Awdal: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia

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{{Infobox settlement

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| native_name = {{native name|so|italics=no|Awdal}} <br /> {{native name|ar|italics=no|أودَل}}

| other_name =

| settlement_type = [[Regions of SomaliaSomaliland|Region of SomaliaSomaliland]]

| image_skyline = [[File:Zayla.jpg|280px]]

| imagesize =

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| coordinates = {{coord|10|48|3|N|43|21|7|E|type:adm1st_region:SO|display=inline,title}}

| subdivision_type = Country

| subdivision_name = {{flag|SomaliaSomaliland}}

| subdivision_type1 =

| subdivision_name1 =

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}}

'''Awdal''' ({{lang-so|Awdal}}, {{lang-ar|أودَل}}) is an administrative region (''[[Administrative divisions of Somaliland|gobol]]'')<ref name="Cwfsom">{{cite web |title=Somalia |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/so.html |work=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |location=Langley, Virginia |access-date=21 December 2013 |archive-date=1 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701194614/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/so.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Awr">{{cite web

| title = Awdal Region

| url = http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/121024_Administrative_Map_Awdal_A4.pdf

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| archive-date = 3 December 2013

| url-status = live

}}</ref> in western [[SomaliaSomaliland]]. It was separated from Woqooyi Galbeed and became a province in 1984 and is the most northwesterly province of [[SomaliaSomaliland]]. To the east it borders [[Woqooyi Galbeed|Maroodi Jeex]] and [[Sahil, Somaliland|Sahil]]; to its north-west it borders [[Djibouti]]; to its south and south-west lies [[Ethiopia]]; and the [[Gulf of Aden]] to its north.<ref>E. H. M. Clifford, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1785556 "The British Somaliland-Ethiopia Boundary", ''Geographical Journal''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328140906/http://www.jstor.org/stable/1785556 |date=28 March 2017 }}, Vol. 87, No. 4 (Apr. 1936), p. 296</ref> The province has an estimated population of 1,010,566.<ref name="unfpa2013">{{Cite web |title=Population Estimation Survey 2014 |url=http://www.citypopulation.de |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804014649/http://somalia.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/Population-Estimation-Survey-of-Somalia-PESS-2013-2014.pdf |archive-date=4 August 2017}}</ref> The region comprises the four districts of [[Borama]], the regional capital, [[Baki District|Baki]], [[Lughaya District|Lughaya]], and [[Zeila District|Zeila]].

== Overview ==

[[File:Zayla.jpg|thumb|right|Ruins of the Adal Sultanate in [[Zeila]], [[SomaliaSomaliland]].]]

Awdal (أودل) takes its name from the medieval [[Adal Sultanate]] (عَدَل), which was originally centered on [[Zeila]].<ref name="Lewis15">{{cite book

| last1 = Lewis

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The mountainous zone consist a string of mountains, known as [[Golis Mountains|Golis]] range, extends from east to west all across the region and is about 700 –1000 meters above the sea level. The zone is characterized by topographical features such as deep [[Canyon|gorges]], [[valleys]], and dry [[water]] courses, with and without springs, that all end up into coastal zone.

During rainy season, the water courses carrying rain water run-offs from mountains go into the sea. The run-offs washed down good soil from mountain tops and, in the process, cause environmental degradation and deterioration of roads passing across the mountains into coastal towns; they also leave behind deep sandy soils in coastal plains that make road transportation a big challenge.

The last and the third topographical feature of the region, next to the Mountainous Zone in the south, is the Ogo Plateau zone. It about 1100–1300 meters above the sea level. Most of the major towns and villages including the regional capital, [[Borama]] occur in this zone and has high population density in the region.<ref>Awdal [http://slministryofplanning.org/images/REGIONS/Awdal%20.pdf "Ministry of National Planning and Development, SomaliaSomaliland"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126135546/http://slministryofplanning.org/images/REGIONS/Awdal%20.pdf |date=26 January 2016 }}.</ref>

== Economic ==

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Currently{{when|date=May 2017}}<ref>Education Sector [http://slministryofplanning.org/images/REGIONS/Awdal%20.pdf "Ministry of National Planning and Development, Awdal"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126135546/http://slministryofplanning.org/images/REGIONS/Awdal%20.pdf |date=26 January 2016 }}.</ref> P.16, there are 87 [[primary school|primary]] and [[secondary schools]] in Awdal region. These schools can be divided into three main categories: [[public]] primary and secondary schools, [[private school|private]] primary and secondary schools and [[Parochial school|Religious schools]]. [[Somali language|Somali]] is the medium of instruction in public primary schools and [[Arabic]] and [[English language|English]] as second languages. English is used as medium of instruction both public and private secondary schools. The [[private schools]] use different types of curricula in both primary and secondary schools Religious schools; on the other hand, teach recitation of [[Koran]] and Arabic.

The establishment of [[Amoud University]] in 1998 stimulated expansion of schools and increase of student enrollments in both public and private s primary and secondary schools in the city. Multiplication of primary and secondary schools has increased not only in the city but also in other SomaliSomaliland regions as many universities were opened in other regions as well.

Before establishment of the university, almost all schools existing in the region were religious schools sponsored by Islamic charity organizations. These schools were owned and run by local religious scholars. Some of these religious schools were teaching exclusively the recitation of the Holy Koran while others were teaching curricula borrowed from Arab countries and used Arabic as

medium of instruction. A very few of the most successful students were sent to Arab countries to further their religious studies. The myth that only a government could have the capacity of creating universities had vanished and many other universities were established by private individuals and groups in other regions.

The following table shows the number of primary and secondary schools, student population, and gender distributions in the region.<ref>Awdal Education [http://amouduniversity.org/ "Ministry of National Planning and Development, SomaliaSomaliland"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100915043741/http://amouduniversity.org/ |date=15 September 2010 }}.</ref>

{| class="wikitable" ""

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One of the main sector challenges identified was the difficulty of obtaining new playgrounds. Since the collapse of Somali regime in 1991, public lands were grabbed and claimed by individuals. New playgrounds could only be acquired through purchases or donations. Without obtaining funds for acquisitions of new playgrounds and for the restoration and improvement of existing playgrounds, youth would have an ample idle time to plunge into anti social habits.

There areis two playgroundsplayground in the Borama city: Haji Dahir Stadium and Xaaslay Stadium. Thereand there is also the Hanoonita basketball centre.<ref name="ilo.org" />

== Religion and endowment sector ==

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The new young Islamic educators, unlike the traditional culimos, have established their own Sharia courts to adjudicate social disputes, inheritance matters, and even business-related issues. They have not only taken over the religious matters of Somali people but also the business sector, and make up the most successful business community in Somaliland and the Somali region.

The SomaliSomaliland constitution enshrines Islam as the state religion and the laws of the nation are built on Islamic Sharia. The Ministry of Endowment and Islamic Affairs is mandated to promote and preserve Islamic principles and values as well as render some social services. The ministry has devolved its mandate to regions and districts. However, devolution of the services of the ministry into the regions and districts has yet to take effect. Its roles are mostly assumed by private religious individual and groups. The absence of institutional capacity hampers services in the sector in the region.<ref>Awdal Religion [http://www.undp.org/content/dam/somalia/docs/MDGs/Somaliland%20MDG%20Report%20First%20draft%20(2).pdf "Ministry of religion"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210213148/http://www.undp.org/content/dam/somalia/docs/MDGs/Somaliland%20MDG%20Report%20First%20draft%20(2).pdf |date=10 December 2015 }}</ref>

== Economic development ==

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{{unreferenced section|date=May 2017}}

Energy is very crucial for the development of a nation. However, the achievements of Somaliland‟s development goals depend upon the availability of cheap energy sources. Energy is indispensable for industrial, household, transportation uses.

In SomaliaSomaliland, the main sources of energy are fossil fuels. They include diesel, petrol, kerosene, charcoal, and fire wood. They are utilized for generation of electricity, transport and for household use. With the exception of charcoal and firewood, all the others are imported from outside and huge amounts of hard currency is expended on their importation.

Like other regions, charcoal and fire woods are the main fuel sources utilized for household, businesses and other institutions that are involved in food services in the region. Charcoal consumption is the highest in the urban centers while firewood is mainly used in rural areas. Charcoal and firewood fuels have had utter deforestation in the region.

Borama town used to have an electricity power station known as Borama Power Station. It was established just before the Socialist Regime came into power in 1969. It was used for lighting public houses and the main streets of the town. The station was expanded in the 1980s by Henley on Thames (UK) a sister city of Borama. Henley on Thames provided two electricity generators of 1500 KVAs each and their spare parts and accessories awaiting installation.

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According to a regional water officer, the bore wells El-gal, and Laanta Morohda are in [[Zeila district]]; and Karure and Kalowle are in [[Lughaya District]]. Two more bore wells are Husayn and Gerissa. Kalowle bore well provides water to pastoralists and Lughaya Town which is about 8&nbsp;km from the bore well site. UNICEF has drilled a backup strategic bore well at the site in case the old bore well breaks down. Karure bore well does not have a backup yet. These bore wells are strategic in the sense that they are drilled in the driest areas of the coastal zone, where water sources are not obtainable. However, the bore wells have no backups and if a bore well breaks down, the live of both livestock and the people are at great risk.

Zeila town gets its water from a bore well near Tokoshi, a village about 8&nbsp;km west of Zeila town. The bore well does not provide sufficient water and its water turns salty in the dry season. Since Zeila occurs in the coastal zone, it is very hot during the summer season and life is difficult without adequate water supply. Besides, Zeila is the entry point of people and goods coming from [[Republic Djibouti]] and, as a result of this, there is a customs office where the Ministry of Finance collects import taxes from goods entering the country. Accordingly, the provision of sufficient and drinkable water supply is very crucial for lives of town people and for the movement of people between SomaliaSomaliland and Republic of Djibouti.

The '''mountainous zone''' consists of a string of mountains that extend east to west, south of the coastal zone. The zone has many dry river beds and valleys between the mountains. The river beds provide permanent water in terms of springs and shallow wells dug in the dry river beds. Besides human and livestock consumption, the water sources are used for the irrigation of fruit and vegetable farms. Unlike the other zones of the region, the Mountainous zone has reliable water sources in the region.

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=== Justice Sector ===

The mandate of the [[Ministry of Justice (Somaliland)|Ministry of Justice]] is ensuring that the fundamental rights and freedoms of SomalisSomalilanders, and, as result, have established an effective legal mechanism that protects the citizens against oppression and abuses. Somaliland government carried out all necessary steps of ensuring that an effective and transparent justice system is in place and the rule of law is duly applied with all the necessary court proceedings and investigation processes of civil and criminal cases.

Somaliland judiciary courts comprise:

* 1. District courts

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Marleen Renders and Ulf Terlinden (2010) both state that the [[Gadabuursi]] almost exclusively inhabit the Awdal Region:

<blockquote>"Awdal in western SomaliaSomaliland is situated between Djibouti, Ethiopia and Ethiopiathe Issaq-populated mainland of Somaliland. It is primarily inhabited by the three sub-clans of the Gadabursi clan, whose traditional institutions survived the colonial period, Somali statehood and the war in good shape, remaining functionally intact and highly relevant to public security."<ref>{{Cite book | last1=Renders | first1=Marleen | last2=Terlinden | first2=Ulf | title=Negotiating Statehood: Dynamics of Power and Domination in Africa |chapter=Chapter 9: Negotiating Statehood in a Hybrid Political Order: The Case of Somaliland |editor1=Tobias Hagmann |editor2=Didier Péclard |url=http://asia-abdulkadir.de/docs/RendersTerlinden2010.pdf|page=191|access-date=2012-01-21|quote=Awdal in western SomaliaSomaliland is situated between Djibouti, Ethiopia and Ethiopiathe Issaq-populated mainland of Somaliland. It is primarily inhabited by the three sub-clans of the Gadabursi clan, whose traditional institutions survived the colonial period, Somali statehood and the war in good shape, remaining functionally intact and highly relevant to public security.}}</ref></blockquote>

There is also a sizeable minority of the [[Issa (clan)|Issa]] subclan of the [[Dir (clan)|Dir]] who mainly inhabit the Zeila district.<ref name="Janzen von Vitzthum Somali Studies International Association 2001 p. 132">{{cite book

| last1 = Janzen

| first1 = J.

| last2 = von Vitzthum

| first2 = S.

| author3 = Somali Studies International Association

| title = What are Somalia's Development Perspectives?: Science Between Resignation and Hope? : Proceedings of the 6th SSIA Congress, Berlin 6-9 December 1996

| publisher = Das Arabische Buch

| series = Proceedings of the ... SSIA-Congress

| year = 2001

| isbn = 978-3-86093-230-8

| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=DZJPm2j2iz4C&pg=PA132

| access-date = 20 July 2018

| page = 132

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180720102419/https://books.google.com/books?id=DZJPm2j2iz4C&pg=PA132

| archive-date = 20 July 2018

| url-status = live

| df = dmy-all

}}</ref>

== Districts ==

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==See also==

*[[Administrative divisions of SomaliaSomaliland]]

*[[States and regionsRegions of SomaliaSomaliland]]

*[[Districts of Somaliland]]

*[[Somalia–Somaliland border]]

{{Portal|SomaliaSomaliland}}

== References ==