ClueBot NG Report Interface

Tags: Reverted Mobile edit Mobile web edit Advanced mobile edit

[e] {{cite book|author=André Wink|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g2m7_R5P2oAC&pg=PA110|title=Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7th–11th Centuries|publisher=BRILL Academic|year=2002|isbn=978-0-391-04173-8|page=110}}, Quote: "(..) the Muslim Arabs also applied the name 'Khurasan' to all the Muslim provinces to the east of the Great Desert and up to the '''Hindu-Kush ('Hindu killer')''' mountains, the Chinese desert and the Pamir mountains".</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Runion|first=Meredith L.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EY6NDgAAQBAJ&q=%22hindu+kush%22+%22killer+of+hindus%22&pg=PA4|title=The History of Afghanistan, 2nd Edition|date=2017-04-24|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-61069-778-1|language=en|quote=The literal translation of the name “Hindu Kush” is a true reflection of its forbidding topography, as this difficult and jagged section of Afghanistan translates to “Killer of Hindus.”}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Weston|first=Christine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZFDhAAAAMAAJ&q=%22hindu+kush%22+%22hindu+killers%22|title=Afghanistan|date=1962|publisher=Scribner|language=en|quote=To the north and northeast, magnificent and frightening, stretched the mountains of the Hindu Kush, or Hindu Killers, a name derived from the fact that in ancient times slaves brought from India perished here like flies from exposure and cold.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Knox|first=Barbara|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vzPswhHQAH0C&q=%22hindu+kush%22+%22killer+of+hindus%22&pg=PA4|title=Afghanistan|date=2004|publisher=Capstone|isbn=978-0-7368-2448-4|language=en|quote=Hindu Kush means "killer of Hindus." Many people have died trying to cross these mountains.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The World Book Encyclopedia|publisher=[[Scott Fetzer Company|World Book Inc.]]|year=1990|edition=1994|volume=9|page=235}}</ref> Boyle's Persian–English dictionary indicates that the Persian suffix -''koš'' {{IPA-fa|koʃ|}} is the present stem of the verb 'to kill' (''koštan'' {{nastaliq|کشتن}}).<ref>{{cite book|last=Boyle|first=J.A.|title=A Practical Dictionary of the Persian Language|publisher=Luzac & Co.|year=1949|page=129}}</ref> According to linguist [[Francis Joseph Steingass]], the suffix -''kush'' means "a male; (imp. of ''kushtan'' in comp.) a killer, who kills, slays, murders, oppresses as ''azhdaha-kush'' ['dragon-slayer']."<ref name="Steingass1992p1030" />

[e] {{cite book|author=André Wink|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g2m7_R5P2oAC&pg=PA110|title=Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7th–11th Centuries|publisher=BRILL Academic|year=2002|isbn=978-0-391-04173-8|page=110}}, Quote: "(..) the Muslim Arabs also applied the name 'Khurasan' to all the Muslim provinces to the east of the Great Desert and up to the '''Hindu-Kush ('Hindu killer')''' mountains, the Chinese desert and the Pamir mountains".</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Runion|first=Meredith L.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EY6NDgAAQBAJ&q=%22hindu+kush%22+%22killer+of+hindus%22&pg=PA4|title=The History of Afghanistan, 2nd Edition|date=2017-04-24|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-61069-778-1|language=en|quote=The literal translation of the name “Hindu Kush” is a true reflection of its forbidding topography, as this difficult and jagged section of Afghanistan translates to “Killer of Hindus.”}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Weston|first=Christine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZFDhAAAAMAAJ&q=%22hindu+kush%22+%22hindu+killers%22|title=Afghanistan|date=1962|publisher=Scribner|language=en|quote=To the north and northeast, magnificent and frightening, stretched the mountains of the Hindu Kush, or Hindu Killers, a name derived from the fact that in ancient times slaves brought from India perished here like flies from exposure and cold.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Knox|first=Barbara|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vzPswhHQAH0C&q=%22hindu+kush%22+%22killer+of+hindus%22&pg=PA4|title=Afghanistan|date=2004|publisher=Capstone|isbn=978-0-7368-2448-4|language=en|quote=Hindu Kush means "killer of Hindus." Many people have died trying to cross these mountains.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The World Book Encyclopedia|publisher=[[Scott Fetzer Company|World Book Inc.]]|year=1990|edition=1994|volume=9|page=235}}</ref> Boyle's Persian–English dictionary indicates that the Persian suffix -''koš'' {{IPA-fa|koʃ|}} is the present stem of the verb 'to kill' (''koštan'' {{nastaliq|کشتن}}).<ref>{{cite book|last=Boyle|first=J.A.|title=A Practical Dictionary of the Persian Language|publisher=Luzac & Co.|year=1949|page=129}}</ref> According to linguist [[Francis Joseph Steingass]], the suffix -''kush'' means "a male; (imp. of ''kushtan'' in comp.) a killer, who kills, slays, murders, oppresses as ''azhdaha-kush'' ['dragon-slayer']."<ref name="Steingass1992p1030" />

The term was earliest used by [[Ibn Battuta]]. According to him, ''Hindu Kush'' means Hindu Killer as [[Slavery in India#Islamic invasions (8th to 12th century AD)|slaves from the Indian subcontinent]] died in the harsh climatic conditions of the mountains while being taken from India to [[Turkestan]].<ref name="iranicaonline">Ervin Grötzbach (2012 Edition, Original: 2003), [http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hindu-kush Hindu Kush], Encyclopædia Iranica</ref><ref name="Nigel2001p54622"/><ref>{{Cite book|last=Dunn|first=Ross E.|title=The Adventures of Ibn Battuta|publisher=University of California Press|year=2005|isbn=978-0-520-24385-9|pages=171–178|author-link=Ross E. Dunn}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=André Wink|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g2m7_R5P2oAC&pg=PA110|title=Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7th–11th Centuries|publisher=BRILL Academic|year=2002|isbn=978-0-391-04173-8|page=110}}, Quote: "(..) the Muslim Arabs also applied the name 'Khurasan' to all the Muslim provinces to the east of the Great Desert and up to the '''Hindu-Kush ('Hindu killer')''' mountains, the Chinese desert and the Pamir mountains".</ref>{{efn|Boyle's Persian-English dictionary indicates that the suffix -''koš'' {{IPA-fa|koʃ|}} is the present stem of the verb 'to kill' (''koštan'' {{nastaliq|کشتن}}).<ref>{{cite book|last=Boyle|first=J.A.|title=A Practical Dictionary of the Persian Language|publisher=Luzac & Co.|year=1949|page=129}}</ref> According to linguist [[Francis Joseph Steingass]], the suffix -''kush'' means 'a male; (imp. of ''kushtan'' in comp.) a killer, who kills, slays, murders, oppresses as ''azhdaha-kush''.'<ref name="Steingass1992p1030" />}}

The term was earliest used by [[Ibn Battuta]]. According to him, ''Hindu Kush'' means Hindu Killer as non-Muslim [[Slavery in India#Islamic invasions (8th to 12th century AD)|slaves from the Indian subcontinent]] died in the harsh climatic conditions of the mountains while being taken from India to [[Turkestan]].<ref name="iranicaonline">Ervin Grötzbach (2012 Edition, Original: 2003), [http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hindu-kush Hindu Kush], Encyclopædia Iranica</ref><ref name="Nigel2001p54622"/><ref>{{Cite book|last=Dunn|first=Ross E.|title=The Adventures of Ibn Battuta|publisher=University of California Press|year=2005|isbn=978-0-520-24385-9|pages=171–178|author-link=Ross E. Dunn}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=André Wink|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g2m7_R5P2oAC&pg=PA110|title=Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7th–11th Centuries|publisher=BRILL Academic|year=2002|isbn=978-0-391-04173-8|page=110}}, Quote: "(..) the Muslim Arabs also applied the name 'Khurasan' to all the Muslim provinces to the east of the Great Desert and up to the '''Hindu-Kush ('Hindu killer')''' mountains, the Chinese desert and the Pamir mountains".</ref>{{efn|Boyle's Persian-English dictionary indicates that the suffix -''koš'' {{IPA-fa|koʃ|}} is the present stem of the verb 'to kill' (''koštan'' {{nastaliq|کشتن}}).<ref>{{cite book|last=Boyle|first=J.A.|title=A Practical Dictionary of the Persian Language|publisher=Luzac & Co.|year=1949|page=129}}</ref> According to linguist [[Francis Joseph Steingass]], the suffix -''kush'' means 'a male; (imp. of ''kushtan'' in comp.) a killer, who kills, slays, murders, oppresses as ''azhdaha-kush''.'<ref name="Steingass1992p1030" />}}

Several other theories have been propounded as to the origins of the name.<ref name="McColl2014p41332"/> According to Nigel Allan, the term ''Hindu Kush'' has two alternate meanings i.e 'sparkling snows of India' and 'mountains of India', with ''Kush'' possibly being a soft variant of the Persian ''kuh'' ('mountain'). Allan states that Hindu Kush was the frontier boundary to Arab geographers.<ref name="Allan 2001 545–5602">{{cite journal|last=Allan|first=Nigel|year=2001|title=Defining Place and People in Afghanistan|journal=Post-Soviet Geography and Economics|series=8|volume=42|issue=8|pages=545–560|doi=10.1080/10889388.2001.10641186|s2cid=152546226}}</ref> Yet others suggest that the name may be derived from ancient [[Avestan language|Avestan]], meaning 'water mountain'.<ref name="McColl2014p41332"/>

Several other theories have been propounded as to the origins of the name.<ref name="McColl2014p41332"/> According to Nigel Allan, the term ''Hindu Kush'' has two alternate meanings i.e 'sparkling snows of India' and 'mountains of India', with ''Kush'' possibly being a soft variant of the Persian ''kuh'' ('mountain'). Allan states that Hindu Kush was the frontier boundary to Arab geographers.<ref name="Allan 2001 545–5602">{{cite journal|last=Allan|first=Nigel|year=2001|title=Defining Place and People in Afghanistan|journal=Post-Soviet Geography and Economics|series=8|volume=42|issue=8|pages=545–560|doi=10.1080/10889388.2001.10641186|s2cid=152546226}}</ref> Yet others suggest that the name may be derived from ancient [[Avestan language|Avestan]], meaning 'water mountain'.<ref name="McColl2014p41332"/>