Israel: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia

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Israel is located in a region known historically as [[Canaan]], [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]], and the [[Holy Land]]. In antiquity, it was home to Canaanite [[city-state]]s, then the [[History of ancient Israel and Judah|kingdoms of Israel and Judah]], and is referred to as the [[Land of Israel]] in [[Jewish culture|Jewish tradition]]. Situated at a [[Levantine corridor|continental crossroad]], the region was then ruled by [[History of Israel|various empires]].<ref name="auto">{{cite book |last=Gil |first=Moshe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M0wUKoMJeccC&dq=history+of+palestine+two+people&pg=PR13 |title=A History of Palestine, 634-1099 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-521-59984-9 |pages=14 |access-date=17 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517102802/https://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=en&lr=&id=M0wUKoMJeccC&oi=fnd&pg=PR13&dq=history+of+palestine+two+people&ots=CMV1-8kJav&sig=C1Eh2oIUdicDWgg_Clo6yJgumUQ#v=onepage&q=history%20of%20palestine%20two%20people&f=false |archive-date=17 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Amid [[Antisemitism in Europe#19th and early 20th century|European antisemitism]], the late 19th century saw the rise of [[Zionism]], which sought a [[Homeland for the Jewish people|Jewish homeland]]. [[Occupied Enemy Territory Administration|British occupation]] led to the establishment of [[Mandatory Palestine]] in 1920. [[Aliyah|Jewish immigration]], combined with [[British foreign policy in the Middle East#Mandate for Palestine|British colonial policy]], led to [[Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine|intercommunal conflict]] between [[Jews]] and [[Arabs]].<ref>{{cite book |author= [[Benny Morris|Morris, Benny]] |title= Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist-Arab Conflict, 1881–2001 |publisher= Knopf |year= 1999 |edition= reprint |isbn= 9780679744757 |pages= |quote= The fear of territorial displacement and dispossession was to be the chief motor of Arab antagonism to Zionism down to 1948 (and indeed after 1967 as well). |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=746mQgAACAAJ |access-date= 22 March 2024 |archive-date= 22 March 2024 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240322131219/https://books.google.com/books?id=746mQgAACAAJ |url-status= live }} Also quoted, among many, by Mark M. Ayyash (2019). ''Hermeneutics of Violence: A Four-Dimensional Conception''. University of Toronto Press, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=W1G_DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA195 195] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322131220/https://books.google.com/books?id=W1G_DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA195 |date=22 March 2024 }}, {{ISBN| 1487505868}}. Accessed 22 March 2024.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fildis |first1=Ayse |last2=Nisanci |first2=Ensar |title=British Colonial Policy "Divide and Rule": Fanning Arab Rivalry in Palestine |year=2019 |journal=International Journal of Islamic and Civilizational Studies |volume=6 |issue=1 |publisher=UTM Press |url=https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/78420814/ea601a07a2310f41e37ea266a47b38107202-libre.pdf?1641751843=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DBritish_Colonial_Policy_Divide_and_Rule.pdf&Expires=1715344527&Signature=UEfPzsmbLIHNW7Sd0jLxe4OpYUu4sPt5cIaU2beASuCt0BXqpfOQmcXAcR9EAPzkenh~ohMRrZlUREfMTTfqEosnMw8oqlVa2Ap6HVteACMhsC0VpH~MUmjcYs8f8rQUrWjZTnMuKwhEtiRQ92Md~PThKvq6IbAds05mX-cJzPamGLZ7fpx8xA3ejpYDXiG1uYE7Ks550xBeDWLCCPkfuOUJXMTbmJAucKnXRZnDL78EuDeQx0CNpSWdujVlcd82klFyLverjL5AAJs5AH2eHNVpXzym0fPdbY2YJWz5sgMYZOC9oN09cDXB007r7qRj2nFSL3Zs13Un0i~~1~pwbg__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA |access-date=10 May 2024 |archive-date=10 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240510121206/https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/78420814/ea601a07a2310f41e37ea266a47b38107202-libre.pdf?1641751843=&response-content-disposition=inline&%20filename=British_Colonial_Policy_Divide_and_Rule.pdf&Expires=1715344527&Signature=UEfPzsmbLIHNW7Sd0jLxe4OpYUu4sPt5cIaU2beASuCt0BXqpfOQmcXAcR9EAPzkenh~ohMRrZlUREfMTTfqEosnMw8oqlVa2Ap6HVteACMhsC0VpH~MUmjcYs8f8rQUrWjZTnMuKwhEtiRQ92Md~PThKvq6IbAds05mX-cJzPamGLZ7fpx8xA3ejpYDXiG1uYE7Ks550xBeDWLCCPkfuOUJXMTbmJAucKnXRZnDL78EuDeQx0CNpSWdujVlcd82klFyLverjL5AAJs5AH2eHNVpXzym0fPdbY2YJWz5sgMYZOC9oN09cDXB007r7qRj2nFSL3Zs13Un0i~~1~pwbg__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA |url-status=live }}</ref> The 1947 [[United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine|UN Partition Plan]] triggered [[1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine|civil war]] between them.

The State of Israel [[Israeli Declaration of Independence|declared its establishment]] on 14 May 1948. On 15 May 1948, the armies of neighboring Arab states invaded the area of the former Mandatory Palestine, internationalizing the civil war and beginning the [[1948 Arab–Israeli War|First Arab–Israeli War]]. Over both phases of the war, [[1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight|aA majority of Palestinians were expelled by Jewish and then Israeli forces or fled]] fromdue to [[Causes of the territory1948 IsraelPalestinian wouldexpulsion comeand toflight|various controlcauses]].<ref>Honaida Ghanim, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/40608203 ''Poetics of Disaster: Nationalism, Gender, and Social Change Among Palestinian Poets in Israel After Nakba,''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106040944/https://www.jstor.org/stable/40608203|date=6 November 2021}} [[International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society]] March 2009 Vol. 22, No. 1 pp.23-39 p.37</ref><ref>Stern, Yoav (13 May 2008). [https://www.haaretz.com/1.4979391 "Palestinian refugees, Israeli left-wingers mark Nakba"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517035746/https://www.haaretz.com/1.4979391|date=17 May 2021}}. ''[[Haaretz]]''. [http://www.badil.org/Publications/badil-nakba-60-info-packet/index.html Nakba 60] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612162136/http://www.badil.org/Publications/badil-nakba-60-info-packet/index.html|date=12 June 2008}}, BADIL Resource Center for Palestinian Residency and Refugee Rights; Cleveland, William L. ''A History of the Modern Middle East'', Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2004, p. 270. {{ISBN|978-0-8133-4047-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ghanim |first1=Honaida |date=March 2009 |title=Poetics of Disaster: Nationalism, Gender, and Social Change Among Palestinian Poets in Israel After Nakba |journal=[[International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society]] |volume=22 |pages=23–39 [25–26] |doi=10.1007/s10767-009-9049-9 |jstor=40608203 |s2cid=144148068 |number=1 |issn = 0891-4486 }}</ref> Over the following decades, Israel received an influx of immigration from [[Jewish exodus from the Muslim world|Jews who emigrated, fled, or were expelled from the Muslim world]].<ref name=":05">{{Cite journal |last=Beker |first=Avi |date=2005 |title=The Forgotten Narrative: Jewish Refugees from Arab Countries |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25834637 |journal=Jewish Political Studies Review |volume=17 |issue=3/4 |pages=3–19 |jstor=25834637 |issn=0792-335X |access-date=23 May 2024 |archive-date=9 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109013108/https://www.jstor.org/stable/25834637 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite book |last=Dinstein |first=Yoram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-cpKEAAAQBAJ&dq=650000+%2872%25%29+of+these+Jews+resettled+in+Israel.&pg=PA282 |title=Israel Yearbook on Human Rights, Volume 6 (1976) |date=2021-10-11 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-42287-2 |pages=282 |language=en |access-date=23 May 2024 |archive-date=21 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521171644/https://books.google.com/books?id=-cpKEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA282&lpg=PA282&dq=650000+(72%25)+of+these+Jews+resettled+in+Israel.&source=bl&ots=F8PgTaUhaN&sig=ACfU3U0WsiDOJxluxSyPsNK60ypjp28O-A&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjnzt69mZ-GAxUiweYEHeYlBh04ChDoAXoECAMQAw#v=onepage&q=650000%20(72%25)%20of%20these%20Jews%20resettled%20in%20Israel.&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[1949 Armistice Agreements]] established Israel's borders over most of the former Mandate territory.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-19 |title=Zionism {{!}} Definition, History, Examples, & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Zionism |access-date=2023-10-29 |website=britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225204632/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Zionism |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Meir-Glitzenstein |first1=Esther |title=Turning Points in the Historiography of Jewish Immigration from Arab Countries to Israel |journal=Israel Studies |volume=23 |issue=3 |date=Fall 2018 |pages=114–122 |publisher=Indiana University Press |doi=10.2979/israelstudies.23.3.15 |jstor=10.2979/israelstudies.23.3.15 |s2cid=150208821 |quote=The mass immigration from Arab countries began in mid-1949 and included three communities that relocated to Israel almost in their entirety: 31,000 Jews from Libya, 50,000 from Yemen, and 125,000 from Iraq. Additional immigrants arrived from Egypt, Morocco, Tunisia, Turkey, Iran, India, and elsewhere. Within three years, the Jewish population of Israel doubled. The ethnic composition of the population shifted as well, as immigrants from Muslim counties and their offspring now comprised one third of the Jewish population—an unprecedented phenomenon in global immigration history. From 1952–60, Israel regulated and restricted immigration from Muslim countries with a selective immigration policy based on economic criteria, and sent these immigrants, most of whom were North African, to peripheral Israeli settlements. The selective immigration policy ended in 1961 when, following an agreement between Israel and Morocco, about 100,000 Jews immigrated to the State. From 1952–68 about 600,000 Jews arrived in Israel, three quarters of whom were from Arab countries and the remaining immigrants were largely from Eastern Europe. Today fewer than 30,000 remain in Muslim countries, mostly concentrated in Iran and Turkey.}}</ref>{{sfn|Fischbach|2008|p=26–27}} The 1967 [[Six-Day War]] saw Israel occupy the [[Israeli occupation of the West Bank|West Bank]], Gaza Strip, Egyptian [[Israeli occupation of the Sinai Peninsula|Sinai Peninsula]] and Syrian [[Israeli occupation of the Golan Heights|Golan Heights]]. Israel has established and continues to expand [[Israeli settlements|settlements]] across the [[Israeli-occupied territories|occupied territories]], which is widely considered illegal [[International law and Israeli settlements|under international law]], and has effectively annexed [[Israeli annexation of East Jerusalem|East Jerusalem]] and the [[Golan Heights Law|Golan Heights]], which is largely unrecognized internationally. Since the 1973 [[Yom Kippur War]], Israel has signed peace treaties [[Camp David Accords|with Egypt]], returning the Sinai Peninsula, and [[Israel–Jordan peace treaty|Jordan]], and into the 2020s has [[Arab–Israeli normalization|normalized relations with several Arab countries]]. However, [[Israeli–Palestinian peace process|efforts to resolve]] the [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]] have not succeeded. Israel's practices in its occupation of the Palestinian territories have drawn sustained international criticism along with accusations that it has committed war crimes and crimes against humanity against the Palestinian people from human rights organizations and United Nations officials.

The country has a [[parliamentary system]] elected by [[proportional representation]]. The [[Prime Minister of Israel|prime minister]] is head of [[Cabinet of Israel|government]], and elected by the [[Knesset]], a [[Unicameralism|unicameral legislature]].<ref name="cnn" /> Israel is the only country to have a [[revived language]], [[Modern Hebrew|Hebrew]], as the official language. The [[culture of Israel]] is composed of [[Jewish culture]] and [[Jewish diaspora]] influences, alongside elements of [[Arab citizens of Israel#Culture|Arab culture]], involving [[Israeli cuisine|cuisine]], [[Music of Israel|music]], and [[Visual arts in Israel|art]]. Israel has one of the biggest and most advanced [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|economies in the Middle East]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=10 Largest economies in MENA |url=https://economymiddleeast.com/news/biggest-economies-mena/ |access-date=2024-04-05 |website=Economy Middle East |language=en-US |archive-date=5 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240405122235/https://economymiddleeast.com/news/biggest-economies-mena/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Getzoff |first=Marc |date=2023-08-09 |title=Most Technologically Advanced Countries In The World 2023 |url=https://gfmag.com/data/non-economic-data/most-advanced-countries-in-the-world/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108044803/https://gfmag.com/data/non-economic-data/most-advanced-countries-in-the-world/ |archive-date=8 November 2023 |access-date=2023-11-08 |website=Global Finance Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> It also has one of the highest [[GDP per capita]] as well as standards of living in the Middle East and Asia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The world richest countries according three metrics |url=https://www.visualcapitalist.com/worlds-richest-countries-across-3-metrics/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-09 |title=30 Wealthiest Countries by Per Capita Net Worth |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/30-wealthiest-countries-per-capita-111348314.html |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=Yahoo Finance |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-04 |title=Top 15 Most Advanced Countries in the World |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/top-15-most-advanced-countries-041038286.html |access-date=2023-10-27 |website=Yahoo Finance |language=en-US |archive-date=10 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110012152/https://finance.yahoo.com/news/top-15-most-advanced-countries-041038286.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The country has been a member of the [[OECD|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] since 2010.<ref name="OECD">{{cite web |title=Israel's accession to the OECD |url=http://www.oecd.org/israel/israelsaccessiontotheoecd.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200516012445/http://www.oecd.org/israel/israelsaccessiontotheoecd.htm |archive-date=16 May 2020 |access-date=12 August 2012 |website=oecd.org |publisher=OECD}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-05-27 |title=Israel to join prestigious OECD economic club |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20100527-israel-join-prestigious-oecd-economic-club-netanyahu-sarkozy-paris |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123013723/https://www.france24.com/en/20100527-israel-join-prestigious-oecd-economic-club-netanyahu-sarkozy-paris |archive-date=23 November 2023 |access-date=2023-11-23 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref>