Goniopholis: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia

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{{Short description|Extinct genus of reptiles}}

{{Automatic taxobox

| fossil_range = [[Late Jurassic]] - [[Early Cretaceous]], {{fossilrange|155|139.8}}

| image = Swanage Crocodile Goniopholis kiplingi.jpg

| image_caption = SkullHolotype skull of the "[[Swanage]] Crocodile", ''G. kiplingi'' on display at the [[Dorset Museum]]. [[Berriasian]] age (earliest [[Cretaceous]]).▼

| image_width = 250px

| taxon = Goniopholis

▲| image_caption = Skull of the "Swanage Crocodile", ''G. kiplingi''. [[Berriasian]] age (earliest [[Cretaceous]])

| authority = [[Richard Owen|Owen]], [[1841 in paleontology|1841]]

| type_species = {{extinct}}'''''Goniopholis crassidens'''''

| type_species_authority = Owen, 1841

| subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]

| subdivision =

*{{extinct}}'''''G. baryglyphaeus''''' <small>Schwarz, [[2002 in paleontology|2002]]</small>

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}}

'''''Goniopholis''''' (meaning "angled scale") is an [[extinct]] [[genus]] of [[goniopholidid]] [[crocodyliform]] that lived in [[Europe]] and [[AfricaNorth America]] during the [[Late Jurassic]] and [[Early Cretaceous]].<ref name=AEBS11>{{Cite journal | last1 = De Andrade | first1 = M. B. | last2 = Edmonds | first2 = R. | last3 = Benton | first3 = M. J. | last4 = Schouten | first4 = R. | title = A new Berriasian species of ''Goniopholis'' (Mesoeucrocodylia, Neosuchia) from England, and a review of the genus | doi = 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00709.x | journal = Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society | volume = 163 | pages = S66S66–S108 | year = 2011 | pmiddoi-access = | pmc =free }}</ref><ref name=Escuchacrocs>{{cite journal |author1=Buscalioni, A.D. |author2=Alcalá, L. |author3=Espílez, E. |author4=Mampel, L. |year=2013 |title=European Goniopholididae from the Early Albian Escucha Formation in Ariño (Teruel, Aragón, España) |journal=Spanish Journal of Palaeontology |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=103–122 |doi=10.7203/sjp.28.1.17835 |doi-access=free }}</ref> BeingLike semi-aquaticother goniopholidids, it isresembled veryliving similar to modern crocodiles. It ranged from 2–4 metres in lengthcrocodilians, and would haveprobably had a very similar lifestyleecology toas thesemi-aquatic [[Americanambush alligator]] or [[Nile crocodile]]predators.

==Discovery and species==

[[File:Goniopholis crassidens.jpg|upright|thumb|left|''G. crassidens'' holotype BMNH 3798]]

[[File:Goniopholis BW.jpg|thumb|left|''G. simus'' restoration]]

The [[type species]] of the genus is ''G. crassidens'' which is known from the Berriasian of England, and the referable species ''G. simus'' from the Berriasian of NW Germany, might be [[Conspecificity|conspecific]]. Other species that are referable to ''Goniopholis'' include ''G. kiplingi'' from the [[Berriasian]] of England, and ''G. baryglyphaeus'' from the Late Jurassic ([[Kimmeridgian]]) of Portugal making it the oldest known ''Goniopholis'' species.<ref name=AEBS11/><ref name=Escuchacrocs/> The species ''G. kiplingi'' honors the author [[Rudyard Kipling]], "in recognition for his enthusiasm for natural sciences".<ref name="BBCAEBS11" /> ''G. kiplingi'' had skull reaching {{citecvt|475.6|mm}}, it is one of the largest goniopholidid along with ''[[Amphicotylus]] milesi'' which had skull reaching {{cvt|43|cm}}.<ref name="AEBS11" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yoshida |first=Junki |last2=Hori |first2=Atsushi |last3=Kobayashi |first3=Yoshitsugu |last4=Ryan |first4=Michael J. |last5=Takakuwa |first5=Yuji |last6=Hasegawa |first6=Yoshikazu |date=2021 |title=A new goniopholidid from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation, USA: novel insight into aquatic adaptation toward modern crocodylians web|url=https://wwwroyalsocietypublishing.bbc.co.ukorg/newsdoi/uk-england-dorset-1744633010.1098/rsos.210320 |titlejournal=BBCRoyal NewsSociety -Open RudyardScience Kipling|language=en inspires|volume=8 naming|issue=12 of|pages=210320 prehistoric|doi=10.1098/rsos.210320 crocodile|dateissn=20112054-03-205703 |workpmc=[[BBC8652276 Online]]|accessdatepmid=2034909210}}</ref> MarchBased 2012on skull length, total body length of ''G. kiplingi'' is estimated at {{cvt|3.47|m}}.</ref name="AEBS11" />

Eggs attributed to ''Goniopholis'' were found in the Late Jurassic of Portugal.<ref>Russo, J., Mateus O., Marzola M., & Balbino A. (2017). Two new ootaxa from the late Jurassic: The oldest record of crocodylomorph eggs, from the Lourinhã Formation, Portugal. PLOS ONE. 12, 1-23.</ref>

A partial skeleton of an indeterminate species of ''Goniopholis'' has been recovered from the Berriasian aged [[Angeac-Charente bonebed]] of France.<ref name=":0">Ronan Allain, Romain Vullo, Lee Rozada, Jérémy Anquetin, Renaud Bourgeais, et al.. [https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03264773/document Vertebrate paleobiodiversity of the Early Cretaceous (Berriasian) Angeac-Charente Lagerstätte (southwestern France): implications for continental faunal turnover at the J/K boundary]. Geodiversitas, Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle Paris, In press. ffhal-03264773f</ref>

''Goniopholis'' have been inferred to have been [[ectothermic]] on the basis of bone [[histology]] and stable isotope analysis.<ref name="faure-brac2021">{{cite journal | last1 = Faure-Brac | first1 = M.G. | last2 = Amiot | first2 = R. | last3 = de Muizon | first3 = C. | last4 = Cubo | first4 = J. | last5 = Lécuyer | first5 = C. | title = Combined paleohistological and isotopic inferences of thermometabolism in extinct Neosuchia, using ''Goniopholis'' and ''Dyrosaurus'' (Pseudosuchia: Crocodylomorpha) as case studies | journal = Paleobiology | publisher = Cambridge University Press (for The Paleontological Society) | date = 2021 | pages = 1-22 | doi = 10.1017/pab.2021.34| doi-access = free }}</ref>

The taxon ''Macellodus brodei'' was named in 1854 by Sir Richard Owen for a partial maxilla and referred jaws, with Owen interpreting the material as that of a lizard. The maxilla was considered missing my Hoffstetter in 1967, who designated a neotype, though this neotype was then removed from ''Macellodus'' and referred to the lacertilian ''[[Becklesisaurus]]''. Review by Richard Estes in 1983 rediscovered the type of ''Macellodus'' among crocodilian remains in the [[Natural History Museum, London]], recognizing that it belonged to the premaxilla of a crocodilian. Estes considered that ''Macellodus'' should be a synyonym of ''Goniopholis'', and ''G. brodei'' would have priority over ''G. simus'', but instead of advocating for synonymy Estes found that ''G. brodei'' is undiagnostic.<ref name="estes1983">{{cite book|last=Estes|first=R.|year=1983|chapter=Part 10A. Sauria terrestria, Amphisbaenia|title=Handbuch der Palaoherpetologie|editor-last=Kuhn|editor-first=O.|publisher=Gustav Fischer Verlag|pages=210}}</ref>

===Formerly assigned species===

Two species were referred to ''Goniopholis'' from [[Brazil]]. ''[[Goniopholis hartti]]'' from the [[Lower Cretaceous]] of Brazil is in fact a member of the genus ''[[Sarcosuchus]]''.<ref name=AEBS11/> ''G. paulistanus'', based on two tooth crowns and a disassociated fragment of the right tibia from the Upper Cretaceous [[Bauru Group]], has been reassigned to [[Itasuchidae]] and given its own genus ''[[Roxochampsa]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |firstfirst1=A.E. |lastlast1=Piacentini Pinheiro |first2=P.V.L.G. |last2=da Costa Pereira |first3=R.G. |last3=de Souza |first4=A.S. |last4=Brum |first5=R.T. |last5=Lopes |first6=A.S. |last6=Machado |first7=L.P. |last7=Bergqvist |first8=F.M. |last8=Simbras |year=2018 |title=Reassessment of the enigmatic crocodyliform ''"Goniopholis" paulistanus'' Roxo, 1936: Historical approach, systematic, and description by new materials |journal=PLoSPLOS ONE |volume=13 |issue=8 |page=e0199984 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0199984|pmid=30067779 |pmc=6070184 |bibcode=2018PLoSO..1399984P |doi-access=free }}</ref>

From [[North America]], ''G. lucasii'' and ''G. kirtlandicus'' are currently placed in their own genera ''[[Amphicotylus]]'' and ''[[Denazinosuchus]]'', respectively,<ref name=AEBS11/> while ''G. felix'', ''G. gilmorei'', and ''G. stovalli'', all from the [[Morrison Formation]], are referable to ''Amphicotylus'' and closely related to ''[[Eutretauranosuchus]]'' which are known from the same formation.<ref name=MorrisonGonio>{{cite journal |last=Allen |first=E.|year=2010 |title=Phylogenetic analysis of goniopholidid crocodyliforms of the Morrison Formation |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=30 |issue=Supp. 1 |pages=52A | doi = 10.1080/02724634.2010.10411819|s2cid=220429286}}</ref><ref name=Poletal12>{{Cite journal | last1 = Pol | first1 = D. | last2 = Leardi | first2 = J.M. | last3 = Lecuona | first3 = A. | last4 = Krause | first4 = M. | title = Postcranial anatomy of ''Sebecus icaeorhinus'' (Crocodyliformes, Sebecidae) from the Eocene of Patagonia | doi = 10.1080/02724634.2012.646833 | journal = Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology | volume = 32 | issue = 2 | pages = 328 | year = 2012 | pmids2cid = | pmc =86565764 }}</ref><ref name=Pritchardetal12>{{Cite journal | last1 = Pritchard | first1 = A.C. | last2 = Turner | first2 = A.H. | last3 = Allen | first3 = E.R. | last4 = Norell | first4 = M.A. | title = Osteology of a North American Goniopholidid (''Eutretauranosuchus delfsi'') and Palate Evolution in Neosuchia | doi = 10.1206/3783.2 | journal = American Museum Novitates | volumeissue = 3783 | issuepages = 37831–56 | pagesyear = 12013 | yearhdl = 20132246/6449 | pmids2cid = 73539708 | pmcurl = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/163529 }}</ref>

''G. phuwiangensis'' is known from NE [[Thailand]], but this species is fragmentary and was recently reassigned to ''[[Sunosuchus]]''. ''[[Nannosuchus]]'' from the Early Cretaceous ([[Berriasian]] stage) of England and [[Spain]] currently considered to be valid, was referred to as ''G. gracilidens'' by some authors.<ref name=AEBS11/>

Willett’sWillett's / Hulke’sHulke's, Hooley’sHooley's and Dollo’sDollo's goniopholidids represent several complete specimens previously classified as either ''G. simus'' or ''G. crassidens'',<ref name=AEBS11/> and one of them was recently re-described as the new species, ''G. willetti''. More recently these specimens were removed from ''Goniopholis'', and two of thethem, Hooley’sHooley's and Hulke’sHulke's goniopholidids, have been already reassigned to their own genera ''[[Anteophthalmosuchus]]'' and ''[[Hulkepholis]]'', respectively.<ref name=Escuchacrocs/><ref name=Wealdencrocs>{{cite book |author1=Steven W. Salisbury |author2=Darren Naish |year=2011 |chapter=Crocodilians |editor=Batten, D. J. |title=English Wealden Fossils |publisher=The Palaeontological Association (London) |pages=305–369}}</ref> Dollo's goniopholidid has also been assigned to ''Anteophthalmosuchus''.<ref name="2016dollo">{{cite journal | title = Osteology and affinities of Dollo's goniopholidid (Mesoeucrocodylia) from the Early Cretaceous of Bernissart, Belgium | journal = Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology | volume = 36 | issue = 6 | pages = e1222534 | first1 = J.E. | last1 = Martin | first2 = M. | last2 = Delfino | first3 = T. | last3 = Smith | date = 2016 | doi = 10.1080/02724634.2016.1222534 | urls2cid = http:89199731 | hdl = 2318//tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02724634.2016.12225341635521 | hdl-access = free }}</ref>

''[[Koumpiodontosuchus aprosdokiti]]'' from [[England]] was initially identified as a juvenile ''Goniopholis''.

==Classification==▼

[[File:Goniopholis simus skull.jpg|upright|thumb|''G. simus'' skull from Middle Purbeck]]▼

== Description ==

Like other goniophoilids, ''Goniopholis'' bears a superficial resemblance to modern crocodilians. However, unlike modern crocodilians and like other goniopholidids, the dermal armour covering the back was composed of two rows of large rectangular [[Scute|scutes]] running parallel down each side of the midline, with a "peg and groove" mechanism articulating the sets of plates together, with the outer edge of the plates deflected downwards.<ref name="AEBS11" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Puértolas-Pascual |first=E |last2=Mateus |first2=O |date=2020-06-11 |title=A three-dimensional skeleton of Goniopholididae from the Late Jurassic of Portugal: implications for the Crocodylomorpha bracing system |url=https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/189/2/521/5610606 |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |language=en |volume=189 |issue=2 |pages=521–548 |doi=10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz102 |issn=0024-4082}}</ref>

== Ecology ==

Goniopholidids likely had a similar ecology to modern crocodilians as semi-aquatic [[ambush predators]].<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last1=Ristevski |first1=Jorgo |last2=Young |first2=Mark T. |last3=de Andrade |first3=Marco Brandalise |last4=Hastings |first4=Alexander K. |date=April 2018 |title=A new species of Anteophthalmosuchus (Crocodylomorpha, Goniopholididae) from the Lower Cretaceous of the Isle of Wight, United Kingdom, and a review of the genus |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0195667117302136 |journal=Cretaceous Research |language=en |volume=84 |pages=340–383 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2017.11.008}}</ref>

▲==Classification==

▲[[File:Goniopholis simus skull.jpg|upright|thumb|''G. simus'' skull from Middle [[Purbeck Group]]]]

[[File:Goniopholis - Castilla-La Mancha Paleontological Museum (Cuenca, Spain).jpg|thumb|right|Model of ''Goniopholis'' at the [[Castilla-La Mancha Paleontological Museum]]]]

Below is a [[cladogram]] including several ''Goniopholis'' species:<ref name="AEBS11"/>

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|1='''''Goniopholis kiplingi'''''

|2='''''Goniopholis simus''''' }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}

{{Clear}}

==References==

{{Reflist|2}}

==Sources==

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* {{cite journal |last1=Mook |first1= C. C. |year=1964 |title= New species of ''Goniopholis'' from the Morrison of Oklahoma |journal=Oklahoma Geology Notes |volume=24 | pages= 283–287 | issn=0030-1736}}

* Owen, R. 1878. Monograph on The Fossil Reptilia of the Wealden and Purbeck Formations, Supplement no. VII. Crocodilia (''Goniopholis'', ''Pterosuchus'', and ''Suchosaurus''). ''Palaeontological Society Monograph'', p.&nbsp;1-15.

* {{cite journal | last1=Owen | first1=R. | title=On the Association of dwarf crocodiles (''Nanosuchus'' and ''Theriosuchus pusilus'', e. g.) with the diminutive mammals of the Purbeck Shales | journal=Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London | volume=35 | issue=1–4 | pages=148–155 | year=1879 | doi = 10.1144/GSL.JGS.1879.035.01-04.02 | s2cid=129650812 | url=https://zenodo.org/record/1930388 }}

* {{cite journal |author=Salisbury, S. W. |author2=Willis, P. M. A. |author3=Peitz, S. |author4=Sander, P. M. |lastname-authorlist-ampstyle=yesamp |date=December 1999 |title= The crocodilian ''Goniopholis simus'' from the Lower Cretaceous of north-western Germany | journal=Special Papers in Palaeontology |volume=60 | pages= 121–148 | isbn = 978-0-901702-67-8 }}

* {{cite journal | last1=Schwarz | first1=Daniela | title=A new species of ''Goniopholis'' from the Upper Jurassic of Portugal | journal=Palaeontology | volume=45 |issue=1 |pages= 185–208 | year=2002 | doi = 10.1111/1475-4983.00233 }}

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{{Taxonbar|from=Q1011864}}

[[Category:Goniopholidids]]

[[Category:Early Cretaceous crocodylomorphs of Europe]]

[[Category:MorrisonPrehistoric faunareptiles of Africa]]

[[Category:Mesozoic reptiles of North America]]

[[Category:Prehistoric reptiles of Asia]]▼

[[Category:Late Jurassic crocodylomorphs of Europe]]

[[Category:EarlyLate CretaceousJurassic reptilescrocodylomorphs of EuropeNorth America]]

[[Category:Adamantina Formation]]

[[Category:Taxa named by Richard Owen]]

[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 1841]]

▲[[Category:Prehistoric reptilespseudosuchian of Asiagenera]]