Henry L. Stimson: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia

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| term_start3 = December 27, 1927

| term_end3 = February 23, 1929

| predecessor3 = ~~[[Leonard~~Eugene ~~Wood]]~~Allen Gilmore (Acting)

| successor3 = [[Eugene Allen Gilmore]] (Acting)

| office4 = [[United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York]]

| president4 = [[Theodore Roosevelt]]<br />[[William Howard Taft]]

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| birth_name = Henry Lewis Stimson

| birth_date = {{birth date|1867|9|21}}

| birth_place = ~~[[Manhattan]],~~ [[New York City~~]], [[New York (state)|New York~~]], U.S.

| death_date = {{death date and age|1950|10|20|1867|09|21}}

| death_place = [[~~West Hills~~Huntington, New York]], U.S.

| party = [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]

| spouse = Mabel Wellington White

| parents = [[Lewis Atterbury Stimson|Lewis Stimson]]

| education = ~~[[Phillips Academy Andover]]<br />~~[[Yale University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])<br />[[Harvard University]] ([[Bachelor of Laws|LLB]])

| branch = [[United States Army]]

| rank = [[Brigadier general (United States)|Brigadier General]]

| battles = [[World War I]]

| name = Henry L. Stimson

| signature = Henry Stimson Signature.png

}}

'''Henry Lewis Stimson''' (September 21, 1867 ~~–~~– October 20, 1950) was an American statesman, lawyer, and [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] politician. Over his long career, he emerged as a leading figure in [[U.S. foreign policy]] by serving in both Republican and [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] administrations. He served as [[United States Secretary of War|Secretary of War]] (1911–1913) under President [[William Howard Taft]], [[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]] (1929–1933) under President [[Herbert Hoover]], and again Secretary of War (1940–1945) under Presidents [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] and [[Harry S. Truman]], overseeing American military efforts during [[Military history of the United States during World War II|World War II]].

The son of the surgeon [[Lewis Atterbury Stimson]] and Candace C. Stimson (née Wheeler, daughter of Candace Thurber Wheeler) Stimson became a [[Wall Street]] lawyer after graduating from [[Harvard Law School]]. He served as a [[United States Attorney]] under President [[Theodore Roosevelt]] and prosecuted several [[United States antitrust law|antitrust]] cases. After he was defeated in the [[1910 New York state election|1910 New York gubernatorial election]], Stimson served as Secretary of War under Taft. He continued the reorganization of the [[United States Army]] that had begun under his mentor, [[Elihu Root]]. After the outbreak of [[World War I]], Stimson became part of the [[Preparedness Movement]]. He served as an artillery officer in [[Western Front (World War I)|France]] after the United States [[United States in World War I|entered the war]]. From 1927 to 1929, he served as [[Governor-General of the Philippines]] under President [[Calvin Coolidge]].

In 1929, President Hoover appointed Stimson as Secretary of State. Stimson sought to avoid a worldwide naval race and thus helped negotiate the [[London Naval Treaty]]. He protested the [[Japanese invasion of Manchuria]], which instituted the [[Stimson Doctrine]] of nonrecognition of international territorial changes that are executed by force. After World War II [[European theatre of World War II|broke out in Europe]], Stimson accepted President Franklin Roosevelt's appointment to return as Secretary of War. After the U.S. entered the war, Stimson, working very closely with Army Chief of Staff [[George C. Marshall]], took charge of raising and training 13 million soldiers and airmen, supervised the spending of a third of the [[Economic history of the United States#Wartime output and controls: 1940–1945|nation's GDP]] on the Army and the [[United States Army Air Forces|Air Forces]], helped formulate military strategy, and oversaw the [[Manhattan Project]] to build the first atomic bombs. He supported the [[atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki]]. During and after the war, Stimson strongly opposed the [[Morgenthau Plan]], which would have deindustrialized and partitioned [[Allied-occupied Germany|Germany]] into several smaller states. He also insisted on judicial proceedings against [[German war crimes#World War II|Nazi war criminals]], which led to the [[Nuremberg trials]].

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~~Henry Lewis~~ Stimson was born in 1867 in [[Manhattan]], [[New York City]], the son of [[Lewis Atterbury Stimson]], a prominent surgeon, and his wife, the former Candace Thurber Wheeler. When he was nine, his mother died of kidney failure, and he was then sent to [[boarding school]].

He spent summers with his grandmother [[Candace Wheeler]] at her [[Catskills]] country house and played with his uncle Dunham Wheeler, who was almost the same age, in "the Armory", which was their nickname for one corner of a large room in the house.<ref>{{cite book |author=Amelia Peck and Carol Irish |title=Candace Wheeler: The Art and Enterprise of American Design |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York |year=2001| page= 88 |isbn=978-1-58839-002-8}}</ref><ref>Wheeler, Candace, The Annals of Onteora, 1887-1914, privately printed, Erle W. Whitfield, New York (1914)(Special Collections, University of Virginia Library)(p. 24)</ref> Roaming the Catskill Mountains, he grew to love the outdoors and would become an avid sportsman.<ref>Candace Wheeler, Yesterdays in a Busy Life, Harper & Brothers: New York (1918) p. 299)</ref>

He was educated at [[Phillips Academy]] in [[Andover, Massachusetts]], where he gained a lifelong interest in religion and a close relationship with the school. He later donated Woodley, his [[Washington, D.C.]] ~~real~~ estate, to the school in his will (the property is now the [[Maret School]]).<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1499&dat=19380515&id=NrNQAAAAIBAJ&pg=5483,4626216 |title=Stimson Estate Goes to Phillips Academy |newspaper=[[The Milwaukee Journal]] |page=13 |date=1938-05-15 |access-date=2014-02-06 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> He was an honorary lifetime member of [[Theodore Roosevelt]]'s [[Boone and Crockett Club]], North America's first wildlife conservation organization.<ref>{{cite web|title=Boone and Crockett Club Archives|url=http://cdm16013.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/singleitem/collection/p16013coll13/id/50/rec/1}}</ref> He was a Phillips trustee from 1905 to 1947 and served as president of the board from 1935 to 1945.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tzGouSioyrUC&pg=PA4 |title=Henry L. Stimson: The First Wise Man |publisher=Scholarly Resources Inc. |location=[[Wilmington, Delaware]] |isbn=978-0842026314 |year=2001 |access-date=2014-02-06 |page=4}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.andover.edu/About/NotableAlumni/Pages/shortlist.aspx |title=Phillips Academy - Notable Alumni: Short List |publisher=[[Phillips Academy]] |access-date=2014-02-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027205211/http://www.andover.edu/About/NotableAlumni/Pages/shortlist.aspx |archive-date=2016-10-27 }}</ref> He then attended [[Yale College]], where he was elected to [[Phi Beta Kappa]]. He joined [[Skull and Bones]], a secret society that afforded many contacts for the rest of his life.<ref>{{cite book|author=Sean L. Malloy|title=Atomic Tragedy: Henry L. Stimson and the Decision to Use the Bomb Against Japan|url=https://archive.org/details/atomictragedyhen00mall|url-access=registration|year=2008|publisher=Cornell University Press|pages=[https://archive.org/details/atomictragedyhen00mall/page/14 14]–15|isbn=978-0801446542}}</ref> He graduated in 1888 and attended [[Harvard Law School]], where he graduated in 1890. He joined the prestigious [[Wall Street]] law firm of Root and Clark in 1891 and became a partner in 1893. [[Elihu Root]], a future Secretary of War and Secretary of State, became a major influence on and role model for Stimson.<ref>see Malloy, Ch. 1, "The Education of Henry L. Stimson"</ref>

In July 1893, Stimson married the former Mabel Wellington White, a great-great -granddaughter of one of the [[Founding Fathers]], [[Roger Sherman]], and the sister of [[Elizabeth Selden Rogers]]. An adult case of [[mumps]] had left Stimson infertile, and they had no children.<ref>{{Cite book | last =Conant | first =Jennet | title =Tuxedo Park | publisher =Simon & Schuster | year =2002 | page =[https://archive.org/details/tuxedopark00jenn/page/24 24] | isbn =978-0-684-87287-2 | url =https://archive.org/details/tuxedopark00jenn | url-access =registration }}</ref>

Stimson developed a close relationship with [[Alfred Lee Loomis]] his first cousin twenty years his junior, and ''became the father that Loomis never had''; while Loomis became the son that Stimson could not have because he was sterile.<ref>{{cite book |last= Fine |first= Norman |title= Blind Bombing: How Microwave Radar brought the Allies to D-Day and Victory in World War II |accessdate= |edition= |origyear= |year= 2019 |publisher= Potomac Books/University of Nebraska Press |location= Nebraska |isbn= 978-1640-12279-6 |oclc= |page= 44 }}</ref>

In 1906, President [[Theodore Roosevelt]] appointed Stimson [[U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York]], where Stimson made a distinguished record prosecuting [[antitrust]] cases. He later served from 1937 to 1939 as president of the [[New York City Bar Association]], where a medal honoring service as a U.S. Attorney is still awarded in his honor.

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[[File:111-SC-13856 - NARA - 55187853 (cropped) (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Lieutenant Colonel [[Alfred William Bjornstad]], organizer and director of the U.S. Army Staff College in France, and Lieutenant Colonel Henry L. Stimson who is about to leave the college, July 1918.]]

Following the outbreak of [[World War I]] in 1914, he was a strong supporter of Britain and France ~~but~~although also supported U.S. neutrality. He called for [[Preparedness Movement|preparation of a large, powerful army]] and was active in the privately funded [[Citizens' Military Training Camp#Plattsburgh Movement|Plattsburg Training Camp Movement]] to train potential officers. After the U.S. declared war in 1917, Stimson was one of the 18 selected by former President [[Theodore Roosevelt]] to raise a [[Roosevelt's World War I volunteers|volunteer infantry division]] for service in France in 1917.

He called for [[Preparedness Movement|preparation of a large, powerful army]] and was active in the privately funded [[Citizens' Military Training Camp#Plattsburgh Movement|Plattsburg Training Camp Movement]] to train potential officers.

President [[Woodrow Wilson]] refused to make use of the volunteers, and the unit disbanded. Stimson served the regular U.S. Army in France as an artillery officer and reached the rank of colonel in August 1918. He continued his military service in the Organized Reserve Corps and rose to the rank of brigadier general in 1922.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.history.army.mil/books/Sw-SA/Stimson2.htm|title=Henry Lewis Stimson|publisher=U.S. Army Center of Military History|access-date=5 January 2017}}</ref>▼

After the U.S. declared war in 1917, Stimson was one of the 18 selected by former President [[Theodore Roosevelt]] to raise a [[Roosevelt's World War I volunteers|volunteer infantry division]] for service in France in 1917.

▲President [[Woodrow Wilson]] refused to make use of the volunteers, and the unit disbanded. Stimson served in the regular U.S. Army in France as an artillery officer and reached the rank of colonel in August 1918. He continued his military service in the Organized Reserve Corps and rose to the rank of brigadier general in 1922.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.history.army.mil/books/Sw-SA/Stimson2.htm|title=Henry Lewis Stimson|publisher=U.S. Army Center of Military History|access-date=5 January 2017|archive-date=21 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021052629/https://history.army.mil/books/Sw-SA/Stimson2.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Nicaragua and Philippines==

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Stimson returned to the cabinet in 1929, when U.S. President [[Herbert Hoover]] appointed him [[US Secretary of State]]. Both served until 1933. Stimson lived in the [[Woodley Mansion]] in [[Washington, D.C.]], where he remained through 1946.

Shortly after being appointed as the new Secretary of State, Stimson shut down the [[Black Chamber|Cipher Bureau]] (U.S. cryptanalytic service, later known as the "Black Chamber") in 1929. According to the [[National Security Agency|NSA]]'s Center for Cryptologic History, Stimson likely dissolved the bureau for budgetary reasons.<ref>{{Cite web|title=National Security Agency Central Security Service > About Us > Office of General Counsel > Cryptologic Heritage > Center for Cryptologic History > Pearl Harbor Review > The Black Chamber|url=https://www.nsa.gov/about/cryptologic-heritage/center-cryptologic-history/pearl-harbor-review/black-chamber/|access-date=2021-05-08|website=www.nsa.gov}}</ref> But he also considered intercepting diplomatic communications unethical, ~~and~~reputedly ~~famously commented,~~saying: "Gentlemen do not read each other's mail."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/06/gentlemen-reading-each-others-mail-a-brief-history-of-diplomatic-spying/276940/ |title=Gentlemen Reading Each Others' Mail: A Brief History of Diplomatic Spying |publisher=The Atlantic Magazine |year=2013 |access-date=2019-04-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Stimson |first1=Henry L. |last2=Bundy |first2=McGeorge |title=On Active Service in Peace and War |date=1948 |publisher=Harper & Brothers |location=New York, New York, USA |page=188 |url=https://archive.org/stream/onactiveservices006603mbp#page/n219/mode/2up}} From p. 188: "Stimson, as Secretary of State, was dealing as a gentleman with the gentlemen sent as ambassadors and ministers from friendly nations, and as he ~~later~~is reputed to have said, 'Gentlemen do not read each other's mail.' "</ref> By the advent of World War II in 1940 it appears Stimson had changed his mind, at least as to the ethics of codebreaking.<ref>{{Cite web|title=National Security Agency>Center for Cryptologic History> |url=https://www.nsa.gov/portals/75/documents/news-features/declassified-documents/history-today-articles/03%202018/12MAR2018%20Reading%20Gentlemens%20Mail.pdf?ver=roQ9cwN7pVB7RcDR0Wp8Mg%3D%3D#:~:text=%E2%80%9CGentlemen%20don't%20read%20each,familiar%20to%20History%20Today%20readers%3A|access-date=2024-05-16|website=www.nsa.gov}}</ref>

In 1930 and 1931, Stimson was the Chairman of the U.S. delegation to the [[London Naval Treaty|London Naval Conference of 1930]]. In the following year, he was the Chairman of the U.S. delegation to [[World Disarmament Conference]] in [[Geneva]]. The same year, the United States issued the "[[Stimson Doctrine]]" in response to [[Japanese invasion of Manchuria]]. It stated that the U.S. refused to recognize any situation or treaty that limited U.S. treaty rights or was brought about by aggression.

On October 5, 1931, the League received a strongly-worded letter from Stimson urging it to pressure Japan against aggression in China, and informing the League that the U.S. would support the League's actions.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Walters |first=Francis Paul |title=History of the League of Nations}}</ref>

Returning to private life at the end of the [[Presidency of Herbert Hoover|Hoover administration]], Stimson was an outspoken advocate of strong opposition to Japanese aggression.

==Secretary of War (1940–1945)==

[[File:Henry Stimson and Frank Kellogg.jpg|thumb|[[US Secretary of State]] Henry L. Stimson (right) and [[Frank B. Kellogg]], as seen leaving from the [[United States Department of State|State Department]], (July 25, 1929)]] After World War II broke out, Roosevelt returned Stimson to his post at the head of the [[United States Department of War|War Department]], in July 1940. The choice of Stimson, a conservative Republican (and anti-New Dealer) and [[Frank Knox]] as secretary of the Navy was a calculated effort by the president to win bipartisan support for what was considered the almost-inevitable U.S. entrance into the war.

[[File:Henry Stimson and Frank Kellogg.jpg|thumb|[[US Secretary of State]] Henry L. Stimson (right) and [[Frank B. Kellogg]], at the leaving from the [[United States Department of State|State Department]], (July 25, 1929)]]After World War II broke out, Roosevelt returned Stimson to his post at the head of the [[United States Department of War|War Department]], in July 1940. The choice of Stimson, a conservative Republican, was a calculated effort by the president to win bipartisan support for what was considered the almost-inevitable U.S. entrance into the war. In the seventeen months leading up to the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Stimson, working side-by-side with U.S. Army Chief of Staff George C. Marshall (in offices adjacent to one another where the door between them was deliberately left open at all times) led efforts to prepare an unprepared America for war. Together, Stimson and Marshall had to build the Army and Army Air Corps up, organize housing and training for the soldiers, and oversee the design, testing, production, and distribution of the machines, weapons, and materials required to support the country and its allies. Ten days before the [[attack on Pearl Harbor]], Stimson entered in his diary the following statement: "[Roosevelt] brought up the event that we are likely to be attacked perhaps next Monday, for the Japanese are notorious for making an attack without warning, and the question was what we should do. The question was how we should maneuver them into the position of firing the first shot without allowing too much danger to ourselves."<ref>Richard N. Current, "How Stimson Meant to 'Maneuver' the Japanese," ''Mississippi Valley Historical Review'' Vol. 40, No. 1 (Jun., 1953), pp. 67-74 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1897543 in JSTOR]</ref> With respects to the war in Europe, Stimson was "pro-British" even before Pearl Harbor. Stimson's view was that the [[British Royal Navy]] fighting [[Nazi Germany]] in the Atlantic was protecting America, and was the reason the U.S. did not (for the time being) "have to do the fighting ourselves." Stimson said America should "rely on the shield of the British Navy," and that on that basis the U.S. should do everything possible to arm and supply the British.<ref>The Colonel: The Life and Wars of Henry Stimson, 1867-1950 by Godfrey Hodgson</ref> Because of this view, when the Senate voted to confirm him, all of the most notorious isolationist Senators such as [[Henrik Shipstead]] and [[Ernest Lundeen]] of Minnesota, [[Gerald Nye]] of North Dakota, [[Robert M. La Follette Jr.|Robert Marion La Follette]] of Wisconsin, [[David I. Walsh]] of Massachusetts and [[Burton K. Wheeler]] of Montana voted against his confirmation on the grounds that he was "too pro-British" whereas all of the most "Anglophile" Senators such as [[John H. Bankhead II]] and [[J. Lister Hill]] of Alabama, [[Kenneth McKellar (politician)|Kenneth McKellar]] and [[Tom Stewart (politician)|Tom Stewart]] of Tennessee, [[Harry Schwartz (U.S. senator)|Harry Schwartz]] and [[Joseph C. O'Mahoney]] of Wyoming all spoke in favor of Stimson and his foreign policy views (and voted to confirm him as Secretary of War).<ref>The Colonel: The Life and Wars of Henry Stimson, 1867-1950 by Godfrey Hodgson</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://voteview.com/rollcall/RS0760223|title=Voteview | Plot Vote: 76th Congress > Senate > 223}}</ref> The British government watched his confirmation vote closely, hoping he would have enough votes to get confirmed by the Senate, and they celebrated when he was confirmed.<ref>The Colonel: The Life and Wars of Henry Stimson, 1867-1950 by Godfrey Hodgson</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://voteview.com/rollcall/RS0760223|title=Voteview | Plot Vote: 76th Congress > Senate > 223}}</ref> Stimson and [[Frank Knox]], both "vigorous interventionists", were confirmed by the Senate at the same time.<ref>Those Angry Days: Roosevelt, Lindbergh, and America's Fight Over World War II by Lynne Olson, pg. 205</ref> Both advocated American entry into [[World War II]] on the side of the [[United Kingdom]], earning them the title of "war hawks" from isolationists. Knox was described as "''even more'' of a Hawk than Stimson."<ref>Those Angry Days: Roosevelt, Lindbergh, and America's Fight Over World War II by Lynne Olson, pg. 205</ref> Stimson was hired by FDR explicitly to replace [[Harry Hines Woodring]], Knox was hired explicitly to replace [[Charles Edison]] on the grounds that Edison and Woodring were isolationists who did not agree with the philosophy of helping Great Britain in their war against the Nazis. Stimson referred to the views of isolationists as "hopelessly twisted."<ref>Those Angry Days: Roosevelt, Lindbergh, and America's Fight Over World War II by Lynne Olson, pg. 205-206</ref> The power of isolationists explains why Stimson did not record "shock, horror or anger" after Roosevelt informed him of the attack on Pearl Harbor. Instead, he wrote, "my first feeling was of relief that the indecision was over and that a crisis had come in a way which would unite our people (…) For I feel this country united has practically nothing to fear while the apathy and visions stirred up by unpatriotic men have been hitherto very discouraging."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Uniting America review: how FDR and the GOP beat fascism home and away |last=Kaiser |first=Charles |date=27 November 2022 |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/nov/27/uniting-america-review-fdr-republicans-fascism-lindbergh-trump |access-date=20 December 2022 }}</ref>

In the seventeen months leading up to the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Stimson, working side-by-side with U.S. Army Chief of Staff [[George C. Marshall]] (in offices adjacent to one another where the door between them was deliberately left open at all times) led efforts to prepare an unprepared America for war. Together, Stimson and Marshall had to build up the Army and Army Air Corps, organize housing and training for the soldiers, and oversee the design, testing, production, and distribution of the various machines, weapons, and materials required to support the country and its allies.

During the war, Stimson oversaw a great expansion of the military, including drafting and training of 13 million soldiers and airmen as well as purchasing and transporting 30% of the nation's industrial output to the battlefields.<ref>Herman, Arthur. ''Freedom's Forge: How American Business Produced Victory in World War II,'' pp. 83-4, 90, 94, 112-15, 121, 125-6, 139, 141, Random House, New York, NY, 2012. {{ISBN|978-1-4000-6964-4}}.</ref> In addition to George Marshall, Stimson worked closely with his top aides [[Robert P. Patterson]], who succeeded Stimson as secretary;<ref>Keith Eiler, ''Mobilizing America: Robert P. Patterson and the War Effort'' (Cornell U.P. 1997)</ref> [[Robert A. Lovett|Robert Lovett]], who handled the Air Force; [[Harvey Bundy]]; and [[John J. McCloy]], Assistant Secretary of War.<ref>[[Walter Isaacson]] and [[Evan Thomas]], ''[[The Wise Men: Six Friends and the World They Made]]'' (1986)</ref>▼

Ten days before the [[attack on Pearl Harbor]], Stimson entered in his diary the following statement: "[Roosevelt] brought up the event that we are likely to be attacked perhaps next Monday, for the Japanese are notorious for making an attack without warning, and the question was what we should do. The question was how we should maneuver them into the position of firing the first shot without allowing too much danger to ourselves."<ref>Richard N. Current, "How Stimson Meant to 'Maneuver' the Japanese," ''Mississippi Valley Historical Review'' Vol. 40, No. 1 (Jun., 1953), pp. 67–74 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1897543 in JSTOR]</ref>

Stimson was 73 when he took the reins as War Secretary, and many critics questioned if a man of his age could tackle a job that was so enormous. He defied all naysayers and plunged into the task with "an energy that men 20 years his junior could not have mustered."{{cite quote|date=September 2016}} However, at 75, Stimson confessed that he was "feeling very tired. The unconscious strain has been pretty heavy on me."<ref>Nigel Hamilton, The Mantle of Command, 2014, p. 433.</ref>▼

With respect to the war in Europe, Stimson was "pro-British" even before Pearl Harbor. Stimson's view was the [[British Royal Navy]], fighting [[Nazi Germany]] in the Atlantic, was protecting America, and was the reason the U.S. did not (for the time being) "have to do the fighting ourselves." Stimson said America should "rely on the shield of the British Navy," and that on that basis the U.S. should do everything possible to arm and supply the British.<ref name="The Colonel">The Colonel: The Life and Wars of Henry Stimson, 1867–1950 by Godfrey Hodgson</ref>

Because of this view, when the Senate voted to confirm him, all of the most notorious isolationist Senators such as [[Henrik Shipstead]] and [[Ernest Lundeen]] of Minnesota, [[Gerald Nye]] of North Dakota, [[Robert M. La Follette Jr.|Robert Marion La Follette]] of Wisconsin, [[David I. Walsh]] of Massachusetts and [[Burton K. Wheeler]] of Montana voted against his confirmation on the grounds he was "too pro-British" whereas all of the most "Anglophile" Senators such as [[John H. Bankhead II]] and [[J. Lister Hill]] of Alabama, [[Kenneth McKellar (politician)|Kenneth McKellar]] and [[Tom Stewart (politician)|Tom Stewart]] of Tennessee, [[Harry Schwartz (U.S. senator)|Harry Schwartz]] and [[Joseph C. O'Mahoney]] of Wyoming all spoke in favor of Stimson and his foreign policy views (and voted to confirm him as Secretary of War).<ref name="The Colonel"/><ref name="voteview.com">{{Cite web|url=https://voteview.com/rollcall/RS0760223|title=Voteview | Plot Vote: 76th Congress > Senate > 223}}</ref> The British government watched his confirmation vote closely, hoping he would have enough votes to get confirmed by the Senate, and they celebrated when he was confirmed.<ref name="The Colonel"/><ref name="voteview.com"/>

Stimson and [[Frank Knox]], both "vigorous interventionists", were confirmed by the Senate at the same time.<ref name="Those Angry Days pg. 205">Those Angry Days: Roosevelt, Lindbergh, and America's Fight Over World War II by Lynne Olson, pg. 205</ref> Both advocated American entry into [[World War II]] on the side of the [[United Kingdom]], earning them the title of "war hawks" from isolationists. Knox was described as "''even more'' of a Hawk than Stimson."<ref name="Those Angry Days pg. 205"/> Stimson was hired by FDR explicitly to replace [[Harry Hines Woodring]], Knox was hired explicitly to replace [[Charles Edison]] on the grounds that Edison and Woodring were isolationists who did not agree with the philosophy of helping Great Britain in their war against the Nazis. Stimson referred to the views of isolationists as "hopelessly twisted."<ref>Those Angry Days: Roosevelt, Lindbergh, and America's Fight Over World War II by Lynne Olson, pg. 205–206</ref>

The power of isolationists explains why Stimson did not record "shock, horror or anger" after Roosevelt informed him of the attack on Pearl Harbor. Instead, he wrote, "my first feeling was of relief that the indecision was over and that a crisis had come in a way which would unite our people (…) For I feel this country united has practically nothing to fear while the apathy and visions stirred up by unpatriotic men have been hitherto very discouraging."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Uniting America review: how FDR and the GOP beat fascism home and away |last=Kaiser |first=Charles |date=27 November 2022 |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/nov/27/uniting-america-review-fdr-republicans-fascism-lindbergh-trump |access-date=20 December 2022 }}</ref>

▲During the war, Stimson oversaw a great expansion of the military, including drafting and training of 13 million soldiers and airmen as well as purchasing and transporting 30% percent of the nation's industrial output to the battlefields.<ref>Herman, Arthur. ''Freedom's Forge: How American Business Produced Victory in World War II,'' pp. ~~83-4~~83–4, 90, 94, ~~112-15~~112–15, 121, ~~125-6~~125–6, 139, 141, Random House, New York, NY, 2012. {{ISBN|978-1-4000-6964-4}}.</ref> In addition to George Marshall, Stimson worked closely with his top aides [[Robert P. Patterson]], who succeeded Stimson as secretary;<ref>Keith Eiler, ''Mobilizing America: Robert P. Patterson and the War Effort'' (Cornell U.P. 1997)</ref> [[Robert A. Lovett|Robert Lovett]], who handled the Air Force; [[Harvey Bundy]]; and [[John J. McCloy]], Assistant Secretary of War.<ref>[[Walter Isaacson]] and [[Evan Thomas]], ''[[The Wise Men: Six Friends and the World They Made]]'' (1986)</ref>

▲Stimson was 73 when he took the reins as War Secretary, and many critics questioned if a man of his age could tackle a job that was so enormous. He defied all naysayers and plunged into the task with "an energy that men 20 years his junior could not have mustered."{{~~cite~~ quote without source|date=September 2016}} However, at 75, Stimson confessed that he was "feeling very tired. The unconscious strain has been pretty heavy on me."<ref>Nigel Hamilton, The Mantle of Command, 2014, p. 433.</ref>

===Japanese American internment===

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As the [[Western Defense Command]] began circulating civilian exclusion orders, a new debate formed regarding Japanese Americans in the [[Territory of Hawaii]]. Stimson joined other officials to push for the exclusion of all "enemy alien" Japanese from the islands.<ref name=Niiya/> (Japanese immigrants were [[History of laws concerning immigration and naturalization in the United States|prohibited by law from naturalization]] and so were classified as enemy aliens, regardless of their residential status.) However, Japanese Hawaiians were the largest ethnic group in the territory and the foundation of the Island's labor force. Since mass removal was infeasible both economically and politically, Stimson's proposal quickly fell through.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Scheiber |first1=Jane L. |last2=Scheiber |first2=Harry N. |url=http://encyclopedia.densho.org/Martial%20law%20in%20Hawaii/ |title=Martial Law in Hawaii |publisher=Densho Encyclopedia |access-date=15 October 2014}}</ref>

Although Stimson believed it to be "quite impossible" to determine the loyalty of Japanese Americans and eventually came to support the army's incarceration program, he remained unconvinced on the legality of the policy: "The second generation Japanese can only be evacuated either as part of a total evacuation, giving access to the areas only by permits, or by frankly trying to put them out on the ground that their racial characteristics are such that we cannot understand or trust even the citizen Japanese. The latter is the fact but I am afraid it will make a tremendous hole in our constitutional system."<ref>Hodgson, Godfrey. ''The Colonel: The Life and Wars of Henry Stimson, ~~1867-1950~~1867–1950'' (New York: Knopf, 1990), p 259.</ref>

Stimson authorized the release of Japanese Americans from camp in May 1944 but postponed permission for them to return to the West Coast until after the November elections to avoid controversy in Roosevelt's upcoming campaign.<ref name=Niiya/>

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===General Patton===

On November 21, 1943, the news broke that General [[George S. Patton]], commander of the U.S. Seventh Army, had [[George S. Patton slapping incidents|slapped an enlisted man]] who suffered from nervous exhaustion at a medical evacuation hospital in [[Sicily]].<ref>Atkinson, Rick, ''The Day of Battle: The War in Sicily and Italy ~~1943-1944~~1943–1944'', New York: Henry Holt & Co., {{ISBN|978-0-8050-8861-8}} (2007), p. 147.</ref> The incident caused a storm of controversy, and members of Congress called for Patton to be relieved of command. General [[Dwight Eisenhower]] opposed any move to recall General Patton from the European Theater and said privately, "Patton is indispensable to the war effort – one of the guarantors of our victory."<ref>[[Carlo D'Este]], ''Patton: A Genius For War'', New York: HarperCollins, {{ISBN|0-06-016455-7}} (1995), p. 536</ref> Stimson and McCloy agreed; Stimson told the Senate ~~that~~ Patton would be retained because of the need for his "aggressive, winning leadership in the bitter battles which are to come before final victory."<ref>D'Este, ''Patton: A Genius For War'', p. 543</ref>

===Morgenthau Plan===

[[File:Stimson Touring Italian Battlefront.jpg|thumb|Lt. Gen. [[Jacob L. Devers]] pointing out landmarks at devastated [[Battle of Monte Cassino|Cassino]] to Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson touring the Italian battlefront]]

Stimson strongly opposed the [[Morgenthau Plan]] to deindustrialize and to partition Germany into several smaller states.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4ZNha4UcszYC&q=morgenthau+plan+1945&pg=PA118 |title=Morgenthau-Plan |date= 2003-10-07|access-date=2014-07-20|isbn=9780743244541 |last1=Beschloss |first1=Michael R.|publisher=Simon and Schuster }}</ref> The plan also envisioned the deportation and the summary imprisonment of anybody suspected of responsibility for [[war crimes]]. Initially, Roosevelt had been sympathetic to the plan, but Stimson's opposition and the public outcry when the plan was leaked made Roosevelt backtrack. Stimson thus retained overall control of the U.S. occupation zone in Germany, and despite the plan's influence on the early occupation, it never became official policy. Explaining his opposition to the plan, Stimson insisted to Roosevelt that 10 European countries, including Russia, depended upon German trade and its production of raw materials. He also stated that it was inconceivable that the "gift of nature," which was populated by peoples of "energy, vigor, and progressiveness," should be turned into a "ghost territory" or "dust heap."

What Stimson most feared, however, was that a subsistence-level economy would turn the anger of Germans against the Allies and thereby "obscure the guilt of the Nazis and the viciousness of their doctrines and their acts." Stimson pressed similar arguments on [[Harry S. Truman]], when he became president, in the spring of 1945.<ref>Arnold A. Offner, "Research on American-German Relations: A Critical View" in Joseph McVeigh and Frank Trommler, eds. ''America and the Germans: An Assessment of a Three-Hundred-Year History'' (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1990) v2 p. 176; see also Michael R. Beschloss, ''The Conquerors: Roosevelt, Truman and the Destruction of Hitler's Germany, ~~1941-1945~~1941–1945'' (2002)</ref>

Stimson, a lawyer, insisted, against the initial wishes of both Roosevelt and British Prime Minister [[Winston Churchill]], on proper judicial proceedings against leading war criminals.<ref>{{cite journal | surname = McHugh | first=Melissa S. | year = 2011 | title = The Legacy of International Cooperation at the Nuremberg Trials | journal = Inquiries Journal/Student Pulse | volume = 3 | issue=10 | url = http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/a?id=580 | access-date = 30 July 2023}}</ref> He and the War Department, drafted the first proposals for an International Tribunal, which soon received backing from Truman. Stimson's plan eventually led to the [[Nuremberg Trials]] of 1945–1946, which have strongly influenced the development of [[international law]].

===Atomic bomb===

{{Further|Manhattan Project|Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki}}

[[File:Photograph of Secretary of War Henry Stimson, evidently arriving at the White House for a Cabinet meeting. - NARA - 199142.jpg|thumb|Stimson arriving for a Truman cabinet meeting in August 1945]]

As Secretary of War, Stimson took direct and personal control of the entire atomic bomb project, with immediate supervision over Major General [[Leslie Groves]], the head of the [[Manhattan Project]]. Both Roosevelt and Truman followed Stimson's advice on every aspect of the bomb, and Stimson overruled military officers when they opposed his views.<ref>Sean Malloy, ''Atomic Tragedy: Henry L. Stimson and the Decision to Use the Bomb Against Japan'' The Manhattan Project, Department of Energy at mbe.doe.gov</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hyperhistory.net/apwh/bios/b4stimson-henrylewis.htm |title=Henry Lewis Stimson|access-date=2011-06-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611232440/http://hyperhistory.net/apwh/bios/b4stimson-henrylewis.htm |archive-date=2010-06-11}}</ref> That is best seen after military planners had selected [[Kyoto]] as the most promising target in southern Japan for nuclear attack. Stimson, ~~remembering~~who ~~his~~had ~~honeymoon~~vacationed in ~~that~~Kyoto ~~city,~~in ~~once~~1926 ~~again~~and spent a night there in 1929 as well, overruled ~~his~~the ~~generals:<blockquote>Kyoto~~planners ~~had~~and ~~been~~successfully ~~favored~~fought ~~for~~to remove Kyoto from the ~~very~~target ~~first~~list ~~attack~~against ~~but~~significant opposition from the ~~committee~~military. ~~opted~~The totrue ~~blitz~~reasons ~~Hiroshima,~~for ~~which~~Stimson's ~~was~~opposition anto ~~important~~destroying ~~army~~Kyoto are not ~~depot~~clear and ~~embarkation~~may ~~port~~have ~~within~~been anboth ~~urban~~personal and ~~environment~~strategic. ~~Targets~~The incommon ~~the~~misconception ~~south~~that ~~were~~Stimson ~~given~~had ~~priority~~a topersonal ~~boost~~affinity ~~possible~~for ~~invasion~~Kyoto ~~plans~~after ~~but~~honeymooning there is not supported by the ~~ancient~~historical ~~city~~record of(indeed, ~~Kyoto~~he ~~was~~did ~~withdrawn~~not ~~because~~visit the ~~U.S~~city until over 30 years after his marriage).<ref>{{Citation ~~Secretary~~|last=Wellerstein of|first=Alex ~~War,~~|title=The ~~Henry~~Kyoto ~~Stimson,~~Misconception: ~~who~~What ~~had~~Truman ~~honeymooned~~Knew, ~~there~~and Didn't Know, ~~said~~about itHiroshima ~~was~~|date=2020-01-14 an|url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9780691195292-004/html ~~important~~|work=The ~~cultural~~Age ~~center~~of ~~and~~Hiroshima ~~"must~~|pages=34–55 ~~not~~|access-date=2024-01-06 be|publisher=Princeton ~~bombed~~University Press |language=en |doi=10.~~"<ref~~1515/9780691195292-004 ~~name~~|isbn=":978-0"-691-19529-2|s2cid=225044563 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Wellerstein |first1=Alex |title=Henry Stimson didn't go to Kyoto on his honeymoon |url=https:/~~blockquote~~/blog.nuclearsecrecy.com/2023/07/24/henry-stimson-didnt-go-to-kyoto-on-his-honeymoon/ |website=Restricted Data: The Nuclear Secrecy Blog |access-date=25 July 2023}}</ref>

The Manhattan Project was managed by Major General Groves (Corps of Engineers) with a staff of reservists and many thousands of civilian scientists and engineers. Groves nominally reported directly to General [[George Marshall]], but Stimson was really in charge. Stimson secured the necessary money and approval from Roosevelt and from Congress, ensured that Manhattan had the highest priorities, and controlled all plans for the use of the bomb. Stimson successfully tried to get "[[Little Boy]]" (the Hiroshima bomb) dropped within hours of its earliest possible availability. Japan was to be forced to surrender, and the bombing of Hiroshima August 6 was likely a finishing blow for Tokyo.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Art|first1=Robert J.|last2=Waltz|first2=Kenneth Neal|title=The Use of Force: Military Power and International Politics|url=https://archive.org/details/useofforce00robe|url-access=registration|year=2004|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|page=[https://archive.org/details/useofforce00robe/page/179 179]|isbn=9780742525573}}</ref>

Stimson ultimately concluded ~~that~~ if the U.S. had guaranteed the Japanese preservation of the imperial constitutional monarchy, Japan might have surrendered and prevented the use of atomic bombs.<ref>David F. Schmitz, ''Henry L. Stimson: the first wise man'' (2001) p 153.</ref> Historians debate whether the impact of continued blockade, relentless bombing, and the [[Soviet Union]]'s invasion of [[Manchuria]] would have forced Japanese Emperor [[Hirohito]] to surrender some time in late 1945 or early 1946 without the use of atomic bombs but with massive Allied casualties.<ref>{{cite journal|author= Barton J. Bernstein|title= "Seizing the Contested Terrain of Early Nuclear History: Stimson, Conant, and Their Allies Explain the Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb," Diplomatic History 17 (Winter 1993): ~~35-72~~35–72|journal= Diplomatic History|volume= 17|pages= 35–72|doi= 10.1111/j.1467-7709.1993.tb00158.x|year= 1993}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Alperovitz |first1=Gar |title=The decision to use the atomic bomb and the architecture of an American myth |date=1995 |publisher=Knopf |location=New York |isbn=978-0679762850 |edition=1st}}</ref>

After American journalist [[John Hersey]]'s [[Hiroshima (book)|account]] of the Hiroshima atomic bombing became a media sensation, Stimson and others published their own article "The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb". It argued ~~that~~ the atomic bombings saved the Japanese from themselves, that demonstrating it would have been impractical, and American casualties from a potential invasion would exceed 1 million, although military documents from July 1945 estimated under 200,000 casualties ([[Operation Downfall#Estimated casualties|other estimates]] put the casualties as high as 4 million). Stimson also sidestepped questions such as the suffering of the victims and the radioactive qualities of the bombs, saying they had a "revolutionary character" or "unfamiliar nature". Because his article was the first official account of the reasonings behind the bombings, news outlets that were covering Hersey's ''Hiroshima'' began to cover Stimson's article instead. President Truman commended Stimson, and [[McGeorge Bundy]], who had worked with Stimson on the article, later wrote, "We deserve some sort of medal."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Blume |first1=Lesley M. M. |title=Fallout : the Hiroshima cover-up and the reporter who revealed it to the world |date=2020 |location=New York |isbn=9781982128517 |pages=153–157 |edition=First Simon & Schuster hardcover}}</ref>

===Stimson's vision===

Stimson looked beyond the immediate end of the war. He was the only top government official to try to predict the meaning of the [[Atomic Age]], and he envisioned a new era in human affairs.<ref>Henry Stimson to Harry S. Truman, accompanied by a memorandum, September 11, 1945. [https://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/study_collections/bomb/large/documents/index.php?documentid=22&pagenumber=1 Truman Papers, President's Secretary's File. Atomic Bomb] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101051342/https://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/study_collections/bomb/large/documents/index.php?documentid=22&pagenumber=1 |date=2019-01-01 }}.</ref> For half-a-century, he had worked to inject order, science, and moralism into matters of law, state, and diplomacy.<ref>Stimson, Henry. "Stimson Press Release". Atomic Heritage Foundation, 1945.</ref> The impact of the ~~atom~~atomic bomb, he thought, would go far beyond military concerns to encompass diplomacy, world affairs, business, economics, and science. Above all, Stimson stated that the "most terrible weapon ever known in human history" opened up "the opportunity to bring the world into a pattern in which the peace of the world and our civilization can be saved."<ref>[http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/library/correspondence/stimson-henry/corr_stimson_1945-04-24.htm Top Secret Letter From Henry Stimson, Secretary of War] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515194411/http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/library/correspondence/stimson-henry/corr_stimson_1945-04-24.htm |date=2021-05-15 }} 24 April 1945. Retrieved 31 December 2018.</ref> He thought ~~that~~ the very destructiveness of the new weaponry would shatter the ages-old belief that wars could be advantageous.{{citation needed|date=September 2016}} It might now be possible to call a halt to the use of destruction as a ready solution to human conflicts.{{citation needed|date=September 2016}} Indeed, society's new control over the most elemental forces of nature finally "caps the climax of the race between man's growing technical power for destructiveness and his psychological power of self-control and group ~~control--his~~control—his moral power."<ref>Henry L. Stimson, ''On Active Services in Peace and War'' (1948) p. 636</ref><ref>Michael Kort, ''The Columbia guide to Hiroshima and the bomb'' (2007) p. 179</ref> To this end, Stimson advocated collaboration with the Soviet Union and genuine international control of atomic technology and weaponry, including possibly turning them over to the United Nations. He was opposed in this by other members of the Truman administration like [[James F. Byrnes|James Byrnes]].<ref>Campbell Craig and [[Sergey Radchenko]], ''The Atomic Bomb and the Origins of the Cold War'' (2008) pp. ~~114-120~~114–120, 164, 168</ref> Stimson's vision of such a new world order, shared in part by many atomic scientists as well as [[Albert Einstein]], would have meant yielding some sovereignty to something akin to a [[world government]].<ref>Campbell Craig and Sergey Radchenko, ''The Atomic Bomb and the Origins of the Cold War'' (2008) p. 170</ref>

In 1931, when Japan had invaded Manchuria, Stimson, as Secretary of State, proclaimed the [[Stimson Doctrine]]: no fruits of illegal aggression would ever be recognized by the United States. Although Japan ignored it, according to Stimson, the wheels of justice had now turned and the "peace-loving" nations, as Stimson called them, had the chance to punish Japan's misdeeds in a manner that would warn aggressor nations never again to invade their neighbors. To validate the new moral order, he believed that the atomic bomb had to be used against combatants and workers in the war. [[Hiroshima]] and [[Nagasaki]] had both contained combatant bases and major centers of war industry that employed tens of thousands of civilians. The question for Stimson was not one of whether the weapon should be used. Involved were the simple issue of ending a horrible war and the more subtle and more important question of the possibility of genuine peace among nations. Stimson's decision involved the fate of mankind, and he posed the problem to the world in such clear and articulate fashion that there was a nearly-unanimous agreement mankind had to find a way so that atomic weapons would never be used again to kill people.<ref>See Bonnett, John. "Jekyll and Hyde: Henry L. Stimson, Mentalite, and the Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb on Japan." ''War in History'' 1997 4(2): ~~174-212~~174–212. {{ISSN|0968-3445}} Fulltext: [[Ebsco]]</ref><ref>McGeorge Bundy, ''Danger and Survival: Choices about the Bomb in the First Fifty Years'' (1988)</ref><ref>Robert P. Newman, "Hiroshima and the Trashing of Henry Stimson" ''The New England Quarterly,'' Vol. 71, No. 1 (Mar., 1998), pp. ~~5-32~~5–32 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/366722 in JSTOR]</ref>

==Later life==

Stimson officially announced his retirement on September 21, 1945. Afterwards, he wrote his memoirs with the aid of [[McGeorge Bundy]]. ''On Active Service in Peace and War'' was published by Harper in 1948 to critical acclaim. It is often cited by historians, as are the 170,000 typed pages of candid diaries that Stimson dictated at the end of every day. The diary is now in the Yale University Library; parts have been published in microfilm.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://microformguides.gale.com/Data/Introductions/82920FM.htm |title=The Diaries of Henry Lewis Stimson in the Yale University Library |publisher=Microformguides.gale.com |date=1945-09-21 |access-date=2014-07-20}}</ref>

Two months after leaving office, in November 1945, Stimson suffered a heart attack from which he recovered, although he suffered a speech impediment.<ref>{{cite news |author=Universal Press Syndicate|title=Stimson Recovering from Heart Attack |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1144&dat=19451113&id=ViIbAAAAIBAJ&pg=5113,5498675 |work=Pittsburgh Press |date=Nov 13, 1945 |access-date=2014-01-23}}</ref> In the summer of 1950, Stimson fell and broke his leg and was confined to a wheelchair. On October 20, one month after his 83rd birthday, he succumbed to complications from a second heart attack.<ref>{{cite news |title=Henry L. Stimson Dies at 83 In His Home on Long Island |url=https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0921.html |work=[[New York Times]] |date=October 21, 1950 |access-date=2014-01-23}}</ref> Stimson died at his estate Highhold in [[~~West Hills~~Huntington, New York]].<ref name="stimson-dies-on-li">{{cite news|work=[[Newsday]]|title=Henry L. Stimson, 83, Dies on LI, Served Nation in Four Cabinets|date=October 21, 1950|page=2}}</ref> He is buried in the adjacent town of [[~~Cold~~Laurel ~~Spring Harbor~~Hollow, New York|~~Cold Spring~~Laurel ~~Harbor~~Hollow]], in the cemetery of St. John's Church.<ref name="MyUser_Stjcsh.org_August_30_2015c">{{cite web |url=http://stjcsh.org/about/cemetery/ |title=Memorial Cemetery, St. John's Church |access-date= October 20, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oldlongisland.com/2010/08/st-johnn-church-memorial-cemetery.html|title=St. John's Church Memorial Cemetery|website=Oldlongisland.com|access-date=13 October 2017}}</ref> He was the last surviving member of [[William Howard Taft]]'s cabinet.

[[File:Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson Gravesite.jpg|thumb|The gravesite of Secretary Stimson]]

==Anecdote==

Line 157 ⟶ 179:

==Awards==

*[[Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army)]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.trumanlibrary.org/publicpapers/index.php?pid=150|title=Public Papers Harry S. Truman ~~1945-1953~~1945–1953|website=Trumanlibrary.org|access-date=13 October 2017|archive-date=16 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216073938/https://www.trumanlibrary.org/publicpapers/index.php?pid=150|url-status=dead}}</ref>

*[[World War I Victory Medal (United States)|World War I Victory Medal]]

*[[American Legion]] Distinguished Service Medal<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.legion.org/distinguishedservicemedal?page=8|title=Distinguished Service Medal Recipients -– Page 9 -– The American Legion|website=Legion.org|access-date=13 October 2017}}</ref>

==Legacy==

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==In popular culture==

Stimson has been portrayed in nearly a dozen movies and television shows about World War II and its aftermath, including ''[[Manhattan (TV series)|Manhattan]] (~~2014-2015~~2014–2015)'', ''[[Truman (1995 film)|Truman]]'' (1995), ''Truman at Potsdam'' (1995), ''[[Fat Man and Little Boy (film)|Fat Man and Little Boy]]'' (1989), ''[[Day One (1989 film)|Day One]]'' (1989), ''[[War and Remembrance (TV miniseries)|War and Remembrance]]'' (1988), ''[[Race for the Bomb]]'' (1987), ''[[Churchill and the Generals]]'' (1981), ''[[Oppenheimer (TV miniseries)|Oppenheimer]]'' (1980), ''[[Oppenheimer (film)|Oppenheimer]]'' (2023), ''[[Tora! Tora! Tora!]]'' (1970), and ''[[The Beginning or the End]]'' (1947).

In the [[alternate history]] short story "Truth, Justice, and the American Way" by [[Lawrence Watt-Evans]] contained in the 1992 alternate history anthology ''[[Alternate Presidents]]'' by [[Mike Resnick]], Stimson succeeded Hoover (who defeated Roosevelt in 1932 after [[Al Smith]] ran as a [[Third party (United States)|third party]] candidate and split the Democratic vote) as president in 1936, defeating Roosevelt. He once again defeated Roosevelt in 1940.

Line 189 ⟶ 211:

* Bonnett, John. "Jekyll and Hyde: Henry L. Stimson, Mentalite, and the Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb on Japan." ''War in History'' 1997 4(2): 174–212. [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/John-Bonnett-2/publication/249820915_Jekyll_and_Hyde_Henry_L_Stimson_Mentalite_and_the_Decision_to_Use_the_Atomic_Bomb_on_Japan/links/00463531870d326181000000/Jekyll-and-Hyde-Henry-L-Stimson-Mentalite-and-the-Decision-to-Use-the-Atomic-Bomb-on-Japan.pdf online]

* Chu, Esther Briney. "The policy of secretary of state Henry L. Stimson toward China" (PhD dissertation, Northwestern University; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1943. 10101268).

* Dallek, Robert. ''Franklin D. Roosevelt and American foreign policy, ~~1932-1945~~1932–1945'' (1979) [https://archive.org/details/franklindrooseve00robe online] ▼

▲* Dallek, Robert. ''Franklin D. Roosevelt and American foreign policy, 1932-1945'' (1979) [https://archive.org/details/franklindrooseve00robe online]

* Ferrell, Robert H. ''Frank B. Kellogg; Henry L. Stimson'' (1963); as Secretary of State [https://archive.org/details/americansecretar0011unse_q7p4 online]

* Gerber, Larry G. "Stimson, Henry Lewis"; [http://www.anb.org/articles/06/06-00626.html; American National Biography Online February 2000.]

* Gerber, Larry G. ''The Limits of Liberalism: Josephus Daniels, Henry Stimson, Bernard Baruch, Donald Richberg, Felix Frankfurter and the Development of the Modern American Political Economy'' (1983). [https://archive.org/details/limitsofliberali0000gerb online]

* Golub, Grant. "The proper and orthodox way of war: Henry Stimson, the war department, and the politics of US military policy during World War II." ''International History Review'' (2022): ~~1-21~~1–21. [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/07075332.2022.2046624 online]

* ~~Newman~~Harper, ~~Robert~~John PL. "~~Hiroshima~~Henry Stimson and the ~~trashing~~Origin of ~~Henry~~America's ~~Stimson~~Attachment to Atomic Weapons." ''~~New~~SAIS ~~England Quarterly~~Review'' 715.12 (~~1998~~1985): ~~5-32~~17–28. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/~~366722~~45349291 online]▼

* ~~Harper~~Hodgson, ~~John L~~Godfrey. ~~"Henry~~''The ~~Stimson~~Colonel: The Life and ~~the Origin~~Wars of ~~America's~~Henry ~~Attachment to Atomic Weapons."~~Stimson, 1867–1950''~~SAIS Review'' 5.2~~ (~~1985~~1990)~~: 17-28~~. popular biography [https://~~www.jstor~~archive.org/~~stable~~details/~~45349291~~colonellifean00hodg online]

* Hodgson, Godfrey. ''The Colonel: The Life and Wars of Henry Stimson, 1867-1950'' (1990). popular biography [https://archive.org/details/colonellifean00hodg online]

* Jordan, Jonathan W., ''American Warlords: How Roosevelt's High Command Led America to Victory in World War II'' (NAL/Caliber 2015).

* Majerus, Joe. "Unconditional Surrender and the American Case Against the Modification of a Controversial Policy (1943–1945)." ''International Journal of Military History and Historiography'' 40.2 (2020): ~~245-277~~245–277.

* Majerus, Joé. "Final Strategy: The Post-War Grand Strategic Designs of Henry L. Stimson." ''International History Review'' 41.4 (2019): ~~845-865~~845–865.▼

▲* Majerus, Joé. "Final Strategy: The Post-War Grand Strategic Designs of Henry L. Stimson." ''International History Review'' 41.4 (2019): 845-865.

* Malloy, Sean L. ''Atomic Tragedy: Henry L. Stimson and the Decision to Use the Bomb Against Japan'' (2008) [https://archive.org/details/atomictragedyhen0000mall online]

* Morison, Elting E. ''Turmoil and Tradition: A Study of the Life and Times of Henry L. Stimson'' (1960), scholarly biography [https://archive.org/details/turmoiltradition0000unse_v9q4 online]

* Newman, Robert P. "Hiroshima and the trashing of Henry Stimson." ''New England Quarterly'' 71.1 (1998): 5–32. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/366722 online]

* O’Brien, Phillips Payson. "The Joint Chiefs of Staff, the atom bomb, the American Military Mind and the end of the Second World War." ''Journal of Strategic Studies'' 42.7 (2019): ~~971-991~~971–991. [https://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/10023/20214/O_Brien_2019_JSS_Jointchiefs_AAM.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y online]▼

▲* Newman, Robert P. "Hiroshima and the trashing of Henry Stimson." ''New England Quarterly'' 71.1 (1998): 5-32. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/366722 online]

* Rappaport, Armin. ''Henry L. Stimson and Japan, ~~1931-33~~1931–33'' (1963) [https://archive.org/details/henrylstimsonjap00rapp online]▼

* Redmond, Kent C. "The education of a statesman: Henry L. Stimson, ~~1911-1928~~1911–1928" (PhD dissertation, University of Southern California; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1953. DP28692).▼

▲* O’Brien, Phillips Payson. "The Joint Chiefs of Staff, the atom bomb, the American Military Mind and the end of the Second World War." ''Journal of Strategic Studies'' 42.7 (2019): 971-991. [https://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/10023/20214/O_Brien_2019_JSS_Jointchiefs_AAM.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y online]

▲* Rappaport, Armin. ''Henry L. Stimson and Japan, 1931-33'' (1963) [https://archive.org/details/henrylstimsonjap00rapp online]

▲* Redmond, Kent C. "The education of a statesman: Henry L. Stimson, 1911-1928" (PhD dissertation, University of Southern California; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1953. DP28692).

* Robertson, Charles Langner. "The American Secretary Of State: A Study Of The Office Under Henry L. Stimson And Cordell Hull." (PhD dissertation, Princeton University; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1959. 6005044).

* Schmitz, David F. ''Henry L. Stimson: The First Wise Man'' (2000) [https://archive.org/details/henrylstimsonfir0000schm online]

* Smith, Michael John J. "Henry L. Stimson and the Philippines" (PhD dissertation, Indiana University; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1970. 7021551).

* Walker, J. Samuel. ''Prompt and utter destruction: Truman and the use of atomic bombs against Japan'' (UNC Press Books, 2016). [https://archive.org/details/promptutterdestr00walk online]

===Historiography===

* Kelly, Jason M. "Why Did Henry Stimson Spare Kyoto from the Bomb?: Confusion in Postwar Historiography." ''Journal of American-East Asian Relations'' 19.2 (2012): ~~183-203~~183–203.

* Kort, Michael. "The Historiography of Hiroshima: The Rise and Fall of Revisionism." ''New England Journal of History'' 64.1 (2007): ~~31-48~~31–48. [https://essaydocs.org/the-historiography-of-hiroshima-the-rise-and-fall-of-revisioni.html online]▼

▲* Kort, Michael. "The Historiography of Hiroshima: The Rise and Fall of Revisionism." ''New England Journal of History'' 64.1 (2007): 31-48. [https://essaydocs.org/the-historiography-of-hiroshima-the-rise-and-fall-of-revisioni.html online]

* Newman, Robert P. "Hiroshima and the Trashing of Henry Stimson" ''The New England Quarterly,'' 71#1 (1998), pp. 5–32 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/366722 in JSTOR]

===Primary sources===

* Stimson, Henry and McGeorge Bundy, ''On Active Service in Peace and War.'' (1948) (memoirs) [https://archive.org/details/onactiveservices006603mbp online]

* United States. War Department. ''Prelude To Invasion: An Account Based Upon Official Reports by Henry L. Stimson, Secretary of War'' (1944) [https://archive.org/details/PreludeToInvasion online]

==External links==

* [https://archives.yale.edu/repositories/12/resources/4819 Henry Lewis Stimson Papers at Yale University]

~~{{commons category|Henry Lewis Stimson}}~~

* [https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0921.html Obituary, New York Times, October 21, 1950]

* [http://www.stimson.org/ Henry Stimson Center]

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060828141846/http://alsos.wlu.edu/qsearch.aspx?browse=people%2FStimson%2C+Henry Annotated bibliography for Henry Stimson from the Alsos Digital Library]

* [https://archive.org/details/shermangenealog01shergoog/page/n447  Sherman Genealogy Including Families of Essex, Suffolk and Norfolk, England] By Thomas Townsend Sherman

* {{Find a Grave|988}}

* [http://www.doug-long.com/ verbatim copy of "Stimson Diary" entries regarding Atomic Bomb, Dec 1944 to Sept 1945]

* {{Librivox author |id=12093}}

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