New Delhi: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia

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{{about|the capital of India, within the union territory of [[Delhi]]}}

{{Update|part=Demographics|reason=Update with information from 2021 census|date=July 2024}}

{{Infobox settlement

| name = New Delhi

| native_name = ''Naī Dillī''

| settlement_type = [[Federal capital]]

| image_seal = New Delhi Municipal Council logo.png

| image_skyline = {{multiple image

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| caption1 = [[Rashtrapati Bhawan]]

| image2 = Glimpse of the new Parliament Building, in New Delhi.jpg

| caption2 = [[New Parliament House, New Delhi|~~New~~ Parliament House]]

| image3 = Bharat Mandapam Morning View.jpg

| caption3 = [[Bharat Mandapam]]

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| caption5 = Skyline of [[Connaught Place, New Delhi|Connaught Place]]

| image6 = Kartavya Path in the evening in New Delhi 01.jpg

| caption6 = [[Rajpath]] ~~(officially "Kartavya Path")~~

| image7 = Delhi, India, India Gate.jpg|100px

| caption7= [[India Gate]]

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| image_map =

| map_caption =

| pushpin_map = India Delhi~~#India~~

| pushpin_label_position = right

| pushpin_map_alt =

| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Delhi~~##Location in India~~

| pushpin_mapsize = 300

| coordinates = {{Wikidatacoord|Q987|type:city_region:IN-DL|display=inline,title}}

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| subdivision_name = {{IND}}

| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|Union territory]]

| subdivision_name1 = {{~~flag~~flagicon image|Flag of Delhi Capital Territory.svg}} [[Delhi]]

| established_title = Established

| established_date = 12 December 1911

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| utc_offset1 = +05:30

| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]

| postal_code = ~~1100xx~~110001, 121003, 1220xx, 201313 (New Delhi)<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Delhi |url=https://indiapincodes.net/Delhi/New-delhi/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817045800/https://indiapincodes.net/Delhi/New-delhi/ |archive-date=17 August 2022 |access-date=17 August 2022 |website=indiapincodes.net}}</ref>

| area_code = [[Telephone numbers in India|+91-11]]

| registration_plate = DL-2X

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| subdivision_name3 = [[New Delhi Assembly constituency|New Delhi]]

| subdivision_type3 = [[Delhi Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]]

| native_name_lang = ~~iast~~iso 15919

| motto = ''Śrama ēva jayatē'' Labour is victory

| subdivision_type4 = [[List of districts of India|District]]

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'''New Delhi''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=NewDelhi1.ogg|'|nj|uː|_|ˈ|d|ɛ|.|l|i}},<ref>{{Citation |last=Wells |first=John C. |title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary |year=2008 |edition=3rd |publisher=Longman |isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0}}; {{citation |last=Roach |first=Peter |year=2011 |title=Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary |edition=18th |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-15253-2}}</ref> {{IPA-|hi|ˈnəiː ˈdɪlːiː|lang}}, [[ISO 15919|ISO]]: ''Naī Dillī''), is the [[Capital city|capital]] of [[India]] and a part of the [[Delhi|National Capital Territory of Delhi]] (NCT). New Delhi is the seat of all three branches of the [[Government of India]], hosting the [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]], [[New Parliament House, New Delhi|Sansad Bhavan]], and the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]]. New Delhi is a [[Municipal governance in India|municipality]] within the NCT, administered by the [[New Delhi Municipal Council|NDMC]], which covers mostly [[Lutyens' Delhi]] and a few adjacent areas. The municipal area is part of a larger [[List of districts in India|administrative district]], the [[New Delhi district]].

Although colloquially ''Delhi'' and ''New Delhi'' are used interchangeably to refer to the National Capital Territory of Delhi, both are distinct entities, with the municipality and the New Delhi district forming a relatively small part within the [[megacity]] of Delhi. The [[National Capital Region (India)|National Capital Region]] is an even larger entity, comprising the entire [[National Capital Territory of Delhi|NCT]] along with adjoining districts in the two neighbouring states forming a continuously built-up area with it, including [[Ghaziabad]], [[Noida]], [[Greater Noida]], [[Meerut]], [[YEIDA City]], [[Gurgaon]], and [[Faridabad]].

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| caption_align = centre

| align = left

| image1 = ~~DelhiDurbar~~Inauguration ~~LordCurzon~~of New Delhi 1931.jpg

| ~~caption3~~caption1 = The 1931 postage stamp series celebrated the inauguration of New Delhi as the seat of government. The one [[rupee]] stamp shows [[George V]] with the "Secretariat Building" and Dominion Columns.▼

~~| caption1 = [[George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston|Lord Curzon]] and [[Mary Victoria Leiter|Lady Curzon]] arriving at the Delhi Durbar, 1903~~

| image2 = Delhi Durbar, 1911.jpg▼

~~| caption2 = The Delhi Durbar of 1911, with George V and Mary seated upon the dais~~

~~| image3 = Inauguration of New Delhi 1931.jpg~~

▲| caption3 = The 1931 postage stamp series celebrated the inauguration of New Delhi as the seat of government. The one [[rupee]] stamp shows [[George V]] with the "Secretariat Building" and Dominion Columns.

}}

Until December 1911, [[Calcutta]] was the capital of India during the British Rule. However, it had become the centre of the nationalist movements since the late nineteenth century, which led to the [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|Partition of Bengal]] by Viceroy [[Lord Curzon|Curzon]]. This created massive political and religious upsurge including political assassinations of British officials in Calcutta. The anti-colonial sentiments among the public led to a complete boycott of British goods, which forced the colonial government to reunite Bengal and immediately shift the capital to New Delhi.<ref name="Move From Calcutta">{{Cite news |title=86 years ago New Delhi took over as power capital of India |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/86-years-ago-new-delhi-took-over-as-power-capital-of-india/articleshow/57133366.cms |url-status=live |access-date=31 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301100517/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/86-years-ago-new-delhi-took-over-as-power-capital-of-india/articleshow/57133366.cms |archive-date=1 March 2021}}</ref>

[[Old Delhi]] had served as the political and financial centre of several empires of [[History of India|medieval India]] and the [[Delhi Sultanate]], most notably of the [[Mughal Empire]] from 1649 to 1857. During the early 1900s, a proposal was made to the British administration to shift the capital of the British Indian Empire, as India was officially named, from Calcutta on the east coast, to Delhi.<ref name="Delhi Move">{{Cite news |last=Wright |first=Tom |date=11 November 2011 |title=Why Delhi? The Move From Calcutta |work=The Wall Street Journal |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/11/11/why-delhi-the-move-from-calcutta/ |access-date=16 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727073527/https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/11/11/why-delhi-the-move-from-calcutta/ |archive-date=27 July 2020}}</ref> The [[British Raj|Government of British India]] felt that it would be logistically easier to administer India from Delhi, which is in the centre of northern India.<ref name="Delhi Move" /> The land for building the new city of Delhi was acquired under the [[Land Acquisition Act 1894]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}

During the [[Delhi Durbar]] on 12 December 1911, [[George V~~]], [[Emperor of India]],~~ while laying the foundation stone for the viceroy's residence in the [[Coronation Park, Delhi|Coronation Park]], [[Kingsway Camp]], declared that the capital of [[the Raj]] would be shifted from [[Calcutta]] to [[Delhi]].<ref name="Delhi new capital">{{Cite news |last=Wright |first=Tom |date=22 November 2011 |title=In 1911, Rush to Name Delhi as Capital Causes a Crush |work=The Wall Street Journal |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/11/22/in-1911-rush-to-name-delhi-as-capital-causes-a-crush/ |url-status=live |access-date=3 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125152453/http://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/11/22/in-1911-rush-to-name-delhi-as-capital-causes-a-crush/ |archive-date=25 November 2011}}</ref><ref name="Delhi capital">{{Cite news |date=28 November 2011 |title=Was New Delhi a Death Knell for Calcutta? |work=The Wall Street Journal |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/11/28/was-new-delhi-a-death-knell-for-calcutta/ |url-status=live |access-date=3 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111130230021/http://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/11/28/was-new-delhi-a-death-knell-for-calcutta/ |archive-date=30 November 2011}}</ref><ref name="Hall">{{Cite book |last=Hall |first=P |title=Cities of Tomorrow |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-631-23252-0 |pages=198–206 |author-link=Peter Hall (urbanist)}}</ref><ref>[http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/FullcoverageStoryPage.aspx?sectionName=IndiaSectionPage&id=5720f679-41cd-4e23-a9eb-c2f6b5d707c8Indiaturns61_Special&Headline=Coronation+park+cries+out+for+help Coronation park] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110502154207/http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/FullcoverageStoryPage.aspx?sectionName=IndiaSectionPage&id=5720f679-41cd-4e23-a9eb-c2f6b5d707c8Indiaturns61_Special&Headline=Coronation+park+cries+out+for+help |date=2 May 2011 }} [[Hindustan Times]], 14 August 2008.</ref> Three days later, George V and his consort, [[Mary of Teck|~~Queen~~ Mary]], laid the foundation stone of New Delhi at Kingsway Camp.<ref name="Delhi formation">{{Cite news |last=Lahiri |first=Tripti |date=20 November 2011 |title=The New Delhis That Might Have Been |work=The Wall Street Journal |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/11/20/the-new-delhis-that-might-have-been/ |url-status=live |access-date=3 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123011902/http://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/11/20/the-new-delhis-that-might-have-been/ |archive-date=23 November 2011}}</ref> Large parts of New Delhi were planned by [[Edwin Lutyens]], who first visited Delhi in 1912, and [[Herbert Baker]], both leading 20th-century British architects.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Patwant |first=Singh |year=2002–2003 |title=Sir Edwin and the building |url=http://www.wmf.org/sites/default/files/wmf_article/pg_38-43_new_delhi.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516181731/http://www.wmf.org/sites/default/files/wmf_article/pg_38-43_new_delhi.pdf |archive-date=16 May 2011 |access-date=31 December 2013 |publisher=wmf.org}}</ref> The contract was given to [[Sobha Singh (builder)|Sobha Singh]]. The original plan called for its construction in Tughlaqabad, inside the [[Tughlaqabad Fort]], but this was given up because of the Delhi-Calcutta trunk line that passed through the fort.{{Citation needed|date=April 2021}} Construction really began after [[World War I]] and was completed by 1931. The gardening and planning of plantations was led by [[A.E.P. Griessen]], and later William Mustoe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bowe |first=Patrick |date=2009 |title=The genius of an artist: William R. Mustoe and the planting of the city of New Delhi and its gardens |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40649671 |url-status=live |journal=Garden History |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=68–79 |issn=0307-1243 |jstor=40649671 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009054323/https://www.jstor.org/stable/40649671 |archive-date=9 October 2021 |access-date=28 April 2021}}</ref> The city that was later dubbed "[[Lutyens' Delhi]]" was inaugurated in ceremonies beginning on 10 February 1931 by Viceroy ~~[[Lord~~ Irwin]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 February 1931 |title=New Delhi: The Inaugural Ceremony |page=12 |work=[[The Times]] |issue=45744 |location=London}}</ref> Lutyens designed the central administrative area of the city as a testament to Britain's [[imperialism|imperial aspirations]].<ref name="ya">{{Cite web |title=Yadgaar |url=http://nationalmuseumindia.gov.in/pdf/yadgaar.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091229182030/http://www.nationalmuseumindia.gov.in/pdf/yadgaar.pdf |archive-date=29 December 2009 |access-date=18 May 2010 |publisher=[[National Museum, New Delhi]]}}</ref>

[[File:New Delhi government block 03-2016 img6.jpg|thumb|The [[Secretariat Building, New Delhi|Secretariat Building]] houses Ministries of [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Defence]], [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Finance]], [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Home Affairs]] and [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|External Affairs]]. It also houses the [[Prime Minister's Office (India)|Prime Minister's office]].]]

Soon Lutyens started considering other places. Indeed, the Delhi Town Planning Committee, set up to plan the new imperial capital, with [[George Swinton]] as chairman, and John A. Brodie and [[Lutyens]] as members, submitted reports for both north and south sites. However, it was rejected by the Viceroy when the cost of acquiring the necessary properties was found to be too high. The central axis of New Delhi, which today faces east at [[India Gate]], was previously meant to be a ~~north–south~~north-south axis linking the [[Viceroy's House]] at one end with [[Paharganj]] at the other. Eventually, owing to space constraints and the presence of a large number of heritage sites on the north side, the committee settled on the south site.<ref>Chishti, p. 225.</ref> A site atop the [[Raisina Hill]], formerly Raisina Village, a [[Meo (ethnic group)|Meo]] village, was chosen for the [[Rashtrapati Bhawan]], then known as the Viceroy's House. The reason for this choice was that the hill lay directly opposite the [[Purana Qila|Dinapanah]] citadel, which was also considered the site of [[Indraprastha]], the ancient region of Delhi. Subsequently, the foundation stone was shifted from the site of [[Delhi Durbar]] of 1911–1912, where the Coronation Pillar stood, and embedded in the walls of the forecourt of [[Secretariat Building, New Delhi|the Secretariat]]. The [[Rajpath]], also known as King's Way, stretched from the [[India Gate]] to the Rashtrapati Bhawan. The Secretariat building, the two blocks of which flank the Rashtrapati Bhawan and houses ministries of the government of India, and the [[Parliament of India|Parliament House]], both designed by Baker, are located at the [[Sansad Marg]] and run parallel to the Rajpath.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}

In the south, land up to [[Safdarjung's Tomb]] was acquired to create what is today known as [[Lutyens' Bungalow Zone]].<ref>Chishti, p. 222.</ref> Before construction could begin on the rocky ridge of Raisina Hill, a circular railway line around the Council House (now [[Parliament of India|Parliament House]]), called the ''Imperial Delhi Railway'', was built to transport construction material and workers for the next twenty years. The last stumbling block was the [[Agra]]-Delhi railway line that cut right through the site earmarked for the hexagonal All-India War Memorial ([[India Gate]]) and Kingsway ([[Rajpath]]), which was a problem because the [[Old Delhi Railway Station]] served the entire city at that time. The line was shifted to run along the [[Yamuna River]], and it began operating in 1924. The [[New Delhi Railway Station]] opened in 1926, with a single platform at [[Ajmeri Gate]] near [[Paharganj]], and was completed in time for the city's inauguration in 1931.<ref name="htlux">{{Cite news |date=21 July 2011 |title=A fine balance of luxury and care |work=Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/chunk-ht-ui-newdelhi100years-topstories/A-fine-balance-of-luxury-and-care/Article1-723880.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214175839/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news-feed/chunk-ht-ui-newdelhi100years-topstories/a-fine-balance-of-luxury-and-care/article1-723880.aspx |archive-date=14 December 2014}}</ref><ref name="hindustantimes652023">{{Cite news |date=18 January 2011 |title=When Railways nearly derailed New Delhi |work=Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newdelhi/When-Railways-nearly-derailed-New-Delhi/Article1-652023.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926091104/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newdelhi/When-Railways-nearly-derailed-New-Delhi/Article1-652023.aspx |archive-date=26 September 2013}}</ref> As construction of the Viceroy's House (the present Rashtrapati Bhavan), [[Secretariat Building, New Delhi|Central Secretariat]], [[Sansad Bhavan|Parliament House]], and All-India War Memorial ([[India Gate]]) was winding down, the building of a shopping district and a new plaza, [[Connaught Place, New Delhi|Connaught Place]], began in 1929, and was completed by 1933. Named after [[Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn|Prince Arthur]], 1st [[Duke of Connaught]] (1850–1942), it was designed by [[Robert Tor Russell]], chief architect to the [[Central Public Works Department|Public Works Department]] (PWD).<ref name="htc">{{Cite news |date=8 February 2011 |title=CP's blueprint: Bath's Crescent |work=Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/CP-s-blueprint-Bath-s-Crescent/Article1-659739.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103040022/http://www.hindustantimes.com/CP-s-blueprint-Bath-s-Crescent/Article1-659739.aspx |archive-date=3 January 2013}}</ref>

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=== Post-independence ===

After India gained [[Independence Day (India)|independence]] in 1947, limited autonomy was conferred to New Delhi and was administered by a Chief Commissioner appointed by the [[Government of India]]. In 1966, Delhi was converted into a [[union territory]] and eventually the Chief Commissioner was replaced by a Lieutenant Governor. The [[Constitution of India|Constitution (Sixty-ninth Amendment) Act, 1991]] declared the Union Territory of Delhi to be formally known as the National Capital Territory of Delhi.<ref name="NCTact">{{Cite web |title=The Constitution (Sixty-Ninth Amendment) Act, 1991 |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend69.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821020032/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend69.htm |archive-date=21 August 2016 |access-date=8 January 2007 |website=The Constitution (Amendment) Acts, The Constitution of India |publisher=National Informatics Centre, Ministry of Communications and Information Technology, Government of India}}</ref> A system was introduced under which the elected government was given wide powers, excluding law and order which remained with the Central Government. The actual enforcement of the legislation came in 1993.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}▼

~~[[File:Indian President House.jpg|thumb|[[Rashtrapati Bhavan]], the home of the President of India]]~~

▲After India gained [[Independence Day (India)|independence]] in 1947, limited autonomy was conferred to New Delhi and was administered by a Chief Commissioner appointed by the [[Government of India]]. In 1966, Delhi was converted into a [[union territory]] and eventually the Chief Commissioner was replaced by a Lieutenant Governor. The [[Constitution of India|Constitution (Sixty-ninth Amendment) Act, 1991]] declared the Union Territory of Delhi to be formally known as National Capital Territory of Delhi.<ref name="NCTact">{{Cite web |title=The Constitution (Sixty-Ninth Amendment) Act, 1991 |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend69.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821020032/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend69.htm |archive-date=21 August 2016 |access-date=8 January 2007 |website=The Constitution (Amendment) Acts, The Constitution of India |publisher=National Informatics Centre, Ministry of Communications and Information Technology, Government of India}}</ref> A system was introduced under which the elected government was given wide powers, excluding law and order which remained with the Central Government. The actual enforcement of the legislation came in 1993.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}

The first major extension of New Delhi outside of [[Lutyens' Delhi]] came in the 1950s when the [[Central Public Works Department]] (CPWD) developed a large area of land southwest of Lutyens' Delhi to create the diplomatic enclave of [[Chanakyapuri]], where land was allotted for embassies, chanceries, high commissions and residences of ambassadors, around a wide central vista, ''[[Shantipath|Shanti Path]]''.<ref name="urbanv">{{Cite book |last=Viswambhar Nath |title=Urbanization, urban development, and metropolitan cities in India |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |year=2007 |isbn=978-81-8069-412-7 |pages=248, 251 |chapter=Delhi Before 1947 |access-date=27 October 2015 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Obd1vEVEPdgC&pg=PA244 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923130930/https://books.google.com/books?id=Obd1vEVEPdgC&pg=PA244 |archive-date=23 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>

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=== Air quality ===

{{See also|Environmental issues in Delhi|Air pollution in Delhi}}

In [[Mercer (consulting firm)|Mercer]]'s 2015 annual quality-of-living survey, New Delhi ranks at number 154 out of 230 cities due to bad [[air quality]] and pollution.<ref name="Mercer Quality Air">{{Cite news |date=8 March 2015 |title=2015 Quality of Living Survey |work=[[Mercer (consulting firm)|Mercer]] |url=https://www.uk.mercer.com/newsroom/2015-quality-of-living-survey.html |url-status=dead |access-date=28 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128201250/https://www.uk.mercer.com/newsroom/2015-quality-of-living-survey.html |archive-date=28 January 2019}}</ref><ref name="WSJ New Delhi">{{Cite news |date=8 March 2015 |title=Bad Air Chokes New Delhi's Livability Ranking |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2015/03/05/bad-air-chokes-new-delhis-livability-ranking/?mod=WSJ_hp_India_EditorsPicks |url-status=live |access-date=4 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214025850/https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2015/03/05/bad-air-chokes-new-delhis-livability-ranking/?mod=WSJ_hp_India_EditorsPicks |archive-date=14 December 2019}}</ref> The [[World Health Organization]] ranked New Delhi as the world's worst polluted city in 2014 among about 1,600 cities the organisation tracked around the world.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Harris |first=Gardiner |date=8 May 2014~~-05-08~~ |title=Cities in India Among the Most Polluted, W.H.O. Says |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/09/world/asia/cities-in-india-among-the-most-polluted-who-says.html |access-date=~~2024-03-~~10 March 2024 |work=[[The New York Times]] |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=10 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310104706/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/09/world/asia/cities-in-india-among-the-most-polluted-who-says.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2016, [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] listed New Delhi as the most polluted city on [[Earth]]<ref name="New Delhi Earth">{{Cite news |date=8 November 2016 |title=New Delhi is the most polluted city on Earth right now |work=[[CNN]] |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2016/11/07/asia/india-new-delhi-smog-pollution/index.html |url-status=live |access-date=28 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816060132/https://edition.cnn.com/2016/11/07/asia/india-new-delhi-smog-pollution/index.html |archive-date=16 August 2021}}</ref> and [[IQAir]] listed New Delhi as the world's most polluted capital city for the second straight year in year 2019.<ref name="New Delhi Earth Pollution2">{{Cite news |date=26 February 2020 |title=New Delhi world's most polluted capital again: Study |language=en |work=www.aljazeera.com |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/news/2020/2/26/new-delhi-worlds-most-polluted-capital-again-study |url-status=live |access-date=15 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113043902/https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/news/2020/2/26/new-delhi-worlds-most-polluted-capital-again-study |archive-date=13 November 2021}}</ref>

[[File:Connaught Place sunset.jpg|thumb|Dense smog at [[Connaught Place, New Delhi]]]]

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On 16 December 2015, the [[Supreme Court of India]] mandated several restrictions on Delhi's transportation system to curb pollution. Among the measures, the court ordered to stop registrations of diesel cars and sport utility vehicles with an engine capacity of 2,000 cc and over until 31 March 2016. The court also ordered all taxis in the Delhi region to switch to [[compressed natural gas]] by 1 March 2016. Transportation vehicles that are more than 10 years old were banned from entering the capital.<ref name="20151217nytimes">{{Cite news |last=Nida Najar |date=16 December 2015 |title=India, choking on pollution, Restricts Vehicle Use in Delhi |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/17/world/asia/india-choking-on-pollution-restricts-vehicle-use-in-new-delhi.html |url-status=live |access-date=19 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151218203447/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/17/world/asia/india-choking-on-pollution-restricts-vehicle-use-in-new-delhi.html |archive-date=18 December 2015}}</ref>

Analysing real-time vehicle speed data from Uber Delhi revealed that during the odd-even program, average speeds went up by a statistically significant 5.4 per cent (2.8 standard ~~deviation~~deviations from normal). This means vehicles have ~~lesser~~less idling time in traffic and vehicle engines would run closer to minimum fuel consumption.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 January 2016 |title=Yes, Delhi, it worked |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/odd-even-policy-delhi-pollution-yes-delhi-it-worked/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929111947/https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/odd-even-policy-delhi-pollution-yes-delhi-it-worked/ |archive-date=29 September 2021 |access-date=28 April 2021}}</ref> In bordering areas, PM 2.5 levels were recorded more than 400 (ug/m3) while in inner areas in Delhi, they were recorded between 150 and 210 on an average.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 January 2016 |title=Odd-even scheme likely to return in Delhi after March; schools, 2nd car among concerns {{pipe}} Delhi News |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Odd-even-scheme-likely-to-return-in-Delhi-after-March-schools-2nd-car-among-concerns/articleshow/50629135.cms |url-status=live |access-date=23 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225090820/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Odd-even-scheme-likely-to-return-in-Delhi-after-March-schools-2nd-car-among-concerns/articleshow/50629135.cms |archive-date=25 February 2021}}</ref> However, the ~~subcity~~sub-city of [[Dwarka, Delhi|Dwarka]], located in the southwest district, has a substantially low level of air pollution. At the NSIT University campus, located in sector 3 Dwarka, pollution levels were as low as 93 PPM.{{citation needed|date=December 2016}}

On 7 November 2017, the [[Indian Medical Association]] declared a public health emergency due to high pollution levels.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Safi |first=Michael |date=7 November 2017 |title=Delhi doctors declare pollution emergency as smog chokes city |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/nov/07/delhi-india-declares-pollution-emergency-as-smog-chokes-city |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029001236/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/nov/07/delhi-india-declares-pollution-emergency-as-smog-chokes-city |archive-date=29 October 2021 |access-date=27 January 2019 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> The highest being in the [[Punjabi Bagh]] district with an [[air quality index]] of 999 and in the [[Rama Krishna Puram|RK Puram]] district with an index of 852. The lowest index recorded was in the [[Anand Vihar]] district with an index of 319.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 November 2017 |title=Delhi air pollution: Public health emergency declared; people advised not to venture outside |url=https://zeenews.india.com/delhi/delhi-air-pollution-public-health-emergency-declared-people-advised-not-to-venture-outside-2054928.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109012213/https://zeenews.india.com/delhi/delhi-air-pollution-public-health-emergency-declared-people-advised-not-to-venture-outside-2054928.html |archive-date=9 November 2020 |access-date=28 April 2021}}</ref> Levels of PM2.5 were recorded at 710 μg/m3, more than 11 times the [[World Health Organization]]'s safe limit.<ref name="auto" />

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New Delhi is administered through a municipal government, known as the [[New Delhi Municipal Council]] (NDMC). The other urban areas of the metropolis of Delhi are administered by the [[Municipal Corporation of Delhi]] and [[Delhi Cantonment Board]]. {{As of|2015}}, the government structure of the New Delhi Municipal Council includes a chairperson, three members of New Delhi's Legislative Assembly, two members nominated by the [[Chief Minister of Delhi|Chief Minister of the NCT of Delhi]] and five members nominated by the central government.

The districts of the NCT were redrawn in 2012 and include a district called New Delhi, albeit with different borders than the municipality. The [[New Delhi district]] includes not only the area of the municipality of the same name, but also encompasses the Delhi Cantonment and parts of the Municipal Corporation of Delhi area.

== Economy ==

~~[[File:The Jeevan Bharati building at Connaught Place, New Delhi.jpg|thumb|[[Life Insurance Corporation|LIC]],New Delhi in Connaught Place]]~~

{{See also|Category:Companies based in New Delhi|label 1=Companies in New Delhi}}

New Delhi is the largest commercial city in northern India. It has an estimated net [[State Domestic Product]] (FY 2010) of {{INRConvert|1595|b}} in nominal terms and ~{{INRConvert|6800|b}} in [[Purchasing power parity|PPP]] terms.<ref name="indgovdotin">{{Cite web |title=Government of NCT of Delhi |url=http://india.gov.in/knowindia/state_uts.php?id=32 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510144310/http://india.gov.in/knowindia/state_uts.php?id=32 |archive-date=10 May 2012 |access-date=14 June 2012 |publisher=Indian Government}}</ref> {{As of|2013}}, the per capita income of Delhi was Rs. 230000, second highest in India after Goa. GSDP in Delhi at the prices for 2012–13 is estimated at Rs 3.88 trillion ([[Long and short scales|short scale]]) against Rs 3.11 trillion ([[Long and short scales|short scale]]) in 2011–12.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi's per capita income highest in country |url=http://www.delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/cdae30804f9d52d88385c7fb6b929e93/newpaper+clip.PDF?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-1585547974&CACHEID=cdae30804f9d52d88385c7fb6b929e93 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029205427/http://www.delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/cdae30804f9d52d88385c7fb6b929e93/newpaper+clip.PDF?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-1585547974&CACHEID=cdae30804f9d52d88385c7fb6b929e93 |archive-date=29 October 2013 |access-date=28 October 2013}}</ref>

[[Connaught Place, New Delhi|Connaught Place]], one of [[North India]]'s largest commercial and financial centres, is located in the northern part of New Delhi. Adjoining areas such as [[Barakhamba Road]], ITO are also major commercial centres. ~~Government~~The government and quasi-government sector was the primary employer in New Delhi. The city's service sector has expanded due in part to the large skilled English-speaking workforce that has attracted many multinational companies. Key service industries include information technology, telecommunications, hotels, banking, media, and tourism.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}

[[File:Skyline at Rajiv Chowk.JPG|thumb|700px~~|centre~~|{{centre|[[Connaught Place, New Delhi|Connaught Place]] in Delhi is an important economic hub of the [[National Capital Region (India)|National Capital Region]].}}|alt=A view of a road at Connaught Place showing busy traffic]]

The 2011 World Wealth Report ranks economic activity in New Delhi at 39, but overall the capital is ranked at 37, above cities like Jakarta and Johannesburg.<ref name="Wealth Report New Delhi Economy">{{Cite news |date=21 April 2011 |title=New Delhi: Overall rank 37; Economic activity rank 39 by 2011 Wealth Report |publisher=Rediff Business |url=https://www.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-new-delhi-mumbai-in-top-global-cities-index/20110421.htm |url-status=live |access-date=29 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926054654/https://www.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-new-delhi-mumbai-in-top-global-cities-index/20110421.htm |archive-date=26 September 2021}}</ref> New Delhi, with Beijing, shares the top position as the most targeted emerging markets retail destination among Asia-Pacific markets.<ref name="New Delhi global retail">{{Cite news |date=9 May 2013 |title=New Delhi is now among global retail hotspots |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/WorldEconomy/New-Delhi-is-now-among-global-retail-hotspots/Article1-1057665.aspx |url-status=dead |access-date=12 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511135751/http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/WorldEconomy/New-Delhi-is-now-among-global-retail-hotspots/Article1-1057665.aspx |archive-date=11 May 2013}}</ref>

The government of the National Capital Territory of Delhi does not release any economic figures specifically for New Delhi but publishes an official economic report on the whole of Delhi annually. According to the ''Economic Survey of Delhi'', the metropolis has a net [[State Domestic Product]] (SDP) of [[Indian rupee|Rs.]] 830.85 billion (for the year 2004–05)<ref name="ecosurv2">{{Cite web |title=Chapter 2: State Income |url=http://delhiplanning.nic.in/Economic%20Survey/ES%202005-06/Chpt/2.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614085129/http://delhiplanning.nic.in/Economic%20Survey/ES%202005-06/Chpt/2.pdf |archive-date=14 June 2007 |access-date=21 December 2006 |website=Economic Survey of Delhi, 2005–2006 |publisher=Planning Department, Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi |pages=8–16}}</ref> and a per capita income of Rs. 53,976 ($1,200).<ref name=ecosurv2 /> In the year 2008–09 New Delhi had a per capita Income of Rs. {{formatnum:116886}} ($2,595). It grew by 16.2% to reach Rs. {{formatnum:135814}} ($3,018) in 2009–10 fiscal. New Delhi's per capita GDP (at PPP) was at $6,860 during 2009–10 fiscal, making it one of the richest cities in India. The [[Tertiary sector of industry|tertiary sector]] contributes 78.4% of Delhi's gross SDP followed by [[Secondary sector of industry|secondary]] and [[Primary sector of industry|primary]] sectors with 20.2% and 1.4% contribution respectively.<ref name=ecosurv2 />

The gross state domestic product (GSDP) of Delhi at prices for the year 2011–12 has been estimated at Rs 3.13 trillion ([[Long and short scales|short scale]]), which is an increase of 18.7 per cent over the previous fiscal.<ref name="indianexpress942442">{{Cite web |title=Delhi's GDP at Rs 3 lakh cr for 2011–12 – Indian Express |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/delhis-gdp-at-rs-3-lakh-cr-for-201112/942442 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006142337/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/delhis-gdp-at-rs-3-lakh-cr-for-201112/942442 |archive-date=6 October 2021 |access-date=8 February 2020 |website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref>

Line 609 ⟶ 604:

New Delhi is home to several historic sites and museums. The National Museum, which began with an exhibition of Indian art and artefacts at the [[Royal Academy]] in London in the winter of 1947–48,<ref name="NMH">{{Cite web |title=History of the National Museum |url=http://nationalmuseumindia.gov.in/history.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100328061518/http://www.nationalmuseumindia.gov.in/history.html |archive-date=28 March 2010 |access-date=25 January 2011}}</ref> was later at the end was shown at the [[Rashtrapati Bhawan]] in 1949. Later it was to form a permanent National Museum. On 15 August 1949, the National Museum was formally inaugurated and has 200,000 works of art, both of Indian and foreign origin, covering over 5,000 years.<ref name="hindu2011020150">{{Cite news |date=1 February 2011 |title=Delhi- 100 years as the Capital |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India |url=http://www.hindu.com/yw/2011/02/01/stories/2011020150210200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616135042/http://www.hindu.com/yw/2011/02/01/stories/2011020150210200.htm |archive-date=16 June 2011}}</ref>

The [[India Gate]], which was built in 1931, was inspired by the [[Arc de Triomphe]] in Paris. It is the national monument of India commemorating the 90,000 soldiers of the [[Indian Army]] who died while fighting for the [[British Raj]] in [[World War I]] and the [[Third Anglo-Afghan War]]. The monument is barricaded now with entry to the inside arch restricted.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}

The [[Rajpath]], which was built similar to the [[Champs-Élysées]] in Paris, is the ceremonial boulevard for the [[Republic of India]], located in New Delhi. The annual [[Delhi Republic Day parade|Republic Day parade]] takes place here on 26 January. The Beating retreat takes place here two days later.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}

[[File:Gandhi Memorial.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Raj Ghat and associated memorials|Rajghat]], the final resting place of [[Mahatma Gandhi]]]]

[[Gandhi Smriti]] in New Delhi is the location where [[Mahatma Gandhi]] spent the last 144 days of his life and was assassinated on 30 January 1948. [[Raj Ghat and associated memorials|Rajghat]] is the place where Gandhi was cremated on 31 January 1948 after his [[Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi|assassination]] and his ashes were buried and make it a final resting place beside the sanctity of the Yamuna River. The Raj Ghat in the shape of the large square platform with black marble was designed by architect Vanu Bhuta.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}

[[Jantar Mantar (Delhi)|Jantar Mantar]] located in [[Connaught Place, New Delhi|Connaught Place]] was built by [[Maharaja]] [[Jai Singh II]] of [[Jaipur]]. It consists of 13 architectural [[astronomical|astronomy]] instruments. The primary purpose of the observatory was to compile astronomical tables, and to predict the times and movements of the sun, moon and planets.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}

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The New Delhi town plan, like its architecture, was chosen with one single chief consideration: to be a symbol of British power and supremacy.<ref name="Millennium New Delhi">{{Cite book |title=The Millennium Book on New Delhi |publisher=Oxford University Press, US |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-19-565445-5}}</ref><ref name="New Delhi birth controversy">{{Cite web |title=New Delhi's controversial birth |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/new-delhis-controversial-birth-566998 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227143415/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/new-delhis-controversial-birth-566998 |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=10 March 2012 |publisher=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> All other decisions were subordinate to this, and it was this framework that dictated the choice and application of symbology and influences from both Hindu and Islamic architecture.<ref name="Millennium New Delhi" />

It took about 20 years to build the city from 1911.<ref name="Construction New Delhi">{{Cite news |date=30 January 2012 |title=The Building of New Delhi |work=The Wall Street Journal |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/11/16/the-building-of-new-delhi/ |url-status=live |access-date=4 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804131621/https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/11/16/the-building-of-new-delhi/ |archive-date=4 August 2020}}</ref> Many elements of New Delhi architecture borrow from indigenous sources; however, they fit into a British Classical/[[Palladian architecture|Palladian]] tradition. The fact that there were any indigenous features in the design ~~were~~was due to the persistence and urging of both the Viceroy [[Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst|~~Lord~~ Hardinge]] and historians like [[Ernest Binfield Havell|E.B. Havell]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}

In the year 2019, [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs]] and [[Government of India]] introduced the Central Vista redevelopment project proposing the redevelopment of over {{Convert|440|ha}},<ref name="Central Vista ND">{{Cite news |date=21 November 2020 |title=Diversity, efficiency, flexibility: The brief for redeveloping New Delhi's Central Vista |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/central-vista-project-new-delhi-dr-bimal-patel-parliament-prime-minister-office-rajpath-6212011/ |url-status=live |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123150402/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/central-vista-project-new-delhi-dr-bimal-patel-parliament-prime-minister-office-rajpath-6212011/ |archive-date=23 January 2021}}</ref> costing {{INRConvert|20000|c|lk=on|year=2020}}.<ref name="Central Vista ND2">{{Cite news |date=21 November 2020 |title=Centre to SC: Rs 20,000 Crore Central Vista project saves money, not wastes it |work=[[National Herald]] |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/india/centre-to-sc-rs-20000-crore-central-vista-project-saves-money-not-wastes-it |url-status=live |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414224840/https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/india/centre-to-sc-rs-20000-crore-central-vista-project-saves-money-not-wastes-it |archive-date=14 April 2021}}</ref>

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{{Multiple image

| align = right

| direction = vertical

| width =

| image1 =

| alt1 = Shown here is the check-in counter at Terminal 2 of the airport.

| caption1 = [[Indira Gandhi International Airport]]'s new terminal. It is the busiest and the largest airport in South Asia.<ref name="19860502airport-delhi">{{Cite web |date=2 May 1986 |title=Delhi Indira Gandhi International Airport (IGI) |url=http://airport-delhi.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313040432/http://airport-delhi.com/ |archive-date=13 March 2016 |access-date=7 September 2009 |publisher=Airport-delhi.com}}</ref> Shown here is the check-in counter at Terminal 3 of the airport.|

|~~caption3~~ image3 = Sculpture of hasta mudras at Indira Gandhi International Airport.jpg|▼

| ~~image3~~caption3 = ~~Sculpture~~ of ~~hasta~~ ~~mudras~~ at = Indira Gandhi International Airport~~.jpg~~|

| image4 = |

| caption4 =

▲|caption3=Indira Gandhi International Airport

| alt4 =

| image5 = Delhi Faridabad Skyway.png|▼

~~| image4 = DelhiMetroBlueLineBombardier.jpg~~

| caption5 = A view of [[Delhi Faridabad Skyway]]▼

|~~caption4~~ alt5 =~~The~~ A view of [[Delhi ~~Metro~~Faridabad Skyway]]

▲| ~~image2~~image6 = Delhi-Gurgaon ~~Durbar, 1911~~Expressway.jpg

~~|alt4=Front view of a Delhi Metro Train~~

| caption6 = The [[Delhi-Gurgaon Expressway]], connecting Delhi to the Indira Gandhi International Airport▼

▲| image5 = Delhi Faridabad Skyway.png

| alt6 = The Delhi-Gurgaon Expressway▼

| image7 = Delhi Noida Direct flyway (Uttar Pradesh - 2011-06-18).jpg|▼

▲|caption5=A view of [[Delhi Faridabad Skyway]]

| caption7 = The Delhi Noida Direct Flyway (DND Flyway)▼

~~|alt5=A view of [[Delhi Faridabad Skyway]]~~

| alt7 = A Delhi underground metro station▼

~~|image6=Delhi-Gurgaon Expressway.jpg~~

▲|caption6=The [[Delhi-Gurgaon Expressway]], connecting Delhi to the Indira Gandhi International Airport

▲|alt6=The Delhi-Gurgaon Expressway

▲|image7 = Delhi Noida Direct flyway (Uttar Pradesh - 2011-06-18).jpg

▲|caption7=The Delhi Noida Direct Flyway (DND Flyway)

▲|alt7=A Delhi underground metro station

}}

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==== National Highways ====

New Delhi is connected by road to the rest of India through National highways:{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}

* [[National Highway 19 (India)]] (old number: NH 2), commonly referred to as Delhi-Kolkata Road is a busy Indian National Highway that runs through the states of Delhi, [[Haryana]], Uttar Pradesh, [[Bihar]], Jharkhand, and [[West Bengal]].

* [[National Highway 44 (India)]] is a National Highway that connects Srinagar with Kanyakumari and passes through Delhi.

* [[National Highway 48 (India)]] is a National Highway that connects New Delhi with [[Chennai]].

Line 696 ⟶ 685:

=== Railway ===

[[File:Gare-New-Delhi-intérieur.JPG|thumb|New Delhi railway station]]

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:#fff;"

Line 733 ⟶ 723:

=== Metro ===

[[File:~~DMRC Bombardier~~DelhiMetroBlueLineBombardier.jpg|thumb|The [[Delhi Metro ~~– Phase 2~~]]]]

The [[Delhi Metro]] is a rapid transit system serving Delhi, [[Faridabad]], [[Ghaziabad]], [[Gurgaon]] and [[Noida]] in the National Capital Region of India. Delhi Metro is the world's 12th largest metro system in terms of length. Delhi Metro was India's first modern public transportation system, which had revolutionised travel by providing a fast, reliable, safe, and comfortable means of transport. Presently, the network consists of [[#Network|10 colour-coded lines]]<ref name="present network">{{Cite web |title=Present Network |url=https://www.delhimetrorail.com/pages/en/present-network |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102184258/https://www.delhimetrorail.com/pages/en/present-network |archive-date=2 January 2023 |access-date=16 April 2022 |website=www.delhimetrorail.com}}</ref> serving [[List of Delhi Metro stations|255 stations]]{{efn|name=fn1|Transfer stations are counted more than once. There are 24 transfer stations. If transfer stations are counted only once, the result will be 230 stations. [[Ashok Park Main metro station|Ashok Park Main]] station, where the two diverging branches of [[Green Line (Delhi Metro)|Green Line]] share tracks/platforms, is anyway counted as a single station. Stations of [[Aqua Line (Noida Metro)|Noida Metro]] and [[Rapid Metro Gurgaon|Gurgaon Metro]] are not counted. If stations of [[Aqua Line (Noida Metro)|Noida Metro]] and [[Rapid Metro Gurgaon|Gurgaon Metro]] are counted, the result will be 286 stations<ref name="route map">{{Cite web |title=Route map |url=https://www.delhimetrorail.com/pages/en/network_map |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503094904/https://www.delhimetrorail.com/pages/en/network_map |archive-date=3 May 2022 |access-date=16 April 2022 |website=www.delhimetrorail.com}}</ref><ref name="present network" /><ref name="introduction">{{Cite web |title=Introduction {{!}} DMRC |url=https://www.delhimetrorail.com/pages/en/introduction |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416024331/https://www.delhimetrorail.com/pages/en/introduction |archive-date=16 April 2022 |access-date=16 April 2022 |website=www.delhimetrorail.com}}</ref>}} with a total length of {{convert|348.12|km|abbr=}}.{{efn|name=fn2|The total length of Delhi Metro is {{convert|348.12|km}}. The operations & maintenance of [[Rapid Metro Gurgaon|Gurgaon Metro]] and [[Noida Metro]] is currently undertaken by [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation|DMRC]], so the total length operated by DMRC is {{convert|390.14|km}}.<ref name="route map" /><ref name="introduction" />}} The network has now crossed the boundaries of Delhi to reach Ghaziabad and Noida in Uttar Pradesh, and Faridabad and Gurgaon in Haryana. All stations have escalators, elevators, and tactile tiles to guide the visually impaired from station entrances to trains. It has a combination of elevated, at-grade, and underground lines, and uses both broad gauge and standard gauge rolling stock. Four types of rolling stock are used: Mitsubishi-ROTEM Broad gauge, Bombardier MOVIA, Mitsubishi-ROTEM Standard gauge, and CAF Beasain Standard gauge. According to a study, Delhi Metro has helped in removing about 390,000 vehicles from the streets of Delhi.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Delhi Metro helps keep 3.9 lakh vehicles off roads in 2014 |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/delhi-metro-helps-keep-3-9-lakh-vehicles-off-roads-in-2014/articleshow/45717584.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |access-date=17 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117230443/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/delhi-metro-helps-keep-3-9-lakh-vehicles-off-roads-in-2014/articleshow/45717584.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=17 November 2021}}</ref>

Delhi Metro is being built and operated by the [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Limited]] (DMRC), a state-owned company with equal equity participation from the Government of India and the Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi. However, the organisation is under administrative control of the Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India. Besides the construction and operation of the Delhi metro, DMRC is also involved in the planning and implementation of metro rail, monorail and high-speed rail projects in India and providing consultancy services to other metro projects in the country as well as abroad. The Delhi Metro project was spearheaded by [[E. Sreedharan]], the managing director of DMRC and popularly known as the "Metro Man" of India. He famously resigned<ref>{{Cite web |title=E Sreedharan resigns as Delhi Metro chief |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/e-sreedharan-resigns-as-delhi-metro-chief-397775 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117230236/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/e-sreedharan-resigns-as-delhi-metro-chief-397775 |archive-date=17 November 2021 |access-date=17 July 2020 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> from DMRC, taking moral responsibility for a metro bridge collapse<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 July 2009 |title=Under-construction Delhi Metro bridge collapses, 5 killed |work=Business Standard India |agency=Press Trust of India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/under-construction-delhi-metro-bridge-collapses-5-killed-109071200064_1.html |url-status=live |access-date=17 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117230242/https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/under-construction-delhi-metro-bridge-collapses-5-killed-109071200064_1.html |archive-date=17 November 2021}}</ref> which took five lives. Sreedharan was awarded with the [[Legion of Honour]] by the French government for his contribution to Delhi Metro.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}

~~== Education ==~~

~~~~

~~{{Main|Education in Delhi}}~~

~~=== Schools ===~~

~~~~

~~~~

* [[DAV Public School]] (at multiple areas)

* [[Delhi Public School]] (at multiple areas)

* [[Guru Amar Dass Public School]]

* [[St. Mark's Senior Secondary Public School]]

* [[St. Xavier's School]] (at multiple areas)

* [[The British School, New Delhi|The British School]]

* [[Union Academy Senior Secondary School, New Delhi|Union Academy Senior Secondary School]]

~~=== Colleges ===~~

~~~~

~~~~

* [[Delhi College of Arts and Commerce]]

* [[Hindu College, Delhi]]

* [[Indian Institute of Mass Communication]]

* [[Indian Statistical Institute]]

* [[Institute of Information Technology and Management]] (IITM) (at multiple areas)

* [[Management Education & Research Institute]] (MERI)

* [[Pannalal Girdharlal Dayanand Anglo Vedic College]] (PGDAV College)

* [[Ramanujan College]]

* [[Shaheed Bhagat Singh College]]

~~=== Universities ===~~

~~~~

~~~~

* [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi]]

* [[Association of Indian Universities]]

* [[Delhi School of Economics]]

* [[Delhi School of Management]]

* [[Delhi School of Music]]

* [[Indian Agricultural Research Institute]]

* [[Indian Institute of Foreign Trade]]

* [[Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi|Indian Institute of Technology Delhi]]

* [[Indira Gandhi Delhi Technical University for Women]]

* [[Indira Gandhi National Open University]] (IGNOU)

* [[Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology]]

* [[Jamia Hamdard]] University

* [[Jamia Millia Islamia]] University

* [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]]

* [[National Institute of Educational Planning and Administration]] (NIEPA)

* [[National Institute of Technology Delhi]]

* [[National Law University]]

* [[Shri Lal Bahadur Shastri National Sanskrit University]]

* [[South Asian University]]

* [[TERI School of Advanced Studies]]

* [[University of Delhi]]

== Sports ==

[[File:Commonwealth-Games-2010-Opening-Ceremony.jpg|thumb|The [[2010 Commonwealth Games]] opening ceremony at the [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]. In the foreground, there is an [[aerostat]].]]

The city hosted the [[2010 Commonwealth Games]] and annually hosts [[Delhi Half Marathon]] foot-race. The city has previously hosted the [[1951 Asian Games]] and the [[1982 Asian Games]]. New Delhi was interested<ref name="yahoo20100625">{{Cite news |date=26 June 2010 |title=India Reportedly Keen To Bid For 2a019 ASIAD |work=Yahoo! News Malaysia |agency=Bernama |url=http://malaysia.news.yahoo.com/bnm/20100625/tsp-sports-asian-games-cc21d00.html |access-date=27 June 2010}}{{dead link|date=June 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> in bidding for the [[2019 Asian Games]] but was turned down by the government on 2 August 2010 amid allegations of corruption in 2010 Commonwealth Games.<ref name="20100802ndtv">{{Cite news |date=2 August 2010 |title=Indian government says no to bid for 2019 Asian Games |work=NDTV India |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/sports/government-says-no-to-bid-for-2019-asian-games-sources-41508 |url-status=dead |access-date=2 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100805000601/http://www.ndtv.com/article/sports/government-says-no-to-bid-for-2019-asian-games-sources-41508 |archive-date=5 August 2010}}</ref> The city also had a bid to host the [[1992 Summer Olympics]], but withdrew in March 1986, seven months before the host selection.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 October 2023~~-10-06~~ |title=Philip Barker: An Olympic passage to India 40 years ago |url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1141451/an-olympic-passage-to-india-40-years-ago |access-date=~~2024-05-~~27 May 2024 |website=www.insidethegames.biz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Archives |first=L. A. Times |date=1 March 1986~~-03-01~~ |title=New Delhi withdrew its candidacy for the... |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-03-01-sp-13231-story.html |access-date=~~2024-05-~~27 May 2024 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref>

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* {{Cite book |last=Byron, Robert. |title=Architectural Review, New Delhi |publisher=Asian Educational Services; 2 edition |year=1997 |isbn=978-8120612860 |location=London |pages=36 pages}}

* {{Cite book |last1=Kapoor |first1=Pramod |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KAAhQwAACAAJ |title=New Delhi: Making of a Capital |last2=Malvika Singh |last3=Rudrangshu Mukherjee |publisher=Lustre Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-81-7436-574-3}}

* {{Cite book |last=Byron |first=Robert |url=https://archive.org/stream/NewDelhiByRobertByron/New%20Delhi%20by%20Robert%20Byron#page/n1/mode/2up |title=New Delhi |publisher=[[The Architectural Review]], Westminster |year=1931 |author-link=Robert Byron (travel writer)}}

* Johnson, David A. "A British Empire for the twentieth century: the inauguration of New Delhi, 1931", ''Urban History'', Dec 2008, Vol. 35 Issue 3, pp. 462–487.

* {{Cite book |last=Volwahsen, Andreas. |title=Imperial Delhi: The British Capital of the Indian Empire |publisher=Prestel Publishing |year=2003 |isbn=978-3-7913-2788-4 |pages=320 pages}}