Kuva-yi Milliye: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia

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| unit_name = Kuvâ-yi Milliye

| image = File:Çerkez Ethem, Çerkez savaşçıları ve Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, 06-1920.jpg

| caption = [[Ethem the Circassian]], his [[Circassians|Circassian]] handsmen ([[Kuva-yi Seyyare]]) and [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk|Mustafa Kemal Pasha]] in front of the main building of the station, who were on their way to the Yozgat rebellion (June 1920)

| dates = 1918–1921

| country = [[Ottoman Empire]]

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| mascot =

| battles = [[Turkish War of Independence]]

*[[Franco-Turkish War]]

*[[Revolts during the Turkish War of Independence]]

*[[Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)|Greco-Turkish War]] {{small|(until 1921)}}

| anniversaries =

| decorations =

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| notable_commanders = [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk|Mustafa Kemal Pasha]]<br />(Nominally commander-in-chief)<br />[[Ethem the Circassian]] (Main commander until 1921)<br />[[Yörük Ali Efe]] (Commander, [[Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)|Western Front]])<br />[[Şahin Bey]] (Commander, [[Franco-Turkish War|Southern Front]])<br />[[Topal Osman]] (Commander)

}}

The '''Kuva-yi Milliye''' ({{lang-ota|قوا ملّيهقواى مليه}}; {{lit}} 'National Forces'<ref>{{Citation | first = Sina | last = Akşin | title = Turkey: From Empire to Revolutionary Republic: The Emergence of the Turkish Nation from 1789 to the Present | publisher = New York University Press | year = 2007 | isbn = 978-0-8147-0722-7 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=VlJpAAAAMAAJ&q=%22defence+units+called+National+Forces%22 | page = 126}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | first1 = Stanford J | last1 = Shaw | first2 = Ezel Kural | last2 = Shaw | title = History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey | volume = 2 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 1977 | isbn = 978-0-521-29166-8 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=AIET_7ji7YAC&q=%22known+in+Turkish+history+as+the+National+Forces%22&pg=PA341 | page = 341}}</ref> or 'Nationalist Forces'<ref name=Smith68>{{Citation | first = Elaine Diana | last = Smith | title = Turkey: Origins of the Kemalist Movement and The Government of the Grand National Assembly, 1919–1923 | publisher = The American university | year = 1959 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=JCUdAAAAMAAJ&q=%22period+of+Kuvayi+Milliye+(Nationalist+Forces+of+Irregular+Resistance)%22 | page = 68}}</ref>) refers to thewere irregular Turkish [[militia]] forces<ref name="Smith68" /> active in the early period of the [[Turkish War of Independence]]. These irregular forces emerged after the occupation of the parts of [[Turkey]] by the [[Allies of World War I|Allied]] forces in accordance with the [[Armistice of Mudros]]. Later, ''Kuva-yi Milliye'' waswere integrated to the [[regular army]] (''Kuva-yi Nizamiye'')<ref name=Smith68/> of the [[Government of the Grand National Assembly|Grand National Assembly]]. Some historians call this period (1918–20) of the [[Turkish War of Independence]] the "Kuva-yi Milliye phase".<ref name="kadir">{{Citation | first = Kadir | last = Kasalak | url = http://www.atam.gov.tr/index.php?Page=DergiIcerik&IcerikNo=386 | title = Kuva-yı Milliye'nin Askeri Açıdan Etüdü | journal = Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi Dergisi | issue = 42 | volume = XIV | date = November 1998 | publisher = Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nin | page = 75 | language = tr | access-date = 2011-07-24 | archive-date = 2011-12-10 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111210103434/http://www.atam.gov.tr/index.php?Page=DergiIcerik&IcerikNo=386 | url-status = live }}. Yılı Özel Sayısı.</ref>▼

▲'''Kuva-yi Milliye''' ({{lang-ota|قوا ملّيه}}; {{lit}} 'National Forces'<ref>{{Citation | first = Sina | last = Akşin | title = Turkey: From Empire to Revolutionary Republic: The Emergence of the Turkish Nation from 1789 to the Present | publisher = New York University Press | year = 2007 | isbn = 978-0-8147-0722-7 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=VlJpAAAAMAAJ&q=%22defence+units+called+National+Forces%22 | page = 126}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | first1 = Stanford J | last1 = Shaw | first2 = Ezel Kural | last2 = Shaw | title = History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey | volume = 2 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 1977 | isbn = 978-0-521-29166-8 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=AIET_7ji7YAC&q=%22known+in+Turkish+history+as+the+National+Forces%22&pg=PA341 | page = 341}}</ref> or 'Nationalist Forces'<ref name=Smith68>{{Citation | first = Elaine Diana | last = Smith | title = Turkey: Origins of the Kemalist Movement and The Government of the Grand National Assembly, 1919–1923 | publisher = The American university | year = 1959 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=JCUdAAAAMAAJ&q=%22period+of+Kuvayi+Milliye+(Nationalist+Forces+of+Irregular+Resistance)%22 | page = 68}}</ref>) refers to the irregular Turkish [[militia]] forces<ref name="Smith68" /> in the early period of the [[Turkish War of Independence]]. These irregular forces emerged after the occupation of the parts of [[Turkey]] by the [[Allies of World War I|Allied]] forces in accordance with the [[Armistice of Mudros]]. Later, ''Kuva-yi Milliye'' was integrated to the [[regular army]] (''Kuva-yi Nizamiye'')<ref name=Smith68/> of the [[Government of the Grand National Assembly|Grand National Assembly]]. Some historians call this period (1918–20) of the [[Turkish War of Independence]] the "Kuva-yi Milliye phase".<ref name="kadir">{{Citation | first = Kadir | last = Kasalak | url = http://www.atam.gov.tr/index.php?Page=DergiIcerik&IcerikNo=386 | title = Kuva-yı Milliye'nin Askeri Açıdan Etüdü | journal = Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi Dergisi | issue = 42 | volume = XIV |date=November 1998 | publisher = Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nin | page = 75 | language = tr}}. Yılı Özel Sayısı.</ref>

== History ==

{{Expand section|date=January 2021}}

In the [[Armistice of Mudros]], [[Ottoman Empire]] was divided between the [[Allies of World War I|Allies]], where the Greeks occupied the west, the British occupied the capital and southeast, and the Italians and the French occupied the south of the country.

In the [[Armistice of Mudros]], [[Ottoman Empire]] was divided between the [[Allies of World War I|Allies]], where the Greeks occupied the west, the British occupied the capital and southeast, and the Italians and the French occupied the south of the country. The ''Kuva-yi Milliye'' were the first armed groups to defend the Turks and muslims' rights in Anatolia and Rumelia. The ''Kuva-yi Milliye'' consisted of deserted Ottoman army officers and militias. The ''Kuva-yi Milliye'' became active when [[Greek landing at Smyrna|the Greeks landed at]] Smyrna ([[İzmir]]).{{citation needed|date= June 2011}} People who opposed the partitioning of Anatolia by the unratified [[Treaty of Sèvres]] joined the resistance. The [[Franco-Turkish War]] was almost exclusively conducted by Kuva-yi Milliye units on the Turkish side. In western [[Anatolia]], the ''Kuva-yi Milliye'' fought against the Greek Army by [[hit-and-run tactics]]<ref>{{Citation |title=Belleten|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=8EYtAQAAIAAJ&q=hit+and+run+kemal | volume = 65| issue = 244|access-date=2010-08-18|publisher=Türk Tarih Kurumu|year=2001}}</ref> until a regular army was set up. The resistance of the ''Kuva-yi Milliye'' slowed the Greek advance in Anatolia.<ref>{{Citation | url = http://www.etarih.net/tr/cumhuriyet/kuvaimilliye.html | title = Cum Huriyet | contribution = Kuva‐i Milliye | publisher = Etarih}}</ref>▼

When the atrocities committed by the Greeks in the places they occupied became known among the people of Afyonkarahisar, the people began to harbor great hatred and anger against the Greeks. Realizing that the danger caused by the Greeks could harm them in a short time, the people of Afyonkarahisar, under the leadership of Lieutenant Colonel Arif Bey, formed the Afyonkarahisar Kuvâ-yi Milliye.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kaya |first1=Şerife Burcu |last2=Kaya |first2=Ümit Ünsal |last3=Bulut |first3=Yakup |date=2023-03-30 |title=THE ROLE OF BAYAT IN THE TURKISH NATIONAL STRUGGLE PROCESS ON THE AXIS OF LIEUTENANT COLONEL (BAYATLI) ARIF BEY AND KARAKEÇILI NATIONAL REGIMENT |url=https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/kdeniz/issue/75087/1242250 |journal=Karadeniz Uluslararası Bilimsel Dergi |language=en |volume=1 |issue=57 |pages=81–92 |doi=10.17498/kdeniz.1242250 |issn=1308-6200|doi-access=free }}</ref>

[[File:Kuvva-i Milliye millitias, 1919.png|thumb|right|Kuva-yi Milliye millitias. The original image was dated 1919.]]▼

▲In the [[Armistice of Mudros]], [[Ottoman Empire]] was divided between the [[Allies of World War I|Allies]], where the Greeks occupied the west, the British occupied the capital and southeast, and the Italians and the French occupied the south of the country. The ''Kuva-yi Milliye'' were the first armed groups to defend the Turks and muslimsMuslims' rights in Anatolia and Rumelia. The ''Kuva-yi Milliye'' consisted of deserted Ottoman army officers and militias. The ''Kuva-yi Milliye'' became active when [[Greek landing at Smyrna|the Greeks landed at]] Smyrna ([[İzmir]]).{{citation needed|date= June 2011}} People who opposed the partitioning of Anatolia by the unratified [[Treaty of Sèvres]] joined the resistance. The [[Franco-Turkish War]] was almost exclusively conducted by Kuva-yi Milliye units on the Turkish side. In western [[Anatolia]], the ''Kuva-yi Milliye'' fought against the Greek Army by [[hit-and-run tactics]]<ref>{{Citation |title=Belleten|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=8EYtAQAAIAAJ&q=hit+and+run+kemal | volume = 65| issue = 244|access-date=2010-08-18|publisher=Türk Tarih Kurumu|year=2001}}</ref> until a regular army was set up. The resistance of the ''Kuva-yi Milliye'' slowed the Greek advance in Anatolia.<ref>{{Citation | url = http://www.etarih.net/tr/cumhuriyet/kuvaimilliye.html | title = Cum Huriyet | contribution = Kuva‐iKuva-i Milliye | publisher = Etarih | access-date = 2010-08-18 | archive-date = 2010-11-15 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101115151847/http://www.etarih.net/tr/cumhuriyet/kuvaimilliye.html | url-status = dead }}</ref>

▲[[File:Kuvva-i Milliye millitias, 1919.png|thumb|right|Kuva-yi Milliye millitiasmilitias. The original image was dated from 1919.]]

== Dissolution of ''Kuva-yi Milliye'' ==

{{Expand section|date=July 2011}}

{{Further |Battle of the Gediz}}

Although the ''Kuva-yi Milliye'' was regarded as the first step of resistance in the liberation of Turkey, irregular warfare was abandoned later on. The militia lacked discipline and experience; theyit had no chance in larger open field battles against the Greeks. In September 1920, theyits members [[Greek Summer Offensive|had to face]] and halt the advance of a highly trained and well equipped [[Greek Army]] numbering more than 107,000 men with a force less than 15,000 on the [[Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)|westernWestern front]]. After the [[Grand National Assembly of Turkey]] was opened, the regular army was created by merging different ''Kuva-yi Milliye'' groups. ''Kuva-yi Milliye'' was ultimately dissolved towards the end of 1920. Although some units of the ''Kuva-yi Milliye'' still fought on the [[Franco-Turkish War|southern front]] until 1921. The [[First Battle of İnönü]] is the first war in which the [[standing army]] fought against the Greek forces.

== Rebels ==

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{{Turkish nationalism}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kuva-I Milliye}}

[[Category:Kuva-yi Milliye| ]]