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| website = [https://www.government.pn www.government.pn]
}}
The '''Pitcairn Islands''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|ɪ|t|k|ɛər|n}} {{respell|PIT|kairn}};<ref>[[Oxford English Dictionary]]</ref> [[Pitkern]]: ''{{lang|pih|Pitkern Ailen}}''), officially '''Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie and Oeno Islands''',<ref name="BNA1981">{{cite web |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1981/61 |title=British Nationality Act 1981 – SCHEDULE 6 British Overseas Territories |publisher=UK Government |date=September 2016 |access-date=21 September 2016 |archive-date=12 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412135054/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1981/61 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Order2010">{{cite web |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2010/244/pdfs/uksi_20100244_en.pdf |title=Pitcairn Constitution Order 2010 – Section 2 and Schedule 1, Section 6 |publisher=UK Government |date=September 2016 |access-date=8 October 2015 |archive-date=10 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910124941/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2010/244/pdfs/uksi_20100244_en.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="PitcainLaws">{{cite web |url=http://www.government.pn/Laws/ |title=Laws of Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie and Oeno Islands |publisher=Pitcairn Island Council |date=September 2016 |access-date=8 April 2012 |archive-date=29 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129105738/http://www.government.pn/Laws/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="TheOverTerr">{{cite web |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/14929/ot-wp-0612.pdf |title=The Overseas Territories |publisher=UK Government |date=September 2016 |access-date=21 September 2016 |archive-date=20 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020062536/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/14929/ot-wp-0612.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> are a group of four volcanic islands in the southern [[Pacific Ocean]] that form the sole [[British Overseas Territories|British Overseas Territory]] in the Pacific Ocean. The four islands—[[Pitcairn Island|Pitcairn]], [[Henderson Island (Pitcairn Islands)|Henderson]], [[Ducie Island|Ducie]] and [[Oeno Island|Oeno]]—are scattered across several hundred mileskilometres of ocean and have a combined land area of about {{convert|47 square kilometres (18|mi2}} square miles). Henderson Island accounts for 86% of the land area, but only Pitcairn Island is inhabited. The inhabited islands nearest to the Pitcairn Islands are [[Mangareva]] (of [[French Polynesia]]), 688 km to the west,{{#tag:ref|The [[Temoe]] atoll of [[French Polynesia]], although closer, is uninhabited.|group=note}} as well as [[Easter Island]], 1,929 km to the east.
The [[Pitcairn Islanders]] are a biracial ethnic group descended mostly from nine [[Mutiny on the Bounty|''Bounty'' mutineers]] and a handful of [[Tahitians|Tahitian]] consorts—as is still apparent from the surnames of many of the islanders. The mutiny and its aftermath have been the subject of many books and films. As of January 2020, the territory had only 47 permanent inhabitants.<ref name="Miscellany 2020">{{cite news |last=Young |first=Simon |date=January 2020 |title= Letters to the Editor|volume=63|issue=1|work=The Pitcairn Miscellany}}</ref>
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=== Polynesian settlement ===
TheVarious earliestforms knownof evidence show the earliest settlers of the Pitcairn Islands were [[Polynesia]]ns who appear to have lived onoccupied Pitcairn and Henderson for several centuries. Althoughuntil archaeologiststhe believeislands thatwere Polynesiansabandoned: wereHenderson livingmost onlikely Pitcairnbefore asthe late16th ascentury and Pitcairn in the 15th17th or early 18th century,. theThe islands were uninhabited when they were discovered by Europeans.<ref>{{cite book |last=Diamond |first=Jared M |url=https://archive.org/details/collapse00jare |title=Collapse: how societies choose to fail or succeed |date=2005 |publisher=[[Penguin Group|Penguin]] |isbn=9780143036555 |location=New York |page=[https://archive.org/details/collapse00jare/page/132 132] |oclc=62868295 |quote=But by A.D. 1606 . . . Henderson's population had ceased to exist. Pitcairn's own population had disappeared at least by 1790 ... and probably disappeared much earlier. |author-link=Jared Diamond |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref name = Molle-Aymericic>{{cite book |author1=Guillaume Molle |author2=Hermann Aymeric |title="Pitcairn before the mutineers" in "The Bounty from the beach: Cross-cultural and cross-disciplinary essays" |date=2018 |publisher=AMU Press |pages=67-94 |url=https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12657/27524/bountyfrom.pdf?sequence=1#page=77}}</ref>
=== European arrival===
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==== Sexual assault trials of 2004 ====
{{main|2004 Pitcairn Islands sexual assault trial}}
In 2004, charges were laid against seven men living on Pitcairn and six living abroad. This accounted for nearly a third of the male population, and half of the island's adult males. After extensive trials, most of the men were convicted, some withon multiple counts of sexual encountersassaults withon children.<ref name="Tweedie 2004">{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/australiaandthepacific/pitcairnislands/1473399/Islander-changes-his-plea-to-admit-sex-assaults.html |title=Islander changes his plea to admit sex assaults |first=Neil |last=Tweedie |date=5 October 2004 |newspaper=The Telegraph |access-date=29 November 2011 |location=London |archive-date=12 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812175937/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/australiaandthepacific/pitcairnislands/1473399/Islander-changes-his-plea-to-admit-sex-assaults.html |url-status=live }}</ref> On 25 October 2004, six men were convicted, including [[Steve Christian]], the island's mayor at the time.<ref name="Fickling 2004">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/oct/26/davidfickling |title=Six found guilty in Pitcairn sex offences trial: Defendants claim British law does not apply |date=25 October 2004 |last=Fickling |first=David |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702134223/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/oct/26/davidfickling |archive-date=2 July 2015 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Six guilty in Pitcairn sex trial |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/3950033.stm |work=BBC News |date=25 October 2004 |access-date=29 November 2011 |archive-date=31 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731092733/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/3950033.stm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=6 men convicted in Pitcairn trials |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/10/25/world/25iht-pitcaIRN.html |date=24 October 2004 |access-date=29 November 2011 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |archive-date=5 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150105131917/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/10/25/world/25iht-pitcaIRN.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2004, the islanders had about 20 firearms among them, which they surrendered ahead of the [[Pitcairn sexual assault trial of 2004|sexual assault trials]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://tvnz.co.nz/content/441332 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317210435/http://tvnz.co.nz/content/441332 |archive-date=17 March 2015 |access-date=4 July 2015 |date=11 August 2004 |title=Pitcairn islanders to surrender guns |agency=Reuters |publisher=Television New Zealand |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> After the six men lost their final appeal, the British government set up a prison on the island at Bob's Valley.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/news/article.cfm?c_id=2&objectid=10127299 |title=Pitcairners stay free till British hearing |last=Marks |first=Kathy |author-link=Kathy Marks |date=25 May 2005 |newspaper=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |access-date=29 November 2011 |archive-date=4 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110804221357/http://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/news/article.cfm?c_id=2&objectid=10127299 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Lost Paradise: From Mutiny on the Bounty to a Modern-Day Legacy of Sexual Mayhem, the Dark Secrets of Pitcairn Island Revealed |publisher=Simon and Schuster |first=Kathy |last=Marks |author-link=Kathy Marks |date=2009 |isbn=9781416597841 |page=288 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aBl_hS0YgvIC&pg=PA288 |access-date=5 July 2015 |archive-date=6 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906043508/https://books.google.com/books?id=aBl_hS0YgvIC&pg=PA288 |url-status=live }}</ref> The men began serving their sentences in late 2006. By 2010, all had served their sentences or been granted home detention status.<ref>{{cite news |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702171040/http://smh.com.au/breaking-news-world/last-pitcairn-rape-prisoner-released-20090423-afkt.html |archive-date=2 July 2015 |url=http://www.smh.com.au/breaking-news-world/last-pitcairn-rape-prisoner-released-20090423-afkt.html |newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald |title=Last Pitcairn rape prisoner released |date=23 April 2009 |access-date=4 July 2015 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
== Geography ==
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=== Flora ===
About nine plant species are thought to be [[endemismEndemism|occur onlyendemic]] onto Pitcairn. These include tapau, formerly an important timber resource, and the [[Angiopteris|giant nehe fern]]. Some, such as red berry (''[[Coprosma rapensis]]'' var. ''Benefica''), are perilously close to extinction.<ref>{{Cite iucn|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/38851/10153343|title=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species|date=January 1998|access-date=2018-10-23|archive-date=24 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024035229/https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/38851/10153343|url-status=live}}</ref> The plant species ''[[Glochidion pitcairnense]]'' is endemic to Pitcairn and Henderson Islands.<ref>{{Cite iucn|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/32345/9699838|title=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species|date=January 1998|access-date=2018-10-23|archive-date=24 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024035428/https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/32345/9699838|url-status=live}}</ref> Pitcairn is part of the [[Tuamotu tropical moist forests]] terrestrial ecoregion.<ref name="DinersteinOlson2017">{{cite journal|last1=Dinerstein|first1=Eric|last2=Olson|first2=David|last3=Joshi|first3=Anup|last4=Vynne|first4=Carly|last5=Burgess|first5=Neil D.|last6=Wikramanayake|first6=Eric|last7=Hahn|first7=Nathan|last8=Palminteri|first8=Suzanne|last9=Hedao|first9=Prashant|last10=Noss|first10=Reed|last11=Hansen|first11=Matt|last12=Locke|first12=Harvey|last13=Ellis|first13=Erle C|last14=Jones|first14=Benjamin|last15=Barber|first15=Charles Victor|last16=Hayes|first16=Randy|last17=Kormos|first17=Cyril|last18=Martin|first18=Vance|last19=Crist|first19=Eileen|last20=Sechrest|first20=Wes|last21=Price|first21=Lori|last22=Baillie|first22=Jonathan E. M.|last23=Weeden|first23=Don|last24=Suckling|first24=Kierán|last25=Davis|first25=Crystal|last26=Sizer|first26=Nigel|last27=Moore|first27=Rebecca|last28=Thau|first28=David|last29=Birch|first29=Tanya|last30=Potapov|first30=Peter|last31=Turubanova|first31=Svetlana|last32=Tyukavina|first32=Alexandra|last33=de Souza|first33=Nadia|last34=Pintea|first34=Lilian|last35=Brito|first35=José C.|last36=Llewellyn|first36=Othman A.|last37=Miller|first37=Anthony G.|last38=Patzelt|first38=Annette|last39=Ghazanfar|first39=Shahina A.|last40=Timberlake|first40=Jonathan|last41=Klöser|first41=Heinz|last42=Shennan-Farpón|first42=Yara|last43=Kindt|first43=Roeland|last44=Lillesø|first44=Jens-Peter Barnekow|last45=van Breugel|first45=Paulo|last46=Graudal|first46=Lars|last47=Voge|first47=Maianna|last48=Al-Shammari|first48=Khalaf F.|last49=Saleem|first49=Muhammad|display-authors=1|title=An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm|journal=BioScience|volume=67|issue=6|year=2017|pages=534–545|issn=0006-3568|doi=10.1093/biosci/bix014|pmid=28608869|pmc=5451287|doi-access=free}}</ref>
=== Fauna ===
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The birds of Pitcairn fall into several groups. These include seabirds, wading birds and a small number of resident land-bird species. Of 20 breeding species, Henderson Island has 16, including the unique flightless [[Henderson crake]]; Oeno hosts 12; Ducie 13 and Pitcairn six species. Birds breeding on Pitcairn include the [[fairy tern]], [[Brown noddy|common noddy]] and [[red-tailed tropicbird]]. The [[Pitcairn reed warbler]], known by Pitcairners as a "sparrow", is endemic to Pitcairn Island; formerly common, it was added to the [[endangered species]] list in 2008.<ref>{{Cite iucn|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22714832/94429444|title=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species|date=October 2016|access-date=2018-10-23|archive-date=23 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023234246/https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22714832/94429444|url-status=live}}</ref>
A small population of [[humpback whale]]s migrate to the islands annually, to [[overwintering|over-winter]] and breed.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Catharine Horswill (a1) and Jennifer A. Jackson (a1) |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/marine-biodiversity-records/article/div-classtitlehumpback-whales-wintering-at-pitcairn-island-south-pacificdiv/0BF206BF5F0916C6712156BECA98C799 |title=Humpback whales wintering at Pitcairn Island, South Pacific |journal=Marine Biodiversity Records |year=2012 |volume=5 |doi=10.1017/S1755267212000693 |publisher=Cambridge.org |doi-broken-date=27 August 2024 |bibcode=2012MBdR....5E..90H |access-date=2018-01-03 |archive-date=2 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202120007/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/marine-biodiversity-records/article/div-classtitlehumpback-whales-wintering-at-pitcairn-island-south-pacificdiv/0BF206BF5F0916C6712156BECA98C799 |url-status=live }}</ref>
==== Important bird areas ====
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There is one government-sponsored [[Satellite Internet access|satellite Internet]] connection, with networking provided to the inhabitants of the island. Pitcairn's [[country code top-level domain]] is [[.pn]]. Residents pay NZ$120 (about £60) for unlimited data per month.<ref>[http://telecom.gov.pn/InternetCharges.html "Internet Charges"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307054027/http://telecom.gov.pn/InternetCharges.html |date=7 March 2019 }} telecom.gov.pn. Retrieved 6 March 2019</ref> In 2012, a single 1 Mbit/s link installed provided the islanders with an Internet connection, the 1 Mbit/s was shared across all families on the island. By December 2017, the British Government implemented a 4G LTE mobile network in Adamstown with shared speeds of 5 Mbit/s across all islanders.<ref>{{cite web|title=Already Booked|url=http://visitpitcairn.pn/already_booked/index.html|website=Pitcairn Islands Tourism|access-date=22 June 2018|archive-date=22 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622193143/http://visitpitcairn.pn/already_booked/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[Starlink]] systems arrived in February 2024 and provide a stable reliable internet service for the islanders.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Frequently Asked Questions |url=https://www.immigration.pn/frequently-asked-questions |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=Pitcairn Island Immigration |language=en-US}}</ref>
== Transport ==
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