Irish people: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia

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| pop7 = 120,000

| ref7 = <ref name="Irlandeses, 120.000">{{cite web |url=http://www.ohigginstours.com/esp/irlandeses.php |author=O'Higgins Tours |title=Los irlandeses en Chile |access-date=10 January 2010 |archive-date=7 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907165703/http://www.ohigginstours.com/esp/irlandeses.php |url-status=live }}</ref>

~~| region8 = [[Brazil]]~~

~~| pop8 = 100,000~~

| ref8 = <ref>{{cite web|last=Murray|first=Edmundo|url=http://www.irlandeses.org/brazil.htm|title=Brazil and Ireland|publisher=Society for Irish Latin American Studies|date=1 July 2006|accessdate=13 October 2016|archive-date=14 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814144737/http://www.irlandeses.org/brazil.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2004-10-16|title=Links between Brazil & Ireland|url=http://www.gogobrazil.com/mercenaries.html|access-date=2020-09-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041016020119/http://www.gogobrazil.com/mercenaries.html|archive-date=16 October 2004}}</ref>

| region9 = [[Germany]]

| pop9 = 35,000

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* See also: [[Religion in Ireland]]

}}

| related = [[Irish Travellers]], [[Gaels]], [[Anglo-Irish people|Anglo-Irish]], [[Breton people|Bretons]], [[Cornish people|Cornish]], [[English people|English]], [[Icelanders]],<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Helgason | first1 = Agnar |display-authors=etal | year = 2000 | title = Estimating Scandinavian and Gaelic ancestry in the male settlers of Iceland | journal = The American Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 67 | issue = 3| pages = 697–717 | doi=10.1086/303046| pmid = 10931763 | pmc = 1287529 | issn=0002-9297}}</ref> [[Manx people|Manx]], [[Scottish people|Scots]], [[Ulster Scots people|Ulster Scots]], [[Welsh people|Welsh]]

}}

The '''Irish ~~people~~''' ({{lang-ga|~~Muintir na~~Na ~~hÉireann~~Gaeil}} or ''Na hÉireannaigh'') are an [[ethnic group]] and [[nation]] native to the island of [[Ireland]], who share a common ancestry, history and [[Culture of Ireland|culture]]. There have been humans in Ireland for about 33,000 years, and it has been continually inhabited for more than 10,000 years (see [[Prehistoric Ireland]]). For most of Ireland's [[recorded history]], the Irish have been primarily a [[Gaels|Gaelic people]] (see [[Gaelic Ireland]]). From the 9th century, small numbers of [[Vikings]] settled in Ireland, becoming the [[Norse-Gaels]]. [[Anglo-Normans]] also [[Norman invasion of Ireland|conquered parts of Ireland]] in the 12th century, while [[Kingdom of England|England]]'s 16th/17th century [[Tudor conquest of Ireland|conquest]] and [[Plantations of Ireland|colonisation of Ireland]] brought many [[English people|English]] and [[Scottish Lowlands|Lowland]] [[Scottish people|Scots]] to parts of the island, especially the north. Today, Ireland is made up of the Republic of Ireland (officially called [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]) and [[Northern Ireland]] (a [[Countries of the United Kingdom|part]] of the [[United Kingdom]]). The [[people of Northern Ireland]] hold various national identities including ~~British,~~ Irish, ~~Northern Irish~~British or some combination thereof.

The Irish have their own unique customs, [[Irish language|language]], [[Irish traditional music|music]], [[Irish dance|dance]], [[Gaelic games|sports]], [[Irish cuisine|cuisine]] and [[Irish mythology|mythology]]. Although [[Irish language|Irish (Gaeilge)]] was their main language in the past, today most Irish people speak English as their first language. Historically, the Irish nation was made up of kin groups or [[Irish clans|clans]], and the Irish also had their own [[Celtic paganism|religion]], [[Early Irish law|law code]], [[Ogham|alphabet]] and [[Gaelic Ireland#Dress|style of dress]].{{citation needed|date=March 2020}}

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There have been many notable Irish people throughout history. After [[History of Ireland (400–795)|Ireland's conversion to Christianity]], Irish missionaries and scholars [[Hiberno-Scottish mission|exerted great influence]] on Western Europe, and the Irish came to be seen as a nation of "saints and scholars". The 6th-century Irish monk and missionary [[Columbanus]] is regarded as one of the "fathers of Europe",<ref name="ColumbanusZenit">{{cite web|url=http://www.zenit.org/rssenglish-22867|title=Pope Calls Irish Monk a Father of Europe|access-date=15 July 2007|date=11 July 2007|publisher=[[Zenit News Agency|Zenit]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080615013728/http://www.zenit.org/rssenglish-22867|archive-date=15 June 2008}}</ref> followed by saints [[Saint Kilian|Cillian]] and [[Vergilius of Salzburg|Fergal]]. The scientist [[Robert Boyle]] is considered the "father of [[chemistry]]", and [[Robert Mallet]] one of the "fathers of [[seismology]]". [[Irish literature]] has produced famous writers in both Irish- and English-language traditions, such as [[Eoghan Rua Ó Súilleabháin]], [[Dáibhí Ó Bruadair]], [[Jonathan Swift]], [[Oscar Wilde]], [[W. B. Yeats]], [[Samuel Beckett]], [[James Joyce]], [[Máirtín Ó Cadhain]], [[Eavan Boland]], and [[Seamus Heaney]]. Notable Irish explorers include [[Brendan the Navigator]], [[Robert McClure|Sir Robert McClure]], [[Sir Alexander Armstrong]], [[Sir Ernest Shackleton]] and [[Tom Crean (explorer)|Tom Crean]]. By some accounts, the first European child born in North America had Irish descent on both sides.<ref name="Smiley630">Smiley, p. 630</ref> Many [[List of Presidents of the United States|presidents of the United States]] have had some Irish ancestry.

The population of Ireland is about 6.9 million, but it is estimated that 50 to 80 million people around the world have Irish forebears, making the [[Irish diaspora]] one of the largest of any nation. Historically, emigration from Ireland has been the result of conflict, famine and economic issues. People of Irish descent are found mainly in English-speaking countries, especially [[Irish migration to Great Britain|Great Britain]], the [[Irish Americans|United States]], [[Irish Canadians|Canada]], [[Irish New Zealanders|New Zealand]] and [[Irish Australians|Australia]]. There are also significant numbers in [[Irish Argentine|Argentina]], [[Irish Mexicans|Mexico]], [[Irish Brazilians|Brazil]], [[Germany]], and [[The United Arab Emirates]]. The United States has the most people of Irish descent, while in Australia those of Irish descent are a higher percentage of the population than in any other country outside Ireland.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://oireachtasdebates.oireachtas.ie/debates%20authoring/DebatesWebPack.nsf/takes/dail1987042900006#N6 |title=Dáil Éireann – 29/Apr/1987 Ceisteanna—Questions. Oral Answers. – Australian Bicentenary |publisher=Oireachtasdebates.oireachtas.ie |date=29 April 1987 |access-date=1 March 2014 |archive-date=24 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224183253/https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1987-04-29/#N6 |url-status=live }}</ref> Many [[Icelanders]] have Irish and Scottish Gaelic ancestors due to transportation there as [[Slavery in Ireland|slaves]] by the [[~~Vikings|~~Vikings]] during their settlement of [[Settlement of Iceland|Iceland]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/science/dna-study-reveals-fate-of-irish-women-taken-by-vikings-as-slaves-to-iceland-1.3521206 |title=DNA study reveals fate of Irish women taken by Vikings as slaves to Iceland |publisher=irishtimes.com |date=6 Jun 2018 |access-date=25 April 2024 ~~| url-status=live~~ }}</ref>

==Origins and antecedents==

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[[File:~~Carrowmore tomb, Ireland~~Carrowmore_Megalithic_Cemetery_P7_2015_09_08.jpg|thumb|[[Carrowmore]] tomb, {{circa}} 3000 BC]]

During the past 33,000 years,<ref>{{Cite web|title=First humans came here 33,000 years ago, reindeer bones show|url=https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/news/first-humans-came-here33000-years-ago-reindeer-bones-show-40326319.html|access-date=2021-05-07|website=independent|date=18 April 2021|language=en|archive-date=27 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427213010/https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/news/first-humans-came-here33000-years-ago-reindeer-bones-show-40326319.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Roseingrave|first=Louise|title=Reindeer bone found in Cork cave shows human activity in Ireland 33,000 years ago|url=https://www.thejournal.ie/reindeer-bone-cork-cave-5413607-Apr2021/|access-date=2021-05-07|website=TheJournal.ie|language=en|archive-date=7 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507232843/https://www.thejournal.ie/reindeer-bone-cork-cave-5413607-Apr2021/|url-status=live}}</ref> Ireland has witnessed different peoples arrive on its shores.

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===Genetics===

{{See also|Genetic history of Europe|Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Europe|Genetic history of the British Isles}}

[[File:On an Irish jaunting-car through Donegal and Connemara (1902) (14595035740).jpg|thumb|An Irishman beside his donkey in County Galway, 1902]]

Haplogroup [[R1b]] is the dominant haplogroup among Irish males, reaching a frequency of almost 80%.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://discover.familytreedna.com/y-dna/R-M343/frequency|title = FamilyTreeDNA Discover™|website = [[FamilyTreeDNA]]|access-date = 4 January 2023|archive-date = 7 January 2023|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230107205010/https://discover.familytreedna.com/y-dna/R-M343/frequency|url-status = live}}</ref> [[R-L21]] is the dominant subclade within Ireland, reaching a frequency of 65%. This subclade is also dominant in Scotland, Wales and Brittany and descends from a common ancestor who lived in about 2,500 BC.<ref>[https://www.academia.edu/24686284/The_phylogenealogy_of_R_L21_four_and_a_half_millennia_of_expansion_and_redistribution "The phylogenealogy of R-L21: Four and a half millennia of expansion and redistribution."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111105959/https://www.academia.edu/24686284/The_phylogenealogy_of_R_L21_four_and_a_half_millennia_of_expansion_and_redistribution |date=11 November 2022 }} ([[Joe Flood (policy analyst)|Joe Flood]])</ref>▼

▲Haplogroup [[R1b]] is the dominant haplogroup among Irish males, reaching a frequency of almost 80%.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://discover.familytreedna.com/y-dna/R-M343/frequency|title = FamilyTreeDNA Discover™|website = [[~~FamilyTreeDNA~~Family TreeDNA]]|access-date = 4 January 2023|archive-date = 7 January 2023|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230107205010/https://discover.familytreedna.com/y-dna/R-M343/frequency|url-status = live}}</ref> [[R-L21]] is the dominant subclade within Ireland, reaching a frequency of 65%. This subclade is also dominant in Scotland, Wales and Brittany and descends from a common ancestor who lived in about 2,500 BC.<ref>[https://www.academia.edu/24686284/The_phylogenealogy_of_R_L21_four_and_a_half_millennia_of_expansion_and_redistribution "The phylogenealogy of R-L21: Four and a half millennia of expansion and redistribution."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111105959/https://www.academia.edu/24686284/The_phylogenealogy_of_R_L21_four_and_a_half_millennia_of_expansion_and_redistribution |date=11 November 2022 }} ([[Joe Flood (policy analyst)|Joe Flood]])</ref>

According to 2009 studies by Bramanti et al. and Malmström et al. on [[mtDNA]],<ref name="sciencemag">{{cite journal|title= Genetic Discontinuity Between Local Hunter-Gatherers and Central Europe's First Farmers|doi=10.1126/science.1176869 |pmid = 19729620|volume=326 |issue= 5949|journal=Science |pages=137–140|year= 2009|last1= Bramanti|first1= B.|last2= Thomas|first2= M. G.|last3= Haak|first3= W.|last4= Unterlaender|first4= M.|last5= Jores|first5= P.|last6= Tambets|first6= K.|last7= Antanaitis-Jacobs|first7= I.|last8= Haidle|first8= M. N.|last9= Jankauskas|first9= R.|last10= Kind|first10= C.-J.|last11= Lueth|first11= F.|last12= Terberger|first12= T.|last13= Hiller|first13= J.|last14= Matsumura|first14= S.|last15= Forster|first15= P.|last16= Burger|first16= J. |bibcode= 2009Sci...326..137B|s2cid=206521424 |doi-access= free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Ancient DNA Reveals Lack of Continuity between Neolithic Hunter-Gatherers and Contemporary Scandinavians|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2009.09.017 |pmid=19781941|volume=19|issue=20|journal=Current Biology|pages=1758–1762|year=2009|last1=Malmström|first1=Helena|last2=Gilbert|first2=M. Thomas P.|last3=Thomas|first3=Mark G.|last4=Brandström|first4=Mikael|last5=Storå|first5=Jan|last6=Molnar|first6=Petra|last7=Andersen|first7=Pernille K.|last8=Bendixen|first8=Christian|last9=Holmlund|first9=Gunilla|last10=Götherström|first10=Anders|last11=Willerslev|first11=Eske|s2cid=9487217|doi-access=free|bibcode=2009CBio...19.1758M }}</ref> related western European populations appear to be largely from the [[neolithic]] and not [[paleolithic]] era, as previously thought. There was discontinuity between [[mesolithic]] central Europe and modern European populations mainly due to an extremely high frequency of haplogroup U (particularly U5) types in mesolithic central European sites.

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[[File:Clonard RC Church St Finian 07 Detail 2007 08 26.jpg|thumb|[[Finnian of Clonard]] imparting his blessing to the "[[Twelve Apostles of Ireland]]"]]

One Roman historian{{Which?|date=June 2024|reason=Experts in this subject will probably have a good idea who, without MacManus's book in-hand we cannot be certain MacManus had that particular Roman writer in mind, actually.}} records that the Irish people were divided into "sixteen different nations" or tribes.<ref name="MacManus86">MacManus, p 86</ref> Traditional histories assert that the Romans never attempted to conquer Ireland, although it may have been considered.<ref name="MacManus86"/> The Irish were not, however, cut off from Europe; they frequently raided the Roman territories,<ref name="MacManus86"/> and also maintained trade links.<ref>MacManus, p 87</ref>

Among the most famous people of ancient Irish history are the [[High Kings of Ireland]], such as [[Cormac mac Airt]] and [[Niall of the Nine Hostages]], and the semi-legendary [[Fianna]]. The 20th-century writer [[Seumas MacManus]] wrote that even if the Fianna and the [[Fenian Cycle]] were purely fictional, they would still be representative of the character of the Irish people:

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===20th century===

{{See also|Partition of Ireland|Irish Free State|Northern Ireland|Republic of Ireland}}

[[File:Chicks_and_Ducks_in_Galway_(8488799148).jpg|thumb|''A Market Square'' in Galway circa 1910]]

After the [[Irish War of Independence]] (1919–1921) the [[Anglo-Irish Treaty]] was signed which led to the formation of the independent [[Irish Free State]] (now the independent Republic of Ireland) which consisted of 26 of Ireland's 32 traditional counties. The remaining six counties in the northeast remained in the United Kingdom as [[Northern Ireland]]. It is predominantly religion, historical, and political differences that divide the two communities of ([[Irish nationalism|nationalism]] and [[Unionists (Ireland)|unionism]]). Four polls taken between 1989 and 1994 revealed that when asked to state their national identity, over 79% of Northern Irish Protestants replied "British" or "Ulster" with 3% or less replying "Irish", while over 60% of Northern Irish Catholics replied "Irish" with 13% or less replying "British" or "Ulster".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/othelem/research/nisas/rep5c2.htm |title=in, Social Attitudes in Northern Ireland: The Fifth Report |publisher=Cain.ulst.ac.uk |access-date=28 March 2010 |archive-date=26 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226220013/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/othelem/research/nisas/rep5c2.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> A survey in 1999 showed that 72% of Northern Irish Protestants considered themselves "British" and 2% "Irish", with 68% of Northern Irish Catholics considering themselves "Irish" and 9% "British".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ark.ac.uk/nilt/1999/Community_Relations/NINATID.html |title=Northern Ireland Life and Times Survey |publisher=Ark.ac.uk |date=9 May 2003 |access-date=28 March 2010 |archive-date=10 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510203944/http://www.ark.ac.uk/nilt/1999/Community_Relations/NINATID.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The survey also revealed that 78% of Protestants and 48% of all respondents felt "Strongly British", while 77% of Catholics and 35% of all respondents felt "Strongly Irish". 51% of Protestants and 33% of all respondents felt "Not at all Irish", while 62% of Catholics and 28% of all respondents felt "Not at all British".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ark.ac.uk/nilt/1999/Community_Relations/BRITISH.html |title=Northern Ireland Life and Times Survey |publisher=Ark.ac.uk |date=12 May 2003 |access-date=28 March 2010 |archive-date=10 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610101029/http://www.ark.ac.uk/nilt/1999/Community_Relations/BRITISH.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ark.ac.uk/nilt/1999/Community_Relations/IRISH.html |title=Northern Ireland Life and Times Survey |publisher=Ark.ac.uk |date=9 May 2003 |access-date=28 March 2010 |archive-date=10 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610101003/http://www.ark.ac.uk/nilt/1999/Community_Relations/IRISH.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

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===Irish identity===

[[File:St. ~~Patricks~~Patrick's Day Parade, ~~(2013)~~Waterville ~~In Dublin Was Excellent But The Weather And The Turnout Was Disappointing (8566201364)~~2012.~~jpg~~JPG|thumb|left|A [[St Patrick's Day]] parade in ~~Dublin~~[[County Kerry]]]]

[[File:1998-Folk-Confolens 09.JPG|thumb|Irish dancers, 1998]]

[[Thomas Davis (Young Irelander)|Thomas Davis]], a prominent [[Protestant Irish nationalists|Protestant Irish nationalist]] and founder of the Irish nationalist [[Young Ireland]] movement, identified the Irish as a [[Celtic nation]].<ref name="davis">{{cite web|author=Thomas Davis|url=http://www.from-ireland.net/our-national-language-thomas-osborne-davis/|title=Our National Language|publisher=From-Ireland.net|date=28 February 2013|access-date=18 October 2016|archive-date=19 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019081303/http://www.from-ireland.net/our-national-language-thomas-osborne-davis/|url-status=live}}</ref> He estimated that ethnically, 5/6ths of the nation were either of Gaelic Irish-origin, or descended from returned Scottish Gaels (including much of the [[Ulster Scots people|Ulster Scots]]) and some Celtic Welsh (such as his own ancestors and those carrying surnames such as Walsh and Griffiths).<ref name="davis"/> As part of this he was a staunch supporter of the [[Irish language]] as the "national language".<ref name="davis"/> In regards to the Germanic minority in Ireland (of Norman and Anglo-Saxon origin) he believed that they could be assimilated into Irishness if they had a "willingness to be part of the Irish Nation".<ref>{{cite web |author=Thomas Davis – Dame Street |url=http://dublinstreets.osx128.com/dublin-statues-monuments/thomas-davis/ |title=90,000 Photographs By William Murphy – 90,000 Photographs By William Murphy |publisher=Dublinstreets.osx128.com |date=17 March 2012 |access-date=1 March 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140327050928/http://dublinstreets.osx128.com/dublin-statues-monuments/thomas-davis/ |archive-date=27 March 2014}}</ref>

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== Citations ==