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Welcome to my sandbox.^[1]

The first Māori inhabitants migrated to the area sometime between 1000 and 1250 AD. They hunted moa and cleared the mataī and tōtara forest for settlement. The first iwi to settle the Christchurch area were the Waitaha, who migrated to the area in the 16th century. They were followed later by the Kāti Māmoe, who conquered the Waitaha. In the 16th and 17th centuries, the Ngāi Tahu migrated to the area and subjugated Kāti Māmoe.

The city's territorial authority population is 396,200 people, and includes a number of smaller urban areas as well as rural areas.^[2] The population of the urban area is 384,800 people. It is the major urban area of an emerging sub-region known as Greater Christchurch. Notable smaller urban areas or satellite towns within this sub-region include Rangiora and Kaiapoi in Waimakariri District, north of the Waimakariri River, and Rolleston and Lincoln in Selwyn District to the south.

The area of modern-day greater Christchurch was originally swampland with patchworks of marshland. Evidence of human activity in the area goes as far back as 1250 with evidence of prolonged occupation beginning no later than 1350 AD. These people in the pre-historic Māori period are believed to have been moa hunter-gatherers, who occupied coastal caves around modern-day Sumner, and a nearby estuary providing important food such as, flounder and shellfish.

In the early 19th century, the British began to explore the region, the first settlements being whaling stations. William and John Deans in 1843, who had more success in becoming established in the area, initially with establishing their farm at Riccarton. The First Four Ships were chartered by the Canterbury Association and brought the first 792 of the Canterbury Pilgrims to Lyttelton Harbour in 1850. Soon became a city by royal charter on 31 July 1856, making it officially the oldest established city in New Zealand. Christchurch has a strong reputation for being an 'English' city, initially with John Eldon Gorst, describing that Christchurch reminded him of the garden cities in England, and he called it as such, and the citys's strong cultral and architectural identity. Later, with industrialization and the opening of the Main South Line saw rapid growth in the city's economy and population, with large industrial premises built along the railway. Later, in the 20th century Christchurch saw the construction of many State Houses with the earliest state houses were built in Sydneyham in the 1900s, to house workers that were employed in nearby factories.

The Canterbury Association, which settled the Canterbury Plains, named the city after Christ Church, Oxford. The new settlement was laid out in a grid pattern centred on Cathedral Square; during the 19th century there were few barriers to the rapid growth of the urban area.

The early presence of the University of Canterbury and the heritage of the city's academic institutions in association with local businesses has fostered a number of technology-based industries.

The city began its long history as an Antarctic gateway in 1901, when the Discovery Expedition left from Lyttelton Harbour, and is one of five Antarctic gateway cities, hosting Antarctic support bases for several nations.

Christchurch has strong English heritage such as: Georgian architecture and Venetian Gothic architecture.

notable gothic revival architecture.

Very brief mention of the 1974 games.xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

The area of modern-day greater Christchurch was originally swampland with patchworks of marshland

The city suffered a series of earthquakes between September 2010 and January 2012, with the most destructive occurring on 22 February 2011, in which 185 people were killed and thousands of buildings across the city suffered severe damage, with a few central city buildings collapsing. By late 2013, 1,500 buildings in the city had been demolished, leading to ongoing recovery and rebuilding projects. The city later became the site of a terrorist attack targeting two mosques on 15 March 2019.

Evidence of human activity in the area goes as far back as 1250 AD, with evidence of prolonged occupation beginning no later than 1350 AD. These people in the pre-historic Māori period are believed to have been moa hunter-gatherers, who occupied coastal caves around modern-day Sumner These early settlers and their descendants are known from Ngāi Tahu tradition as the Waitaha iwiAround c. 1500 the Kāti Māmoe tribe migrated south from the east coast of the North Island, and gained control of much of Canterbury. They were later joined by Ngāi Tahu beginning in c. 1600, who ultimately absorbed both the Waitaha and Kāti Māmoe through a mixture of conflict and marriage.

For these early Māori, the area of Christchurch was an important foraging ground and a seasonal settlement. The nearby major Ngāi Tahu pā at Kaiapoi was dependent on food gathered from the surrounding area, and the marshland rivers of Christchurch (the Avon River / Ōtākaro, Ōpāwaho / Heathcote River and the Styx River) were one of the richest eel-fisheries in the country, with semi-permanent eel weirs dotted along them. The cabbage trees that grew abundantly in the marshes were used to make sugar.

The most notable Māori settlements within Christchurch during the early-nineteenth century were at Pūtarikamotu.

in modern-day Riccarton, and Papanui. In both cases these were located in areas of surviving tall forest. In South New Brighton there was a major Māori settlement named Te Kai-a-Te-Karoro, this was an important area that had kelp gull presence and mānuka scrub. Te Ihutai (The Avon Heathcote Estuary) was an important food source for local iwi and hapū, the estuary providing food such as, flounder and shellfish. The mudflats near modern-day Sumner, were called Ohika paruparu. Shellfish was primarily gathered there. North New Brighton and the Travis Wetland were originaly called Ōruapaeroa, this area previously was rich in eels and birdlife, numerous whare were demolished in 1862, after an early European settler acquired the land. Pūtarikamotu in particular was an important seasonal camp and foraging ground, providing birds, eels and fish. The main walking track connecting the major Ngāi Tahu settlements at Kaiapoi and Rāpaki passed through the heart of what is today the Christchurch Central City.

The Canterbury Association's Chief Surveyor, Captain Joseph Thomas, surveyed the area in 1849 and 1850. Working with his assistant, Edward Jollie, they named the various ports and settlements in the area, and chose a simple grid pattern for the streets of Christchurch. The First Four Ships were chartered by the Canterbury Association and brought the first 792 of the Canterbury Pilgrims to Lyttelton Harbour in 1850.

info

Expand bike section

City stuff (including rebuild)

Stranges fire bit needs work and other one (still needs a bit more work)

city growth (mostly done)

more industrialization (mostly done)

1868 flood (see Great storm of 1868)

further copyedits

lede needs to be rewritten

kererū rangatira.

Trade-offs between indigenous forest and exotic production forest in New Zealand book title, section 3.6.

grasslands Alexeyevitch^(talk) 10:17, 27 February 2024 (UTC)

Christchurch grew rapidly when the city became heavily industialised and when mass amounts of state housing was built.

activities

At the end of the most recent ice age, around 13,000 years ago, the Mueller Glacier, Hooker Glacier, and Tasman Glacier were all tributaries of a much larger glacier covering all of Hooker Valley and Tasman Valley. This glacier was about 85 km (53 mi) long and reached beyond the southern end of today's Lake Pukaki, up to 40 km (25 mi) south of the national park. As the glaciers retreated, it filled the hollowed-out valleys with rocks and gravel, leaving behind the U-shaped valleys seen today.

Ōrua Paeroa

which is in the centre of the Alpine Fault, a 600 km (370 mi) long active fault formed by a geological plate boundary.

Most naitive plants and wildlife are considered taonga by Ngāi Tahu.

DOC acknowledges Ngāi Tahu, the iwi who hold mana whenua status over a majority of Te Wāipounamu, including the lands within the the national park. p-17

A rugged, sparsely populated area, Aoraki / Mount Cook National Park is located in the Southern Alps, dense naitive bush and braided riverbeds, The park has many endangered species of birds. Aoraki / Mount Cook National Park attracted over one million tourists in 2019, and about 1800–2000 people a day walk the Hooker Valley Track in the peak season.

Glaciers cover 40% of the park area, notably the Tasman Glacier in the Tasman Valley east of Aoraki / Mount Cook.

Efforts to protect the alpine environment began early. A petition addressed to James Sutter, a member of Parliament, circulated in November 1884, requesting that the Government protect the alpine region around Aoraki / Mount Cook “from the ruthless demolition that has already deprived it of half its beauty". Petitioners were concerned that stock grazing and burn-offs were destroying the native bush and vegetation of the area. The petitioners suggested that Frank Huddleston, who had recently bought land at the base of the Mueller Glacier and was building the Hermitage, be appointed as a ranger to oversee the area

Even though most of the park is alpine terrain, it is easily accessible. The only road access into Aoraki / Mount Cook National Park is via State Highway 80. The highway starts 65 kilometres (40 mi) away near Twizel, the closest town to the park. State Highway 80 heads along the western shore of Lake Pukaki, which directly leads to Aoraki / Mount Cook National Park. Mount Cook Village is situated within the park, and consists only of the Hermitage Hotel and motels, a visitor information centre, a primary school, and housing and amenities for the staff of the hotel and motels and other support personnel.

Aoraki

sources: [1] (iceberg), [2] (hotel), [3] (avalanche), [4] (ngāi tahu), [5] (tourists), [6] (peak tourisim), [7] (road),

Israel Adesanya

prefix index [8]

wikibreak templates Template:Wikibreak templates

Singapore related changes: [9]

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Mostly focused on Shallipopi's article. I'll work on other Nigerian-related articles and Afrobeats musicians after my holiday.

Important person: Ujah Idibia (2Baba)

Afrobeats

Labudu Jamas.

Shallipopi

popi popi

Before European colonisation the Ashburton District was rich in wildlife and forestry mataī, kānuka tōtara, kōwhai, tī kōuka. A notable mataī tree named "Hine Paaka" once stood near Alford Forest. Bird-catching parties used spears to catch kererū and kākā in the surronding forrest.^[3]

Te Rehe and his sons regularly guided and government agents and surveyors through the South Canterbury region and hosted them at the prominent pā of Te Waiateruatī near the Ōpihi River.^[4][5][6]

For South Canterbury earliest inhabitants, moa were a major source of food, along with forest birds, and the eels and flounder that were abundant in coastal lagoons.

Māori used tī kōuka (cabbage tree) and karaka were used umu tī (earth ovens) that were used to cook the tī stem. tī kōuka were high in natural sugars and were used to sweeten other foods.

Evidence of large cooking pits (umu tī) can still be found in the hills of South Canterbury and North Otago, where large groves of cabbage trees still stand.^[7]

Early inhabits traveled through Ashburton to rely on its seasonal food and gathering area and natural resources.

refs

https://maoridictionary.co.nz/ (Te Aka Māori Dictionary)

https://xtools.wmcloud.org/ec/en.wikipedia.org (XTools)

https://guc.toolforge.org/?by=date&user= (Global Contributions)

https://ipcheck.toolforge.org/index.php?ip= (IP check)

https://gazetteer.linz.govt.nz/ (NZ Gazetteer)