1 = A. C. | last2 = Turner | first2 = A. H. | last3 = Allen | first3 = E. R. | last4 = Norell | first4 = M. A. | title = Osteology of a North American Goniopholidid (''Eutretauranosuchus delfsi'') and Palate Evolution in Neosuchia | doi = 10.1206/3783.2 | journal = American Museum Novitates | volume = 3783 | issue = 3783 | pages = 1 | year = 2013 | pmid = | pmc = }}</ref>▼
The taxon ''Macellodus brodei'' was named in 1854 by Sir Richard Owen for a partial maxilla and referred jaws, with Owen interpreting the material as that of a lizard. The maxilla was considered missing my Hoffstetter in 1967, who designated a neotype, though this neotype was then removed from ''Macellodus'' and referred to the lacertilian ''[[Becklesisaurus]]''. Review by Richard Estes in 1983 rediscovered the type of ''Macellodus'' among crocodilian remains in the [[Natural History Museum, London]], recognizing that it belonged to the premaxilla of a crocodilian. Estes considered that ''Macellodus'' should be a synyonym of ''Goniopholis'', and ''G. brodei'' would have priority over ''G. simus'', but instead of advocating for synonymy Estes found that ''G. brodei'' is undiagnostic.<ref name="estes1983">{{cite book|last=Estes|first=R.|year=1983|chapter=Part 10A. Sauria terrestria, Amphisbaenia|title=Handbuch der Palaoherpetologie|editor-last=Kuhn|editor-first=O.|publisher=Gustav Fischer Verlag|pages=210}}</ref>
''G. phuwiangensis'' (Buffetaut & Ingavat, 1983) is known from NE [[Thailand]], but this species is fragmentary and was recently reassigned to ''[[Sunosuchus]]''. ''[[Nannosuchus]]'' from the Early Cretaceous ([[Berriasian]] stage) of England and [[Spain]] currently considered to be valid, was referred to as ''G. gracilidens'' by some authors.<ref name=AEBS11/> Willett’s / Hulke’s, Hooley’s and Dollo’s goniopholidids represent several complete specimens previously classified as either ''G. simus'' or ''G. crassidens'',<ref name=AEBS11/> and one of them was recently re-described as the new species, ''G. willetti'' (Salisbury & Naish, 2011). More recently these specimens were removed from ''Goniopholis'', and two of the, Hooley’s and Hulke’s goniopholidids, have been already reassigned to their own genera ''[[Anteophthalmosuchus]]'' and ''[[Hulkepholis]]'', respectively.<ref name=Escuchacrocs/><ref name=Wealdencrocs>{{cite book |author1=Steven W. Salisbury |author2=Darren Naish |year=2011 |chapter=Crocodilians |editor=Batten, D. J. |title=English Wealden Fossils |publisher=The Palaeontological Association (London) |pages=305–369}}</ref> Dollo's goniopholidid has also been assigned to ''Anteophthalmosuchus''.<ref name="2016dollo">{{cite journal | title = ▼
Osteology and affinities of Dollo's goniopholidid (Mesoeucrocodylia) from the Early Cretaceous of Bernissart, Belgium | journal = Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology | first1 = J.E. | last1 = Martin | first2 = M. | last2 = Delfino | first3 = T. | last3 = Smith | date = 2016 | doi = 10.1080/02724634.2016.1222534 | url = http://tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02724634.2016.1222534}}</ref>
===Formerly assigned species===
==Classification==▼
▲Two species were referred to ''Goniopholis'' from [[Brazil]]. ''[[Goniopholis hartti]]'' (Marsh, 1869) from the [[Lower Cretaceous]] of Brazil is in fact a member of the genus ''[[Sarcosuchus]]''.<ref name=AEBS11/> ''G. paulistanus'' Roxo, 1936, based on two tooth crowns and a disassociated fragment of the right tibia from the Upper Cretaceous [[Bauru Group]], has been reassigned to [[Itasuchidae]] and given its own genus ''[[Roxochampsa]]''.<ref>André{{cite journal |first1=A.E. |last1=Piacentini Pinheiro; Paulo Victor Luiz Gomes|first2=P.V.L.G. |last2=da Costa Pereira; Rafael |first3=R.G. |last3=de Souza; Arthur |first4=A.S. |last4=Brum; Ricardo |first5=R.T. |last5=Lopes; Alessandra |first6=A.S. |last6=Machado; Lílian |first7=L.P. |last7=Bergqvist; Felipe |first8=F.M. |last8=Simbras (|year=2018). "|title=Reassessment of the enigmatic crocodyliform ''"Goniopholis" paulistanus'' Roxo, 1936: Historical approach, systematic, and description by new materials". PLoS|journal=PLOS ONE. |volume=13 (|issue=8): |page=e0199984. |doi:=10.1371/journal.pone.0199984|pmid=30067779 |pmc=6070184 |bibcode=2018PLoSO..1399984P |doi-access=free }}</ref>
[[File:Goniopholis simus skull.jpg|upright|thumb|''G. simus'' skull from Middle Purbeck]]▼
▲From [[North America]], ''G. lucasii'' and ''G. kirtlandicus'' are currently placed in their own genera ''[[Amphicotylus]]'' and ''[[Denazinosuchus]]'', respectively,<ref name=AEBS11/> while ''G. felix'', ''G. gilmorei'' (Holland, 1905) and ''G. stovalli'' (Mook, 1964), all from the [[Morrison Formation]], are referable to ''Amphicotylus'' and closely related to ''[[Eutretauranosuchus]]'' which are known from the same formation.<ref name=MorrisonGonio>{{cite journal |last=Allen |first=Eric E.|year=2010 |title=Phylogenetic analysis of goniopholidid crocodyliforms of the Morrison Formation |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=30 |issue=Supp. 1 |pages=52A | doi = 10.1080/02724634.2010.10411819|s2cid=220429286}}</ref><ref name=Poletal12>{{Cite journal | last1 = Pol | first1 = D. | last2 = Leardi | first2 = J. M. | last3 = Lecuona | first3 = A. | last4 = Krause | first4 = M. | title = Postcranial anatomy of ''Sebecus icaeorhinus'' (Crocodyliformes, Sebecidae) from the Eocene of Patagonia | doi = 10.1080/02724634.2012.646833 | journal = Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology | volume = 32 | issue = 2 | pages = 328 | year = 2012 | pmids2cid = | pmc =86565764 }}</ref><ref name=Pritchardetal12>{{Cite journal | last1 = Pritchard | first1 = A. C. | last2 = Turner | first2 = A. H. | last3 = Allen | first3 = E. R. | last4 = Norell | first4 = M. A. | title = Osteology of a North American Goniopholidid (''Eutretauranosuchus delfsi'') and Palate Evolution in Neosuchia | doi = 10.1206/3783.2 | journal = American Museum Novitates | volumeissue = 3783 | issuepages = 37831–56 | pagesyear = 12013 | yearhdl = 20132246/6449 | pmids2cid = 73539708 | pmcurl = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/163529 }}</ref>
''G. phuwiangensis'' is known from NE [[Thailand]], but this species is fragmentary and was recently reassigned to ''[[Sunosuchus]]''. ''[[Nannosuchus]]'' from the Early Cretaceous ([[Berriasian]] stage) of England and [[Spain]] currently considered to be valid, was referred to as ''G. gracilidens'' by some authors.<ref name=AEBS11/>
▲Willett''G.s phuwiangensis/ Hulke'' (Buffetaut & Ingavats, 1983) is known from NE [[Thailand]], but this species is fragmentary and was recently reassigned to Hooley''[[Sunosuchus]]''. ''[[Nannosuchus]]'' from the Early Cretaceous ([[Berriasian]] stage) of Englands and [[Spain]] currently considered to be valid, was referred to as Dollo''G. gracilidens'' by some authors.<ref name=AEBS11/> Willett’s / Hulke’s, Hooley’s and Dollo’ss goniopholidids represent several complete specimens previously classified as either ''G. simus'' or ''G. crassidens'',<ref name=AEBS11/> and one of them was recently re-described as the new species, ''G. willetti'' (Salisbury & Naish, 2011). More recently these specimens were removed from ''Goniopholis'', and two of thethem, Hooley’sHooley's and Hulke’sHulke's goniopholidids, have been already reassigned to their own genera ''[[Anteophthalmosuchus]]'' and ''[[Hulkepholis]]'', respectively.<ref name=Escuchacrocs/><ref name=Wealdencrocs>{{cite book |author1=Steven W. Salisbury |author2=Darren Naish |year=2011 |chapter=Crocodilians |editor=Batten, D. J. |title=English Wealden Fossils |publisher=The Palaeontological Association (London) |pages=305–369}}</ref> Dollo's goniopholidid has also been assigned to ''Anteophthalmosuchus''.<ref name="2016dollo">{{cite journal | title = Osteology and affinities of Dollo's goniopholidid (Mesoeucrocodylia) from the Early Cretaceous of Bernissart, Belgium | journal = Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology | volume = 36 | issue = 6 | pages = e1222534 | first1 = J.E. | last1 = Martin | first2 = M. | last2 = Delfino | first3 = T. | last3 = Smith | date = 2016 | doi = 10.1080/02724634.2016.1222534 | s2cid = 89199731 | hdl = 2318/1635521 | hdl-access = free }}</ref>
''[[Koumpiodontosuchus aprosdokiti]]'' from [[England]] was initially identified as a juvenile ''Goniopholis''.
== Description ==
Like other goniophoilids, ''Goniopholis'' bears a superficial resemblance to modern crocodilians. However, unlike modern crocodilians and like other goniopholidids, the dermal armour covering the back was composed of two rows of large rectangular [[Scute|scutes]] running parallel down each side of the midline, with a "peg and groove" mechanism articulating the sets of plates together, with the outer edge of the plates deflected downwards.<ref name="AEBS11" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Puértolas-Pascual |first=E |last2=Mateus |first2=O |date=2020-06-11 |title=A three-dimensional skeleton of Goniopholididae from the Late Jurassic of Portugal: implications for the Crocodylomorpha bracing system |url=https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/189/2/521/5610606 |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |language=en |volume=189 |issue=2 |pages=521–548 |doi=10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz102 |issn=0024-4082}}</ref>
== Ecology ==
Goniopholidids likely had a similar ecology to modern crocodilians as semi-aquatic [[ambush predators]].<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last1=Ristevski |first1=Jorgo |last2=Young |first2=Mark T. |last3=de Andrade |first3=Marco Brandalise |last4=Hastings |first4=Alexander K. |date=April 2018 |title=A new species of Anteophthalmosuchus (Crocodylomorpha, Goniopholididae) from the Lower Cretaceous of the Isle of Wight, United Kingdom, and a review of the genus |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0195667117302136 |journal=Cretaceous Research |language=en |volume=84 |pages=340–383 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2017.11.008}}</ref>
▲==Classification==
▲[[File:Goniopholis simus skull.jpg|upright|thumb|''G. simus'' skull from Middle [[Purbeck Group]]]]
[[File:Goniopholis - Castilla-La Mancha Paleontological Museum (Cuenca, Spain).jpg|thumb|right|Model of ''Goniopholis'' at the [[Castilla-La Mancha Paleontological Museum]]]]
Below is a [[cladogram]] including several ''Goniopholis'' species:<ref name="AEBS11"/>
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|1=[[Tethysuchia]]
|2=[[Thalattosuchia]] }}
|label2='''[[Goniopholididae''']]
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Calsoyasuchus | Calsoyasuchus valliceps]]''
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|label2='''''Goniopholis'''''
|2={{clade
|1='''''Goniopholis baryglyphaeus'''''
|2={{clade
|1='''''Goniopholis kiplingi'''''
|2='''''Goniopholis simus''''' }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}
{{Clear}}
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
==Sources==
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* {{cite journal |last1=Mook |first1= C. C. |year=1964 |title= New species of ''Goniopholis'' from the Morrison of Oklahoma |journal=Oklahoma Geology Notes |volume=24 | pages= 283–287 | issn=0030-1736}}
* Owen, R. 1878. Monograph on The Fossil Reptilia of the Wealden and Purbeck Formations, Supplement no. VII. Crocodilia (''Goniopholis'', ''Pterosuchus'', and ''Suchosaurus''). ''Palaeontological Society Monograph'', p. 1-15.
* {{cite journal | last1=Owen | first1=R. | title=On the Association of dwarf crocodiles (''Nanosuchus'' and ''Theriosuchus pusilus'', e. g.) with the diminutive mammals of the Purbeck Shales | journal=Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London | volume=35 | issue=1–4 | pages=148–155 | year=1879 | doi = 10.1144/GSL.JGS.1879.035.01-04.02 | s2cid=129650812 | url=https://zenodo.org/record/1930388 }}
* {{cite journal |author=Salisbury, S. W. |author2=Willis, P. M. A. |author3=Peitz, S. |author4=Sander, P. M. |lastname-authorlist-ampstyle=yesamp |date=December 1999 |title= The crocodilian ''Goniopholis simus'' from the Lower Cretaceous of north-western Germany | journal=Special Papers in Palaeontology |volume=60 | pages= 121–148 | isbn = 978-0-901702-67-8 }}
* {{cite journal | last1=Schwarz | first1=Daniela | title=A new species of ''Goniopholis'' from the Upper Jurassic of Portugal | journal=Palaeontology | volume=45 |issue=1 |pages= 185–208 | year=2002 | doi = 10.1111/1475-4983.00233 }}
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q1011864}}
[[Category:Goniopholidids]]
[[Category:Early Cretaceous crocodylomorphs of Europe]]
[[Category:MorrisonPrehistoric faunareptiles of Africa]]
[[Category:Mesozoic reptiles of North America]]
[[Category:Prehistoric reptiles of Asia]]▼
[[Category:Late Jurassic crocodylomorphs of Europe]]
[[Category:EarlyLate CretaceousJurassic reptilescrocodylomorphs of EuropeNorth America]]
[[Category:Adamantina Formation]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Richard Owen]]
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 1841]]
▲[[Category:Prehistoric reptilespseudosuchian of Asiagenera]]