Romania: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia
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| national_anthem = "[[Deșteaptă-te, române!]]"<br />("Awaken thee, Romanian!")<br /> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:Desteapta-te, romane!.ogg]]</div>
| image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:EU-Romania (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Show globe|[[File:EU-Romania.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Europe|default=1}}
| map_caption = {{map caption|location_color=dark green|region=Europe|region_color=dark grey|subregion=the [[European Union]]|subregion_color=green|legend=EU-Romania.svg}}
| capital = [[Bucharest]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|44|25|N|26|06|E|type:city}}
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| religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space;
|{{Tree list}}
* 84.87% [[Christianity]]
** 73.6% [[RomanianEastern Orthodoxy]]
** 6.4% [[Protestantism]]
** 11.2% other [[List of Christian denominations|Christian]]▼
** 4.4% [[Catholic Church in Romania|Catholicism]]
▲** 110.2% other [[List of Christian denominations|Christian]]
{{Tree list/end}}
|140.8% [[Irreligion in Romania|no religion]]
|0.4% [[Religion in Romania|othersother]]
<!--|13.95% either missing data or unanswered, of which:-->
|9% unanswered
|4.9% missing data
}}
| religion_year = [[2021 Romanian census|2021]]
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| leader_name3 = [[Nicolae Ciucă]]
| leader_title4 = [[President of the Chamber of Deputies of Romania|President of the Chamber of Deputies]]
| leader_name4 = [[AlfredDaniel SimonisSuciu]]
| legislature = [[Parliament of Romania|Parliament]]
| upper_house = [[Senate of Romania|Senate]]
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| established_event2 = [[Moldavia|Principality of Moldavia]]
| established_date2 = 1346
| established_event3 = Wallachia, Moldavia and Transylvania under [[Michael the Brave|single rule]]
| established_date3 = 1600
| established_event4 = [[Unification of Moldavia and Wallachia|Little Union]]
| established_date4 = 24 January 1859
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| established_event9 = [[Constitution of Romania|Current constitution]]
| established_date9 = 8 December 1991
| area_km2 = 238,398397
| area_footnote = <ref name="Romanian.Yearbook">{{Cite web |url=https://insse.ro/cms/sites/default/files/field/publicatii/anuarul_statistic_al_romaniei_carte-ed.2022anuarul_statistic_al_romaniei_carte_ed_2023_0.pdf |title=Romanian Statistical Yearbook (20222023) – 1.8 Administrative organisation of Romanian territory, on December 31, 20212022 (pg.17) |publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics (Romania)|INS]] (- INSSE |website=www.insse.ro/cms/en) |access-date=2019 MarchFebruary 2023 |url-status=live|archive-date=20 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320054533/https://insse.ro/cms/sites/default/files/field/publicatii/anuarul_statistic_al_romaniei_carte-ed.2022.pdf2024}}</ref>
| area_rank = 81st <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]]-->
| area_sq_mi = 92,043046 <!--Do not remove per [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers]]-->
| percent_water = 3
| population_estimate = 19,051064,562409<ref>{{cite web |url=https://insse.ro/cms/sites/default/files/com_presa/com_pdf/poprez_ian2023rpoprez_ian2024e.pdf |title=PopulaţiaOn rezidentă1st laJanuary 12024, the usually resident population amounted Ianuarieto 19064409 persons, a growth of 9.9 thousand persons compared to 1st January 2023 |publisher=INSSE [[National Institute of Statistics (www.insse.roRomania)]] |access-date=2023-08-30 INSSE |languagewebsite=www.insse.ro |archive-date=30 August 20232024 |archiveaccess-urldate=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830090953/https://insse.ro/cms/sites/default/files/com_presa/com_pdf/poprez_ian2023r.pdf30 |url-status=liveAugust 2024}}</ref>
| population_census = {{decreaseNeutral}} 19,053,815<ref name="Census2021">{{cite web |url=https://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Tabel-2.01.xls |title=Populația după etnie la recensămintele din perioada 1930-2021 |publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics (Romania)]] - INSSE |website=www.insse.ro |access-date=2024-03-04 |language=ro |archive-date=28 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928063329/https://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Tabel-2.01.xls |url-status=live }}</ref>
| population_estimate_year = January 20232024
| population_estimate_rank = 63rd
| population_census_year = [[2021 Romanian census|2021]]
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| currency_code = RON
| time_zone = [[Eastern European Time|EET]]
| drives_on = [[driving side|right]]
| utc_offset = +2
| utc_offset_DST = +3
| time_zone_DST = [[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]]
| calling_code = +40[[Telephone (0262)numbers Dependingin on county, with the use of phone-linesRomania|+40]]
| patron_saint = [[Andrew the Apostle|Saint Andrew]]
| cctld = [[.ro]]<sup>a</sup>
| official_website = https://www.gov.ro/
| footnote_a = Also [[.eu]], shared with other [[European Union]] member states.
| today =
}}
'''Romania''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|r|oʊ|ˈ|m|eɪ|n|i|ə|audio=en-us-Romania.ogg}} {{respell|roh|MAY|nee|ə}}; {{lang-ro|România}} {{IPAc-ro|r|o|m|â|ˈ|n|I|.|a|audio=Ro-România.ogg}}}} is a country located at the crossroads of [[Central Europe|Central]], [[Eastern Europe|Eastern]], and [[Southeast Europe]].<ref>*{{Cite web |title=Romania |url=https://www.presidency.ro/en/president/romania |website=presidency.ro |publisher=[[President of Romania|Presidential Administration of Romania]] |quote=Geographical Facts ― Romania lies in the northern hemisphere, in the south-eastern Central Europe at the junction with Eastern Europe and the Balkan Peninsula and at the crossroad of important routes. |access-date=26 February 2024 }}
*{{cite journal |access-date=26 February 2024 |first=Peter |last=Jordan |journal=Europa Regional |year=2005 |title=Großgliederung Europas nach kulturräumlichen Kriterien |trans-title=The large-scale division of Europe according to cultural-spatial criteria |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=162–173 |publisher=Leibniz-Institut für Länderkunde (IfL) |location=[[Leipzig]] |via=Ständiger Ausschuss für geographische Namen (StAGN) |url=http://www.stagn.de/DE/1_Der_StAGN/Publikationen/StAGN_GGEuropa/grosseu_node.html |archive-date=27 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227012144/http://www.stagn.de/DE/1_Der_StAGN/Publikationen/StAGN_GGEuropa/grosseu_node.html }}
*{{cite journal |url=https://publishup.uni-potsdam.de/frontdoor/index/index/docId/3724 |title=Romania: a geopolitical outline |first=Radu |last=Săgeată |journal=Potsdamer geographische Forschungen - Am östlichen Rand der Europäischen Union |publisher=[[University of Potsdam]] |location=[[Brandenburg]] |date=2009-12-02 |issue=28 |pages=45–58 |language=en |isbn=978-3-940793-97-3 |access-date=29 February 2024 |archive-date=29 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229081147/https://publishup.uni-potsdam.de/frontdoor/index/index/docId/3724 |url-status=live }}
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*{{Cite web |url=https://economic-research.bnpparibas.com/html/en-US/Central-Europe-Higher-funding-costs-bond-markets-6/13/2022,46468 |title=Central Europe: Higher funding costs in bond markets |website=economic-research.bnpparibas.com |publisher=[[BNP Paribas]] |date=13 June 2022 |access-date=19 March 2024 |archive-date=19 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319122141/https://economic-research.bnpparibas.com/html/en-US/Central-Europe-Higher-funding-costs-bond-markets-6/13/2022,46468 |url-status=live }}
*{{cite web |url=https://worldview.stratfor.com/article/evolution-central-europe |title=The Evolution of Central Europe |date=Dec 16, 2013 |publisher=[[Stratfor]] |access-date=Mar 2, 2024 |archive-date=2 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240302152113/https://worldview.stratfor.com/article/evolution-central-europe |url-status=live }}
*{{cite web |url=https://www.gisreportsonline.com/r/central-europe/ |title=The lessons from the last 100 years of Central Europe's history |date=Nov 13, 2018 |author=Prince Michael of Liechtenstein }} → {{cite web |url=https://www.gisreportsonline.com/r/central-european-countries/ |title=The Central European dilemma |date=Nov 4, 2021 |publisher=GIS Reports |access-date=March 2, 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.blue-europe.eu/analysis-en/short-analysis/the-future-of-romania-in-europe-its-relations-with-moldova-and-the-continental-chessboard-with-russia/ |title=The future of Romania in Europe, its relations with Moldova and the continental chessboard with Russia |website=blue-europe.eu |publisher=Blue Europe - The European Think Hub |author=Henrique Horta |date=14 November 2022 |access-date=26 February 2024 |quote=Romania is located in the northern part of the Balkan peninsula, on the western beaches of the Black Sea. [...] Minor geographical modifications have been made since [the 19th century], but the majority of what is now modern Romania is made up of Moldavia, Wallachia, and Transylvania. [...] Wallachia’s development was influenced by South Europe and the Ottoman Empire because of its proximity to the Balkans. [...] The Transylvanian Highlands are connected to Central Europe, where the Catholic religion and Austro-Hungarian influences can still be seen today. [...] However, Moldavia has a significant cultural impact, and was impacted by Eastern European elements like the Orthodox religion and the Russian Empire. [...] In this context, Romania is seen as being on the outskirts of South, East, and Central Europe. [...] Constanza’s deep-water port serves as a geo-economic center connecting the markets of Central and Eastern Europe by road, rail, and air. [...] Romania has a fair share of geopolitical goals due to its location at the intersection of Central, East, and South Europe. |language=en |archive-date=27 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227084944/https://www.blue-europe.eu/analysis-en/short-analysis/the-future-of-romania-in-europe-its-relations-with-moldova-and-the-continental-chessboard-with-russia/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It borders [[Ukraine]] to the north and east, [[Hungary]] to the west, [[Serbia]] to the southwest, [[Bulgaria]] to the south, [[Moldova]] to the east, and the [[Black Sea]] to the southeast. It has a mainly [[continental climate]], and an area of {{convert|238397|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} with a population of 19 million people (2023). Romania is the [[List of European countries by area|twelfth-largest country]] in Europe and the [[List of European Union member states by population|sixth-most populous]] member state of the [[European Union]]. Its capital and largest city is [[Bucharest]], followed by [[Cluj-Napoca]], [[Iași]], [[Timișoara]], [[Constanța]], [[Craiova]], [[Brașov]], and [[Galați]]. Europe's second-longest river, the [[Danube]], empties into the [[Danube Delta]] in the southeast of the country. The [[Carpathian Mountains]] cross Romania from the north to the southwest and include [[Moldoveanu Peak]], at an altitude of {{convert|2544|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Romania Geography |url=http://www.aboutromania.com/geography.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150328120717/http://www.aboutromania.com/geography.html |archive-date=28 March 2015 |access-date=4 April 2015 |publisher=aboutromania.com}}</ref>
Settlement in whatthe ismodern-day nowterritory of Romania began in the [[Lower Paleolithic]] followed by written records attesting the kingdom of [[Dacia]], [[Trajan's Dacian Wars|its conquest]], and subsequent [[Romanization (cultural)|Romanisation]] by the [[Roman Empire]] during [[late antiquity]]. The modern Romanian state was formed in 1859 through a [[personal union]] of the [[United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia|Danubian Principalities]] of [[Moldavia]] and [[Wallachia]]. The new state, officially named Romania since 1866, gained independence from the [[Ottoman Empire]] in 1877. During [[World War I]], after declaring its [[Neutral country|neutrality]] in 1914, Romania [[Romania in World War I|fought]] together with the [[Allies of World War I|Allied Powers]] from 1916. In the aftermath of the war, [[Bukovina]], [[Bessarabia]], [[Transylvania]], and parts of [[Banat]], [[Crișana]], and [[Maramureș]] became part of the [[Kingdom of Romania]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://europecentenary.eu/romania-during-the-period-of-neutrality/|title=Romania during the period of neutrality|last=Stoleru|first=Ciprian|date=13 September 2018|website=Europe Centenary|language=en-US|access-date=4 March 2020|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728111152/https://europecentenary.eu/romania-during-the-period-of-neutrality/|url-status=live}}</ref> In June–August 1940, as a consequence of the [[Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact]] and [[Second Vienna Award]], Romania was compelled to cede Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the [[Soviet Union]] and [[Northern Transylvania]] to Hungary. In November 1940, Romania signed the [[Tripartite Pact]] and, consequently, in June 1941 entered [[World War II]] on the [[Axis powers|Axis side]], [[Romania in World War II|fighting against the Soviet Union]] until August 1944, when it [[1944 Romanian coup d'état|joined]] the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] and recovered Northern Transylvania. Following the war and occupation by the [[Red Army]], Romania became a [[Socialist Republic of Romania|socialist republic]] and a member of the [[Warsaw Pact]]. After the [[Romanian Revolution|1989 Revolution]], Romania [[History of Romania (1989–present)|began a transition]] towards [[democracy]] and a [[market economy]].▼
Europe's second-longest river, the [[Danube]], rises in Germany's [[Black Forest]] and flows southeast for {{convert|2857|km|mi|abbr=on}}, before emptying into Romania's [[Danube Delta]]. The [[Carpathian Mountains]] cross Romania from the north to the southwest and include [[Moldoveanu Peak]], at an altitude of {{convert|2544|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Romania Geography |url=http://www.aboutromania.com/geography.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150328120717/http://www.aboutromania.com/geography.html |archive-date=28 March 2015 |access-date=4 April 2015 |publisher=aboutromania.com}}</ref>
Romania is a [[developing country]] with a [[World Bank high-income economy|high-income economy]], recognized as a [[middle power]] in [[Foreign relations of Romania|international affairs]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Middle Powers Realities in the EU amid Great Power Ambitions |url=http://ier.gov.ro/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Opinie_Radu-Magdin.pdf |website=ier.gov.ro |publisher=European Institute of Romania |author=Radu Magdin |date=February 2021 |access-date=19 March 2024 |archive-date=13 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313224041/http://ier.gov.ro/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Opinie_Radu-Magdin.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A Balancing Act - Strategic Monitor 2018-2019 |url=https://www.clingendael.org/pub/2018/strategic-monitor-2018-2019/a-balancing-act/ |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=Clingendael Institute |language=en |archive-date=23 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223150939/https://www.clingendael.org/pub/2018/strategic-monitor-2018-2019/a-balancing-act/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[List of World Heritage Sites in Romania|It hosts]] several [[UNESCO World Heritage Sites]] and is a growing tourist attraction, receiving 13 million foreign [[Tourism in Romania|visitors in 2023]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Travel and tourism in Romania - statistics & facts |url=https://www.statista.com/topics/7436/travel-and-tourism-in-romania/ |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=statista.com |url-status=live }}</ref> Its economy ranks among the fastest growing in the European Union,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Băzăvan |first=Adrian |date=2023-08-20 |title=România are, de departe, cea mai mare creștere economică din Europa |url=https://credinromania.ro/2023/08/20/romania-cea-mai-mare-crestere-economica-din-europa/ |access-date=2024-01-29 |website=Cred în România |language=ro-RO |archive-date=18 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618235043/https://credinromania.ro/2023/08/20/romania-cea-mai-mare-crestere-economica-din-europa/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-14 |title=România, premiantă în UE la creștere economică. Dar Galați și Dâmbovița au crescut cu 0,1%, în timp ce Cluj și Timiș cu 4%. Cum stau alte județe- HARTA - HotNews.ro |url=https://hotnews.ro/romania-a-avut-una-din-cele-mai-mari-cresteri-economice-din-ue-asa-si-1770758 |access-date=2024-09-02 |language=ro-RO}}</ref> primarily driven by the [[Tertiary sector of the economy|service sector]]. Romania is a [[List of countries by manufacturing output|net exporter of cars and electric energy]] worldwide, and its citizens benefit from some of the [[List of sovereign states by Internet connection speeds|fastest internet speeds globally]]. Romania is a member of several [[international organizations]], including the [[United Nations]], the [[European Union]], [[NATO]], and the [[Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation|BSEC]].
▲Settlement in what is now Romania began in the [[Lower Paleolithic]] followed by written records attesting the kingdom of [[Dacia]], [[Trajan's Dacian Wars|its conquest]], and subsequent [[Romanization (cultural)|Romanisation]] by the [[Roman Empire]] during [[late antiquity]]. The modern Romanian state was formed in 1859 through a [[personal union]] of the [[United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia|Danubian Principalities]] of [[Moldavia]] and [[Wallachia]]. The new state, officially named Romania since 1866, gained independence from the [[Ottoman Empire]] in 1877. During [[World War I]], after declaring its [[Neutral country|neutrality]] in 1914, Romania [[Romania in World War I|fought]] together with the [[Allies of World War I|Allied Powers]] from 1916. In the aftermath of the war, [[Bukovina]], [[Bessarabia]], [[Transylvania]], and parts of [[Banat]], [[Crișana]], and [[Maramureș]] became part of the [[Kingdom of Romania]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://europecentenary.eu/romania-during-the-period-of-neutrality/|title=Romania during the period of neutrality|last=Stoleru|first=Ciprian|date=13 September 2018|website=Europe Centenary|language=en-US|access-date=4 March 2020|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728111152/https://europecentenary.eu/romania-during-the-period-of-neutrality/|url-status=live}}</ref> In June–August 1940, as a consequence of the [[Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact]] and [[Second Vienna Award]], Romania was compelled to cede Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the [[Soviet Union]] and [[Northern Transylvania]] to Hungary. In November 1940, Romania signed the [[Tripartite Pact]] and, consequently, in June 1941 entered [[World War II]] on the [[Axis powers|Axis side]], [[Romania in World War II|fighting against the Soviet Union]] until August 1944, when it [[1944 Romanian coup d'état|joined]] the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] and recovered Northern Transylvania. Following the war and occupation by the [[Red Army]], Romania became a [[Socialist Republic of Romania|socialist republic]] and a member of the [[Warsaw Pact]]. After the [[Romanian Revolution|1989 Revolution]], Romania [[History of Romania (1989–present)|began a transition]] towards [[democracy]] and a [[market economy]].
Romania is a [[World Bank high-income economy|high-income country]],<ref name="WB GROUP"/> and a highly complex economy,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://atlas.cid.harvard.edu/rankings |title=Country & Product Complexity Rankings |website=atlas.cid.harvard.edu |publisher=[[The Atlas of Economic Complexity]] |access-date=19 March 2024 |archive-date=4 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504000817/https://atlas.cid.harvard.edu/rankings |url-status=live }} → {{cite web |url=https://atlas.cid.harvard.edu/countries/185 |title=Romania |publisher=[[Harvard Kennedy School]] - Growth Lab |quote=Romania is a high-income country, ranking as the 45th richest economy per capita [in 2021] out of 133 studied. [...] Romania ranks as the 19th most complex country in the Economic Complexity Index (ECI) ranking. Compared to a decade prior, Romania's economy has become more complex, improving 9 positions in the ECI ranking. [...] Romania is more complex than expected for its income level. |date=2022 |access-date=19 March 2024 }}</ref> that is beginning to be a [[middle power]] in international affairs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Middle Powers Realities in the EU amid Great Power Ambitions |url=http://ier.gov.ro/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Opinie_Radu-Magdin.pdf |website=ier.gov.ro |publisher=European Institute of Romania |author=Radu Magdin |date=February 2021 |access-date=19 March 2024 |archive-date=13 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313224041/http://ier.gov.ro/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Opinie_Radu-Magdin.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A Balancing Act - Strategic Monitor 2018-2019 |url=https://www.clingendael.org/pub/2018/strategic-monitor-2018-2019/a-balancing-act/ |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=Clingendael Institute |language=en |archive-date=23 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223150939/https://www.clingendael.org/pub/2018/strategic-monitor-2018-2019/a-balancing-act/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Romania ranked 47th in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2023.<ref>{{Cite book |last=WIPO |title=Global Innovation Index 2023, 15th Edition |url=https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo-pub-2000-2023-en-main-report-global-innovation-index-2023-16th-edition.pdf |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=www.wipo.int |date=2022 |publisher=World Intellectual Property Organization |doi=10.34667/tind.46596 |isbn=978-92-805-3432-0 |language=en |archive-date=25 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240425045622/https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo-pub-2000-2023-en-main-report-global-innovation-index-2023-16th-edition.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Its economy ranks among the fastest growing in the European Union,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Băzăvan |first=Adrian |date=2023-08-20 |title=România are, de departe, cea mai mare creștere economică din Europa |url=https://credinromania.ro/2023/08/20/romania-cea-mai-mare-crestere-economica-din-europa/ |access-date=2024-01-29 |website=Cred în România |language=ro-RO |archive-date=18 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618235043/https://credinromania.ro/2023/08/20/romania-cea-mai-mare-crestere-economica-din-europa/ |url-status=live }}</ref> being the world's [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|41st largest by nominal GDP]], and the 35th largest by PPP, being based predominantly on services. Romanian citizens enjoy one of the [[List of sovereign states by Internet connection speeds|fastest and cheapest internet speeds]] in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-17 |title=30 de ani de Internet în România. Țara noastră rămâne în primele 10 state din lume la viteza de navigare grație rețelelor fixe |url=https://www.digi24.ro/stiri/30-de-ani-de-internet-in-romania-tara-noastra-ramane-in-primele-10-state-din-lume-la-viteza-de-navigare-gratie-retelelor-fixe-2352021 |access-date=2024-01-29 |website=www.digi24.ro |language=ro |archive-date=29 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129193306/https://www.digi24.ro/stiri/30-de-ani-de-internet-in-romania-tara-noastra-ramane-in-primele-10-state-din-lume-la-viteza-de-navigare-gratie-retelelor-fixe-2352021 |url-status=live }}</ref> It is a producer and net exporter of cars and electric energy through companies like [[Automobile Dacia]] and OMV [[Petrom]]. The majority of Romania's population are ethnic [[Romanians]] and religiously identify themselves as [[Eastern Orthodoxy|Eastern Orthodox Christians]], speaking [[Romanian language|Romanian]], a [[Romance languages|Romance language]] (more specifically [[Eastern Romance languages|Eastern Romance]]). Romania is a member of the [[United Nations]], the [[European Union]], the [[Schengen Area]], [[NATO]], the [[Council of Europe]], [[Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation|BSEC]], and [[World Trade Organization|WTO]].
==Etymology==
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Human remains found in [[Peștera cu Oase]] ("Cave with Bones"), radiocarbon date from circa 40,000 years ago, and represent the oldest known ''[[Homo sapiens]]'' in Europe.{{sfn|Price|2013|pp=60–61}} [[Neolithic]] agriculture spread after the arrival of a mixed group of people from [[Thessaly]] in the 6th millennium BC.{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|pp=1–2}}{{sfn|Price|2013|pp=125–127}} Excavations near a [[salt spring]] at [[Vânători-Neamț|Lunca]] yielded the earliest evidence for salt exploitation in Europe; here salt production began between the 5th and 4th millennium BC.<ref>{{cite web|first=Patrick |last=Gibbs |url=http://antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/weller/ |title=Antiquity Vol 79 No 306 December 2005 The earliest salt production in the world: an early Neolithic exploitation in Poiana Slatinei-Lunca, Romania Olivier Weller & Gheorghe Dumitroaia |publisher=Antiquity.ac.uk |access-date=12 October 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430145935/http://antiquity.ac.uk/ProjGall/weller/ |archive-date=30 April 2011 }}</ref> The first permanent settlements developed into "proto-cities",{{sfn|Price|2013|p=149}} which were larger than {{convert|800|acre|ha|order=flip}}.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/01/science/01arch.html |title=A Lost European Culture, Pulled From Obscurity |author= John Noble Wilford |publisher= [[The New York Times]] (30 November 2009)|date=1 December 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170423023342/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/01/science/01arch.html?pagewanted=all |archive-date= 23 April 2017 }}</ref>{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|p=2}}
[[File:02013 Der bemalten Keramik vom Trypillja-Typus am Anfang des 30.Jhs.v. Chr. beim Dorfe Biltsche-Solote, B4.JPG|150px|thumb|Ceramics from the [[Cucuteni–Trypillia culture]] period (c. 5500 to 2750 BC)|left]]
[[File:Cucuteni Trypillian extent.png|150px|thumb|Cucuteni–Trypillia culture (c. 5500 to 2750 BC) extent, covering parts of Romania, Moldova and Ukraine]]
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Greek colonies established on the [[Black Sea]] coast in the 7th century BC became important centres of commerce with the local tribes.{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|p=3}}{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=3}} Among the native peoples, [[Herodotus]] listed the [[Getae]] of the Lower Danube region, the [[Agathyrsi]] of Transylvania and the [[Syginnae]] of the plains along the river [[Tisza]] at the beginning of the 5th century BC.{{sfn|Rustoiu|2005|pp=32, 35–36}} Centuries later, [[Strabo]] associated the Getae with the [[Dacians]] who dominated the lands along the southern [[Carpathian Mountains]] in the 1st century BC.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=7}}
[[File:Bratarile Dacice IMG 7303.JPG|thumb|upright=1.35|right|[[Dacian bracelets|Dacian gold bracelets]] from [[Sarmizegetusa Regia]], [[Romania]] dated the 1st century BC or 1st century AD <ref>{{sfncite web |last=Trohani |2007afirst=George |title=Brățară 'bracelet' |publisher=cIMeC; Muzeul Național de Istorie a României – București |year=2007 |url= http://clasate.cimec.ro/detaliu.asp?k=624DDF15CF0F40659DFB4406E79140AA# |ppage=1}}]]</ref>
]]
[[Burebista]] was the first Dacian ruler to unite the local tribes.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=7}}{{sfn|Pop|1999|p=14}} He also conquered the Greek colonies in [[Dobruja]] and the neighbouring peoples as far as the Middle Danube and the [[Balkan Mountains]] between around 55 and 44 BC.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=7}}{{sfn|Pop|1999|pp=14–15}} After Burebista was murdered in 44 BC, his kingdom collapsed.{{sfn|Hitchins|2014|p=7}}{{sfn|Georgescu|1991|p=4}}
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Following the experience of economic instability throughout the 1990s, and the implementation of a free travel agreement with the EU, a great number of [[Romanian diaspora|Romanians emigrated]] to Western Europe and North America, with particularly large communities in Italy, Germany, and Spain. In 2016, the Romanian diaspora was estimated to be over 3.6 million people, the fifth-highest emigrant population in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.romania-insider.com/oecd-romanian-diaspora-july-2019|title=Report: Romanian diaspora, fifth largest in the world|website=Romania Insider|date=16 July 2019|access-date=10 September 2019|archive-date=7 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190907095330/https://www.romania-insider.com/oecd-romanian-diaspora-july-2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
==Geography and climate==
{{Main|Geography of Romania|Climate of Romania}}
[[File:Romania general map.png|thumb|right|upright=1.35|Topographic map of Romania]]
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===Climate===
{{Main|Climate of Romania}}
[[File:Romania map of Köppen climate classification.png|thumb|right|upright=1.3|Romania map of Köppen climate classification, according with ''Clima României'' from the ''Administrația Națională de Meteorologie'', Bucharest 2008]]
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There are some regional differences: in western sections, such as Banat, the climate is milder and has some Mediterranean influences; the eastern part of the country has a more pronounced continental climate. In Dobruja, the Black Sea also exerts an influence over the region's climate.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.meteoromania.ro/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160122145308/http://www.meteoromania.ro/anm/?page_id=114|url-status=dead|title=Meteo Romania | Site-ul Administratiei Nationale de Meteorologie|archive-date=22 January 2016}}</ref>
==GovernancePolitics==
{{Main|Politics of Romania|Government of Romania}}
TheRomania is a [[ConstitutionSemi-presidential republic|semi-presidential]] [[representative democracy|representative democratic]] [[republic]] where the [[Prime Minister of Romania|Prime Minister]] is basedthe on[[head of government]] while the [[ConstitutionPresident of FranceRomania|President]], according to the constitution, ofhas France'sa Fifthmore symbolic role, is responsible for the [[foreign Republicpolicy]], andsigns wascertain approveddecrees, inapproves alaws nationalpromulgated referendumby on 8 Decemberthe 1991parliament, and amendednominates inthe October[[head 2003of togovernment]] bring(i.e. it[[Prime intoMinister conformityof withRomania|Prime EU legislationMinister]]). The [[Economist Intelligence Unit]] rated Romania as a "[[Defective democracy|flawed democracy]]" in 2023. [[Freedom House]] also considers Romania to be free.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Democracy Index 2022 |url=https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2022/ |access-date=2023-09-02 |website=Economist Intelligence Unit |language=en-GB |archive-date=10 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210003136/https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2022/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Romania: Freedom in the World 2023 Country Report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/romania/freedom-world/2023 |access-date=2023-09-02 |website=Freedom House |language=en |archive-date=2 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902194403/https://freedomhouse.org/country/romania/freedom-world/2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>▼
===Government===
{{Main|Government of Romania}}
{{Multiple image
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| image1 = EPP_Athens,_2-3_December,_2022_(52539790143)_(cropped).jpg
| image2 = Marcel_Ciolacu_-_18.06.2022,_Ședința_comună_a_Parlamentelor_Republicii_Moldova_și_României_Marcel Ciolacu (18 January 2024) (cropped).jpg
| caption1 = [[Klaus Iohannis]]<br /><small>[[President of Romania|President]]<br/>since 2014</small>
| caption2 = [[Marcel Ciolacu]]<br /><small>[[Prime Minister of Romania|Prime Minister]]<br/>since 2023</small>
| alt1 =
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}}
TheRomania countryhas isa governed on the basis of ademocratic, [[multi-party democratic system]], andwith the[[Legislature|legislative separationpower]] ofvested powers betweenin the legislative, executivegovernment and judicial branches. It is athe [[semi-presidentialBicameralism|two chambers]] republicof wherethe executive[[Parliament functionsof areRomania|Parliament]], heldmore by bothspecifically the [[GovernmentChamber of Deputies (Romania)|governmentChamber of Deputies]] and the [[PresidentSenate of Romania|presidentSenate]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Tony|last=VerheijenThe |url=http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/oso/public/content/politicalscience/9780198293866/acprof-9780198293866-chapter-10.html[[judiciary]] |title=Oxfordis Scholarship Online: Semi-Presidentialism in Europe[[Judicial independence|publisher=Oxfordscholarship.comindependent]] |date=14of Marchthe 1990executive |access-date=29and Augustthe 2011|isbn=9780191599156 }}</ref>legislature. The latter is elected by popular vote for a maximum of two terms of five years and appoints the prime minister who in turn appoints the [[Romanian Cabinet|Council of Ministers]]. The legislative branch of the government, collectively known as the [[Parliament of Romania|Parliament]] (residing at the [[Palace of the Parliament]]), consists of [[Bicameralism|two chambers]] ([[Senate of Romania|Senate]] and [[Chamber of Deputies (Romania)|Chamber of Deputies]]) whose members are elected every four years by [[Plurality voting system|simple plurality]].<ref name="Europaworld" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.antena3.ro/politica/se-schimba-sistemul-de-vot-deputatii-au-adoptat-noua-lege-electorala-propusa-de-usl-168053.html |title=Se schimbă sistemul de vot. Deputații au adoptat noua Lege Electorală propusă de USL |publisher=Antena3.ro |access-date=12 October 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031132827/http://www.antena3.ro/politica/se-schimba-sistemul-de-vot-deputatii-au-adoptat-noua-lege-electorala-propusa-de-usl-168053.html |archive-date=31 October 2012 }}</ref>▼
▲The [[Constitution of Romania]] is based on [[Constitution of France|the constitution of France's Fifth Republic]] and was approved in a national referendum on 8 December 1991 and amended in October 2003 to bring it into conformity with EU legislation. The [[Economist Intelligence Unit]] rated Romania as a "[[Defective democracy|flawed democracy]]" in 2023. [[Freedom House]] also considers Romania to be free.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Democracy Index 2022 |url=https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2022/ |access-date=2023-09-02 |website=Economist Intelligence Unit |language=en-GB |archive-date=10 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210003136/https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2022/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Romania: Freedom in the World 2023 Country Report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/romania/freedom-world/2023 |access-date=2023-09-02 |website=Freedom House |language=en |archive-date=2 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902194403/https://freedomhouse.org/country/romania/freedom-world/2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Bucharest Victoria Palace-2.jpg|thumb|[[Victoria Palace]] in Bucharest, seat of the [[Prime Minister of Romania]] and his [[Ciolacu cabinet|cabinet]]]]
▲The country is governed on the basis of a multi-party democratic system and the separation of powers between the legislative, executive and judicial branches. It is a [[semi-presidential]] republic where executive functions are held by both the [[Government of Romania|government]] and the [[President of Romania|president]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Tony|last=Verheijen |url=http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/oso/public/content/politicalscience/9780198293866/acprof-9780198293866-chapter-10.html |title=Oxford Scholarship Online: Semi-Presidentialism in Europe |publisher=Oxfordscholarship.com |date=14 March 1990 |access-date=29 August 2011|isbn=9780191599156 }}</ref> The latter is elected by popular vote for a maximum of two terms of five years and appoints the prime minister who in turn appoints the [[Romanian Cabinet|Council of Ministers]]. The legislative branch of the government, collectively known as the [[Parliament of Romania|Parliament]] (residing at the [[Palace of the Parliament]]), consists of [[Bicameralism|two chambers]] ([[Senate of Romania|Senate]] and [[Chamber of Deputies (Romania)|Chamber of Deputies]]) whose members are elected every four years by [[Plurality voting system|simple plurality]].<ref name="Europaworld" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.antena3.ro/politica/se-schimba-sistemul-de-vot-deputatii-au-adoptat-noua-lege-electorala-propusa-de-usl-168053.html |title=Se schimbă sistemul de vot. Deputații au adoptat noua Lege Electorală propusă de USL |publisher=Antena3.ro |access-date=12 October 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031132827/http://www.antena3.ro/politica/se-schimba-sistemul-de-vot-deputatii-au-adoptat-noua-lege-electorala-propusa-de-usl-168053.html |archive-date=31 October 2012 }}</ref>
The justice system is independent of the other branches of government and is made up of a hierarchical system of courts with the [[High Court of Cassation and Justice]] being the supreme court of Romania.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scj.ro/monogr_en.asp |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120910190947/http://www.scj.ro/monogr_en.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 September 2012 |publisher=[[High Court of Cassation and Justice]] -—Romania |title=Presentation |access-date=31 August 2008 }}</ref> There are also courts of appeal, county courts and local courts. The Romanian judicial system is strongly influenced by the [[French law|French model]], is based on [[Civil law (legal system)|civil law]] and is [[inquisitorial system|inquisitorial]] in nature. The [[Curtea Constituțională|Constitutional Court]] (''Curtea Constituțională'') is responsible for judging the compliance of laws and other state regulations with the constitution, which is the fundamental law of the country and can be amended only through a public referendum.<ref name="Europaworld" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps35389/2000//legal_system.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080125081126/http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps35389/2000/legal_system.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 January 2008 |title=Romanian Legal system |publisher=CIA Factbook |year=2000 |access-date=11 January 2008 }}</ref> Romania's 2007 entry into the EU has been a significant influence on its domestic policy, and including [[judicial reform]]s, increased judicial cooperation with other member states, and measures to combat corruption.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://www.cairn.info/revue-l-europe-en-formation-2012-2-page-243.htm |title=Post-Accession (Anti-)Corruption Record in Romania and Bulgaria |journal=L'Europe en Formation |volume=364 |issue=2 |last1=Tanasoiu |first1=Cosmina |last2=Racovita |first2=Mihaela |date=2012 |pages=243–263 |doi=10.3917/eufor.364.0243 |access-date=15 April 2020 |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190529/https://www.cairn.info/revue-l-europe-en-formation-2012-2-page-243.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
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{{Main|Foreign relations of Romania}}
Since December 1989, Romania has pursued a policy of strengthening relations with the West in general, more specifically with the United States and the European Union, albeit with limited [[Romania–Russia relations|relations involving]] the Russian Federation. It joined NATO on 29 March 2004, the European Union (EU) on 1 January 2007, while it joined the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank in 1972, and is a founding member of the [[World Trade Organization]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wto.org/English/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/org6_e.htm |title=Understanding the WTO – members |publisher=WTO |access-date=29 August 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091229021759/http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/org6_e.htm |archive-date=29 December 2009 }}</ref>▼
[[File:Diplomatic missions of Romania.PNG|thumb|230px|right|Diplomatic missions of Romania]]
[[File:Secretary Tillerson and Romanian President Iohannis Meet Before Reporters in Washington (34356507264).jpg|thumb|230px|right|Romania is a noteworthy ally of the United States, being the first [[NATO]] member state that agreed to support increasing its [[Ministry of National Defence (Romania)|defence]] spending after the 2017 Trump–Iohannis meeting at the [[White House]].]]
▲Since December 1989, Romania has pursued a policy of strengthening relations with the West in general, more specifically with the United States and the European Union, albeit with limited [[Romania–Russia relations|relations involving]] the Russian Federation. It joined NATO on 29 March 2004, the European Union (EU) on 1 January 2007, while it joined the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank in 1972, and is a founding member of the [[World Trade Organization]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wto.org/English/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/org6_e.htm |title=Understanding the WTO – members |publisher=WTO |access-date=29 August 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091229021759/http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/org6_e.htm |archive-date=29 December 2009 }}</ref>
In the past, recent governments have stated that one of their goals is to strengthen ties with and helping other countries (in particular [[Moldova]], [[Ukraine]], and [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]) with the process of integration with the rest of the West.<ref name=mae>{{cite web|title=Foreign Policy Priorities of Romania for 2008|language=ro|url=http://www.mae.ro/index.php?unde=doc&id=35181&idlnk=1&cat=3|publisher=Romanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs|access-date=28 August 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914103728/http://www.mae.ro/index.php?unde=doc&id=35181&idlnk=1&cat=3|archive-date=14 September 2008}}</ref> Romania has also made clear since the late 1990s that it supports NATO and EU membership for the democratic former Soviet republics in Eastern Europe and the [[Caucasus]].<ref name=mae /> Romania also declared its public support for [[Turkey]], and [[Croatia]] joining the European Union.<ref name=mae />
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[[File:Romanian soldiers at the Saber Guardian 23 opening.jpg|thumb|Romanian soldiers at the Saber Guardian 23 exercise opening ceremony in [[Smârdan, Galați]]]]
The Romanian Armed Forces consist of [[Romanian Land Forces|land]], [[Romanian Air Force|air]], and [[Romanian Naval Forces|naval forces]] led by a [[Chief of the Romanian General Staff|Commander-in-chief]] under the supervision of the [[Ministry of National Defence (Romania)|Ministry of National Defence]], and by the [[President of Romania|president]] as the Supreme Commander during wartime. The Armed Forces consist of approximately 55,000 reservists and 71,500 active military personnel—35,800 for land, 10,700 for air, 6,600 for naval forces, and 16,500 in other fields.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Military Balance 2022|author=[[International Institute for Strategic Studies]]|publisher=[[Routledge]]|pages=140–141|date=February 2022|isbn=978-1032279008}}</ref> Total defence spending in 2023 accounted for 2.44% of total national GDP, or approximately US$8.48 billion,<ref>{{cite web|title=Defence Expenditure of NATO Countries (2014-2023)|url=https://www.nato.int/nato_static_fl2014/assets/pdf/2023/7/pdf/230707-def-exp-2023-en.pdf|date=7 July 2023|publisher=NATO|access-date=12 July 2023|archive-date=15 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715092752/https://www.nato.int/nato_static_fl2014/assets/pdf/2023/7/pdf/230707-def-exp-2023-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> with a total of $9 billion intended to be spent until 2026 for modernisation and acquisition of new equipment.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://seenews.com/news/romania-intends-to-buy-f35-fighter-jets-president-771818|title=Romania intends to buy F35 fighter jets - president|website=SeeNews |date=3 February 2022 |access-date=12 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205040215/https://seenews.com/news/romania-intends-to-buy-f35-fighter-jets-president-771818|archive-date=5 February 2022|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Conscription stopped in 2007, when Romania switched to a volunteer army.
The Air Force operates [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon variants#F-16AM/BM Block 15 MLU|F-16AM/BM MLU]] fighters,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/2013-10-18/romania-finally-settles-portuguese-f-16s|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806190518/http://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/2013-10-18/romania-finally-settles-portuguese-f-16s|url-status=dead|title=Romania Finally Settles On Portuguese F-16s|first=David|last=Donald|archive-date=6 August 2016|website=Aviation International News}}</ref> [[C-27J Spartan]] and [[C-130 Hercules]] [[Military transport aircraft|transport aircraft]], as well as [[IAR 330]] and [[IAR 316]] helicopters.<ref>{{cite news|last= |first= |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=90688|title= World Air Forces 2023|newspaper= Flight Global|publisher= Flightglobal Insight|year= 2022|doi= |access-date= 12 January 2023|archive-date= 7 December 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20221207224755/https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=90688|url-status= live}}</ref> A [[Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II procurement#Romania|procurement program]] for [[F-35]] [[fifth-generation fighter]]s is also currently being carried out.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.defensenews.com/global/europe/2023/08/10/romania-eyes-32-f-35s-under-65-billion-deal/|title=Romania eyes 32 F-35s under $6.5 billion deal|author=Jaroslaw Adamowski|website=defensenews.com|date=10 August 2023|access-date=21 August 2023|archive-date=18 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618235041/https://www.defensenews.com/global/europe/2023/08/10/romania-eyes-32-f-35s-under-65-billion-deal/|url-status=live}}</ref> The Naval Forces operate three frigates, of which two [[Type 22 frigate]]s acquired from the British [[Royal Navy]],<ref name="awst_20061211">{{cite magazine|title=Spartan Order|magazine=[[Aviation Week & Space Technology]]|date=11 December 2006}}</ref> as well as four corvettes. The [[Romanian Danube Flotilla|River Flotilla]] operates [[Mihail Kogălniceanu-class river monitor|Mihail Kogălniceanu]] and [[Smârdan-class river monitor]]s.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Military Balance 2022|author=[[International Institute for Strategic Studies]]|publisher=[[Routledge]]|pages=140–141|date=February 2022|isbn=978-1032279008}}</ref>
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|-
![[Development regions of Romania|Development region]]
!Area (km<sup>2</sup>)<ref name="Romanian.Yearbook"/>
!Population (2021)<ref name="Census2021"/>
!Population (2011)<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/sR_TAB_2.xls | title=2011 Regions Population | date=4 July 2013 | access-date=9 July 2013 | publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics (Romania)|INSSE]] | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929043140/http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/sR_TAB_2.xls | archive-date=29 September 2013 | df=dmy-all }}</ref>
![[List of cities and towns in Romania|Most populous urban centre]]<sup>*</sup><ref name="INSSER">{{cite web | url = http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/sR_TAB_3.xlsx | title = Population at 20 October 2011 | date = 5 July 2013 | access-date = 5 July 2013 | publisher = [[National Institute of Statistics (Romania)|INSSE]] | language = ro}}{{dead link|date=June 2020|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
|- style="text-align:center;"
|style="background:#a1e0a1;"|[[Nord-Vest (development region)|Nord-Vest]]
|34,159152
|2,600521,132793
|[[Cluj-Napoca metropolitan area|Cluj-Napoca]] (411,379)
|- style="text-align:center;"
|style="background:#dedfde;"|[[Centru (development region)|Centru]]
|34,082097
|2,360271,805067
|[[Brașov metropolitan area|Brașov]] (369,896)
|- style="text-align:center;"
|style="background:#f9e185;"|[[Nord-Est (development region)|Nord-Est]]
|36,850853
|3,302226,217436
|[[Iași metropolitan area|Iași]] (382,484)
|- style="text-align:center;"
|style="background:#d296de;"|[[Sud-Est (development region)|Sud-Est]]
|35,762774
|2,545367,923987
|[[Constanța metropolitan area|Constanța]] (425,916)
|- style="text-align:center;"
|style="background:#fab485;"|[[Sud - Muntenia (development region)|Sud – Muntenia]]
|34,489469
|32,136864,446339
|[[Ploiești metropolitan area|Ploiești]] (276,279)
|- style="text-align:center;"
|style="background:#e4d59e;"|[[București - Ilfov]]
|1,811803
|2,272259,163665
|[[Bucharest metropolitan area|Bucharest]] (2,272,163)
|- style="text-align:center;"
|style="background:#a3c5f8;"|[[Sud-Vest (development region)|Sud-Vest Oltenia]]
|29,212207
|21,075873,642607
|[[Craiova metropolitan area|Craiova]] (356,544)
|- style="text-align:center;"
|style="background:#fab1b1;"|[[Vest (development region)|Vest]]
|32,028042
|1,828668,313921
|[[Timișoara metropolitan area|Timișoara]] (384,809)
|}
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==Economy==
{{Main|Economy of Romania}}
{{Further|Agriculture in Romania|Industry of Romania}}
[[File:Bucharest Business District.jpg|thumb|right|[[Floreasca]] business district, as seen from [[Lake Herăstrău]]]]
In 2022, Romania has a GDP (PPP) of around $737 billion and a [[List of countries by GDP per capita (PPP)|GDP per capita]] ([[purchasing power parity|PPP]]) of $38,721.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2023 Edition |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/April/weo-report?c=512,914,612,171,614,311,213,911,314,193,122,912,313,419,513,316,913,124,339,638,514,218,963,616,223,516,918,748,618,624,522,622,156,626,628,228,924,233,632,636,634,238,662,960,423,935,128,611,321,243,248,469,253,642,643,939,734,644,819,172,132,646,648,915,134,652,174,328,258,656,654,336,263,268,532,944,176,534,536,429,433,178,436,136,343,158,439,916,664,826,542,967,443,917,544,941,446,666,668,672,946,137,546,674,676,548,556,678,181,867,682,684,273,868,921,948,943,686,688,518,728,836,558,138,196,278,692,694,962,142,449,564,565,283,853,288,293,566,964,182,359,453,968,922,714,862,135,716,456,722,942,718,724,576,936,961,813,726,199,733,184,524,361,362,364,732,366,144,146,463,528,923,738,578,537,742,866,369,744,186,925,869,746,926,466,112,111,298,927,846,299,582,487,474,754,698,&s=PPPGDP,&sy=2021&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |access-date=2023-04-11 |website=IMF.org |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |language=en |archive-date=22 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822181532/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/April/weo-report?c=512,914,612,171,614,311,213,911,314,193,122,912,313,419,513,316,913,124,339,638,514,218,963,616,223,516,918,748,618,624,522,622,156,626,628,228,924,233,632,636,634,238,662,960,423,935,128,611,321,243,248,469,253,642,643,939,734,644,819,172,132,646,648,915,134,652,174,328,258,656,654,336,263,268,532,944,176,534,536,429,433,178,436,136,343,158,439,916,664,826,542,967,443,917,544,941,446,666,668,672,946,137,546,674,676,548,556,678,181,867,682,684,273,868,921,948,943,686,688,518,728,836,558,138,196,278,692,694,962,142,449,564,565,283,853,288,293,566,964,182,359,453,968,922,714,862,135,716,456,722,942,718,724,576,936,961,813,726,199,733,184,524,361,362,364,732,366,144,146,463,528,923,738,578,537,742,866,369,744,186,925,869,746,926,466,112,111,298,927,846,299,582,487,474,754,698,&s=PPPGDP,&sy=2021&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="IMF">{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2023 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/April/weo-report?c=512,914,612,171,614,311,213,911,314,193,122,912,313,419,513,316,913,124,339,638,514,218,963,616,223,516,918,748,618,624,522,622,156,626,628,228,924,233,632,636,634,238,662,960,423,935,128,611,321,243,248,469,253,642,643,939,734,644,819,172,132,646,648,915,134,652,174,328,258,656,654,336,263,268,532,944,176,534,536,429,433,178,436,136,343,158,439,916,664,826,542,967,443,917,544,941,446,666,668,672,946,137,546,674,676,548,556,678,181,867,682,684,273,868,921,948,943,686,688,518,728,836,558,138,196,278,692,694,962,142,449,564,565,283,853,288,293,566,964,182,359,453,968,922,714,862,135,716,456,722,942,718,724,576,936,961,813,726,199,733,184,524,361,362,364,732,366,144,146,463,528,923,738,578,537,742,866,369,744,186,925,869,746,926,466,112,111,298,927,846,299,582,487,474,754,698,&s=PPPPC,&sy=2021&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |date=11 April 2023 |website=IMF.org |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |access-date=14 April 2023 |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414154927/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/April/weo-report?c=512,914,612,171,614,311,213,911,314,193,122,912,313,419,513,316,913,124,339,638,514,218,963,616,223,516,918,748,618,624,522,622,156,626,628,228,924,233,632,636,634,238,662,960,423,935,128,611,321,243,248,469,253,642,643,939,734,644,819,172,132,646,648,915,134,652,174,328,258,656,654,336,263,268,532,944,176,534,536,429,433,178,436,136,343,158,439,916,664,826,542,967,443,917,544,941,446,666,668,672,946,137,546,674,676,548,556,678,181,867,682,684,273,868,921,948,943,686,688,518,728,836,558,138,196,278,692,694,962,142,449,564,565,283,853,288,293,566,964,182,359,453,968,922,714,862,135,716,456,722,942,718,724,576,936,961,813,726,199,733,184,524,361,362,364,732,366,144,146,463,528,923,738,578,537,742,866,369,744,186,925,869,746,926,466,112,111,298,927,846,299,582,487,474,754,698,&s=PPPPC,&sy=2021&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> According to the World Bank, Romania is a [[World Bank high-income economy|high-income economy]].<ref name="WB GROUP">{{cite web |url=https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups |title=World Bank Country and Lending Groups |publisher=[[World Bank]] |website=datahelpdesk.worldbank.org |access-date=19 March 2024 |archive-date=28 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028223324/https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups |url-status=live }}</ref> According to [[Eurostat]], Romania's GDP per capita (PPS) was 77% of the EU average (100%) in 2022, an increase from 44% in 2007 (the year of Romania's accession to the EU), making Romania one of the fastest growing economies in the EU.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/PRC_PPP_IND__custom_7358921/default/table?lang=en |title=GDP per capita in PPS |publisher=[[Eurostat]] |website=ec.europa.eu/eurostat |access-date=4 September 2023 |archive-date=4 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230904172547/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/PRC_PPP_IND__custom_7358921/default/table?lang=en |url-status=live }}</ref>
In 2024, Romania has a GDP (PPP) of around $817 billion and a [[List of countries by GDP per capita (PPP)|GDP per capita]] ([[purchasing power parity|PPP]]) of $43,179.<ref name="IMFWEO.RO" /> According to the World Bank, Romania is a [[World Bank high-income economy|high-income economy]].<ref name="WB GROUP">{{cite web |url=https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups |title=World Bank Country and Lending Groups |publisher=[[World Bank]] |website=datahelpdesk.worldbank.org |access-date=19 March 2024 |archive-date=28 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028223324/https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups |url-status=live }}</ref> According to [[Eurostat]], Romania's GDP per capita (PPS) was 77% of the EU average (100%) in 2022, an increase from 44% in 2007 (the year of Romania's accession to the EU), making Romania one of the fastest growing economies in the EU.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/PRC_PPP_IND__custom_7358921/default/table?lang=en |title=GDP per capita in PPS |publisher=[[Eurostat]] |website=ec.europa.eu/eurostat |access-date=4 September 2023 |archive-date=4 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230904172547/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/PRC_PPP_IND__custom_7358921/default/table?lang=en |url-status=live }}</ref>
After 1989 the country experienced a decade of economic instability and decline, led in part by an obsolete industrial base and a lack of structural reform. From 2000 onward, however, the Romanian economy was transformed into one of relative [[macroeconomic]] stability, characterised by high growth, low unemployment and declining inflation. In 2006, according to the [[National Institute of Statistics (Romania)|Romanian Statistics Office]], GDP growth in real terms was recorded at 7.7%, one of the highest rates in Europe.<ref>{{cite web|language=ro|url=http://www.insse.ro/cms/files/statistici/comunicate/pib/pibr06.pdf|title=GDP in 2006|publisher=Romanian National Institute of Statistics|access-date=10 January 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216015144/http://www.insse.ro/cms/files/statistici/comunicate/pib/pibr06.pdf|archive-date=16 February 2008}}</ref> However, the [[Great Recession]] forced the government to borrow externally, including an [[IMF]] €20 billion bailout program.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/02/business/global/02romecon.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160721190547/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/02/business/global/02romecon.html|url-status=dead|title=Romania to Get Next Installment of Bailout|date=1 November 2010|archive-date=21 July 2016|via=The New York Times}}</ref> According to [[The World Bank]], GDP per capita in purchasing power parity grew from $13,687 in 2007 to $28,206 in 2018.<ref>{{cite web |title=GDP per capita, PPP (current international $) – Romania |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.CD?locations=RO&name_desc=false |website=data.worldbank.org |publisher=[[World Bank]] |access-date=23 January 2020 |archive-date=22 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922222037/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.CD?locations=RO&name_desc=false |url-status=live }}</ref> Romania's average net monthly wage increased to 913 euro as of 2023,<ref name="Romania1">{{cite web |title= În luna Iunie 2023, câștigul salarial mediu brut pe economie a fost 7364 LEI și cel net 4600 LEI |url= https://insse.ro/cms/sites/default/files/com_presa/com_pdf/cs06r23.pdf |publisher= National Institute of Statistics - Romania |website= www.insse.ro |access-date= 2023-08-11 |archive-date= 11 August 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230811112323/https://insse.ro/cms/sites/default/files/com_presa/com_pdf/cs06r23.pdf |url-status= live }}</ref> and an inflation rate of −1.1% in 2016.<ref name="Eurostat">{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/refreshTableAction.do?tab=table&plugin=1&pcode=tec00118&language=en|title=Eurostat, HICP – monthly data (12-month average rate of change)|publisher=[[Eurostat]]|access-date=5 March 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305114746/http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/refreshTableAction.do?tab=table&plugin=1&pcode=tec00118&language=en|archive-date=5 March 2017}}</ref> Unemployment in Romania was at 4.3% in August 2018, which is low compared to other EU countries.<ref name="INSSE Jan 2017">{{cite press release |url=http://www.insse.ro/cms/sites/default/files/com_presa/com_pdf/somaj_bim_ian17e.pdf |title=In January 2017, the seasonally adjusted unemployment rate was estimated at 5.4%|publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics (Romania)|National Institute of Statistics]] |date=31 January 2017 |access-date=9 March 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305114812/http://www.insse.ro/cms/sites/default/files/com_presa/com_pdf/somaj_bim_ian17e.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2017 }}</ref>▼
▲After 1989 the country experienced a decade of economic instability and decline, led in part by an obsolete industrial base and a lack of structural reform. From 2000 onward, however, the Romanian economy was transformed into one of relative [[macroeconomic]] stability, characterised by high growth, low unemployment and declining inflation. In 2006, according to the [[National Institute of Statistics (Romania)|Romanian Statistics Office]], GDP growth in real terms was recorded at 7.7%, one of the highest rates in Europe.<ref>{{cite web|language=ro|url=http://www.insse.ro/cms/files/statistici/comunicate/pib/pibr06.pdf|title=GDP in 2006|publisher=Romanian National Institute of Statistics|access-date=10 January 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216015144/http://www.insse.ro/cms/files/statistici/comunicate/pib/pibr06.pdf|archive-date=16 February 2008}}</ref> However, the [[Great Recession]] forced the government to borrow externally, including an [[IMF]] €20 billion bailout program.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/02/business/global/02romecon.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160721190547/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/02/business/global/02romecon.html|url-status=dead|title=Romania to Get Next Installment of Bailout|date=1 November 2010|archive-date=21 July 2016|via=The New York Times}}</ref> According to [[The World Bank]], GDP per capita in purchasing power parity grew from $13,687 in 2007 to $28,206 in 2018.<ref>{{cite web |title=GDP per capita, PPP (current international $) – Romania |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.CD?locations=RO&name_desc=false |website=data.worldbank.org |publisher=[[World Bank]] |access-date=23 January 2020 |archive-date=22 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922222037/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.CD?locations=RO&name_desc=false |url-status=live }}</ref> Romania's average net monthly wage increased to 913 euro as of 2023,<ref name="Romania1">{{cite web |title= În luna Iunie 2023, câștigul salarial mediu brut pe economie a fost 7364 LEI și cel net 4600 LEI |url= https://insse.ro/cms/sites/default/files/com_presa/com_pdf/cs06r23.pdf |publisher= National Institute of Statistics - Romania |website= www.insse.ro |access-date= 2023-08-11 |archive-date= 11 August 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230811112323/https://insse.ro/cms/sites/default/files/com_presa/com_pdf/cs06r23.pdf |url-status= live }}</ref> and an inflation rate of −1.1% in 2016.<ref name="Eurostat">{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/refreshTableAction.do?tab=table&plugin=1&pcode=tec00118&language=en|title=Eurostat, HICP – monthly data (12-month average rate of change)|publisher=[[Eurostat]]|access-date=5 March 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305114746/http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/refreshTableAction.do?tab=table&plugin=1&pcode=tec00118&language=en|archive-date=5 March 2017}}</ref> Unemployment in Romania was at 4.3% in August 2018, which is low compared to other EU countries.<ref name="INSSE Jan 2017">{{cite press release |url=http://www.insse.ro/cms/sites/default/files/com_presa/com_pdf/somaj_bim_ian17e.pdf |title=In January 2017, the seasonally adjusted unemployment rate was estimated at 5.4%|publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics (Romania)|National Institute of Statistics]] |date=31 January 2017 |access-date=9 March 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305114812/http://www.insse.ro/cms/sites/default/files/com_presa/com_pdf/somaj_bim_ian17e.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2017 }}</ref>
[[File:Palacio CEC, Bucarest, Rumanía, 2016-05-29, DD 65.jpg|thumb|left|The [[CEC Palace]], situated on Bucharest's [[Calea Victoriei|Victory Avenue]]]]
[[File:Bucharest - Smârdan Street (28547822606).jpg|thumb|left|The old [[Bucharest Stock Exchange]] Palace (presently, Bucharest's Chamber of Commerce and Industry), situated in the capital's historical city centre]]
[[File:Cladire Bursa de Valori Bucuresti.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Bucharest Stock Exchange]] tower, a key institution in Romania's [[financial sector]]]]
Industrial output growth reached 6.5% year-on-year in February 2013, the highest in the Europe.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130417223746/http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_PUBLIC/4-12042013-AP/EN/4-12042013-AP-EN.PDF Industrial production up by 0.4% in euro area and EU27|Eurostat]. Eurostat (12 April 2013). Retrieved on 13 May 2013.</ref> The largest local companies include car maker [[Automobile Dacia]], [[Petrom]], [[Rompetrol]], [[Ford Romania]], [[Electrica]], [[Romgaz]], [[RCS & RDS]] and [[Banca Transilvania]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Chirileasa |first=Andrei |url=http://www.romania-insider.com/top-20-companies-in-romania-by-turnover/124291/ |title=Top 20 companies in Romania by turnover |publisher=Romania-Insider.com |date=9 June 2014 |access-date=15 August 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140612001600/http://www.romania-insider.com/top-20-companies-in-romania-by-turnover/124291/ |archive-date=12 June 2014 }}</ref> As of 2020, there are around 6000 exports per month. Romania's main exports are: cars, software, clothing and textiles, industrial machinery, electrical and electronic equipment, metallurgic products, raw materials, military equipment, pharmaceuticals, fine chemicals, and agricultural products (fruits, vegetables, and flowers). Trade is mostly centred on the member states of the European Union, with Germany and Italy being the country's single largest trading partners. The account balance in 2012 was estimated to be 4.52% of GDP.<ref name="imf.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2007&ey=2016&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=77&pr1.y=1&c=968&s=NGDP_RPCH%2CNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CPCPIPCH%2CLUR&grp=0&a=|title=IMF World Economic Outlook Database, April 2011 – Central and Eastern Europe|date=April 2011|publisher=[[IMF]]|access-date=27 April 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015040029/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2007&ey=2016&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=77&pr1.y=1&c=968&s=NGDP_RPCH%2CNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CPCPIPCH%2CLUR&grp=0&a=|archive-date=15 October 2011}}</ref>▼
▲Industrial output growth reached 6.5% year-on-year in February 2013, the highest in the Europe.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130417223746/http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_PUBLIC/4-12042013-AP/EN/4-12042013-AP-EN.PDF Industrial production up by 0.4% in euro area and EU27|Eurostat]. Eurostat (12 April 2013). Retrieved on 13 May 2013.</ref> The largest local companies include car maker [[Automobile Dacia]], [[Petrom]], [[Rompetrol]], [[Ford Romania]], [[Electrica]], [[Romgaz]], [[RCS & RDS]] and [[Banca Transilvania]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Chirileasa |first=Andrei |url=http://www.romania-insider.com/top-20-companies-in-romania-by-turnover/124291/ |title=Top 20 companies in Romania by turnover |publisher=Romania-Insider.com |date=9 June 2014 |access-date=15 August 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140612001600/http://www.romania-insider.com/top-20-companies-in-romania-by-turnover/124291/ |archive-date=12 June 2014 }}</ref> As of 2020, there are around 6000 exports per month. Romania's main exports are: cars, software, clothing and textiles, industrial machinery, electrical and electronic equipment, metallurgic products, raw materials, military equipment, pharmaceuticals, fine chemicals, and agricultural products (fruits, vegetables, and flowers). Trade is mostly centred on the member states of the European Union, with Germany and Italy being the country's single largest trading partners. The account balance in 2012 was estimated to be 4.52% of GDP.<ref name="imf.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2007&ey=2016&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=77&pr1.y=1&c=968&s=NGDP_RPCH%2CNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CPCPIPCH%2CLUR&grp=0&a=|title=IMF World Economic Outlook Database, April 2011 – Central and Eastern Europe|date=April 2011|publisher=[[IMF]]|access-date=27 April 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015040029/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2007&ey=2016&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=77&pr1.y=1&c=968&s=NGDP_RPCH%2CNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CPCPIPCH%2CLUR&grp=0&a=|archive-date=15 October 2011}}</ref>
After a series of privatisations and reforms in the late 1990s and 2000s, government intervention in the Romanian economy is somewhat less than in other European economies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heritage.org/research/features/index/country.cfm?id=Romania |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050105155414/http://www.heritage.org/research/features/index/country.cfm?id=Romania |url-status=dead |archive-date= 5 January 2005 |work=[[Index of Economic Freedom]]|title=Romania |publisher=heritage.org |access-date=31 August 2008 }}</ref> In 2005, the government replaced Romania's [[progressive tax]] system with a [[flat tax]] of 16% for both personal income and corporate profit, among the lowest rates in the European Union.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/PGP_PRD_CAT_PREREL/PGE_CAT_PREREL_YEAR_2007/PGE_CAT_PREREL_YEAR_2007_MONTH_06/2-26062007-EN-AP.PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070628064604/http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/PGP_PRD_CAT_PREREL/PGE_CAT_PREREL_YEAR_2007/PGE_CAT_PREREL_YEAR_2007_MONTH_06/2-26062007-EN-AP.PDF|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 June 2007|title=Taxation trends in the EU|publisher=[[Eurostat]]|date=26 June 2007|access-date=31 August 2008}}</ref> The economy is based predominantly on services, which account for 56.2% of the country's total GDP as of 2017, with industry and agriculture accounting for 30% and 4.4% respectively.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/373136/share-of-economic-sectors-in-the-gdp-in-romania/|title=Romania – share of economic sectors in the gross domestic product 2018|website=Statista|access-date=10 September 2019|archive-date=22 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150922050619/https://www.statista.com/statistics/373136/share-of-economic-sectors-in-the-gdp-in-romania/|url-status=live}}</ref>
Approximately 25.8% of the Romanian workforce is employed in agriculture, one of the highest rates in Europe.<ref>{{Cite web|archive-date=15 June 2018|title=Farmers in the EU – statistics – Statistics Explained|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Farmers_in_the_EU_-_statistics|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615181335/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Farmers_in_the_EU_-_statistics|access-date=26 March 2021|url-status=dead|website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref>
Romania has attracted increasing amounts of foreign investment following the end of Communism, with the stock of [[foreign direct investment]] (FDI) in Romania rising to €83.8 billion in June 2019.<ref name="business-review.eu">{{Cite web|url=https://business-review.eu/investments/fdi-stock-in-romania-approaches-eur-84-bln-204468|title=FDI stock in Romania approaches EUR 84 bln|date=5 September 2019|access-date=10 September 2019|archive-date=9 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909013551/https://business-review.eu/investments/fdi-stock-in-romania-approaches-eur-84-bln-204468|url-status=live}}</ref> Romania's FDI outward stock (an external or foreign business either investing in or purchasing the stock of a local economy) amounted to $745 million in December 2018, the lowest value among the 28 EU member states.<ref name="business-review.eu"/> Some companies that have invested in Romania include [[Coca-Cola]], [[McDonald's]], [[Pizza Hut]], [[Procter & Gamble]], [[Citibank]], and [[IBM]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Willis|first=Terri|title=Romania: Enchantment of the World|publisher=[[Children's Press]]|year=2001|isbn=0-516-21635-X|pages=80–81|language=English}}</ref>
According to a 2019 World Bank report, Romania ranks 52nd out of 190 economies in the ease of doing business, one place higher than neighbouring Hungary and one place lower than Italy.<ref name="doingbusiness.org">{{Cite web|url=https://www.doingbusiness.org/en/data/exploreeconomies|title=Explore Economies|website=World Bank|access-date=10 September 2019|archive-date=14 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180914161208/https://www.doingbusiness.org/en/data/exploreeconomies|url-status=live}}</ref> The report praised the consistent enforcement of contracts and access to credit in the country, while noting difficulties in access to electricity and dealing with construction permits.<ref name="doingbusiness.org"/>
[[File:Dacia Duster Salon de l'Auto.jpg|thumb|right|[[Dacia Duster]] concept at the [[Geneva Motor Show]] (2009)]]
Since 1867 the official currency has been the [[Romanian leu|Romanian ''leu'']] ("lion") and following a denomination in 2005.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Banca Națională a României – "The History of the Romanian Leu" Exhibition|url=https://www.bnr.ro/%e2%80%9cThe-History-of-the-Romanian-Leu%e2%80%9d-Exhibition-13837-Mobile.aspx|website=www.bnr.ro|access-date=1 May 2020|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728111204/https://www.bnr.ro/%e2%80%9cThe-History-of-the-Romanian-Leu%e2%80%9d-Exhibition-13837-Mobile.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> After joining the EU in 2007, Romania plans to adopt the [[euro]] in 2029.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/politics/news/romania-wants-to-push-euro-adoption-by-2026/ | title=Romania wants to push euro adoption by 2026 | date=20 March 2023 | access-date=4 May 2023 | archive-date=12 April 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412033726/https://www.euractiv.com/section/politics/news/romania-wants-to-push-euro-adoption-by-2026/ | url-status=live }}</ref>
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During the 1990s and 2000s, the development of research was hampered by several factors, including: corruption, low funding, and a considerable [[brain drain]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ad-astra.ro/journal/2/editorial_en.pdf |title=Science in post-communist Romania: The future is not inviting |access-date=9 February 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510003910/http://www.ad-astra.ro/journal/2/editorial_en.pdf |archive-date=10 May 2011 }}</ref> In recent years, Romania has ranked the lowest or second-lowest in the European Union by [[research and development]] spending as a percentage of GDP, standing at roughly 0.5% in 2016 and 2017, substantially below the EU average of just over 2%.<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/8493770/9-01122017-AP-EN.pdf/94cc03d5-693b-4c1d-b5ca-8d32703591e7|title=R&D expenditure in the EU remained stable in 2016 at just over 2% of GDP|date=1 December 2017|publisher=[[Eurostat]]|access-date=8 July 2019|archive-date=14 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190614062039/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/8493770/9-01122017-AP-EN.pdf/94cc03d5-693b-4c1d-b5ca-8d32703591e7|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.romania-insider.com/romania-last-in-the-eu-on-rd-expenditure|title=Romania, last in the EU on R&D expenditure|publisher=Romania Insider|date=10 January 2019|access-date=8 July 2019|archive-date=8 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708205458/https://www.romania-insider.com/romania-last-in-the-eu-on-rd-expenditure|url-status=live}}</ref> The country joined the [[European Space Agency]] (ESA) in 2011,<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://www.esa.int/About_Us/Welcome_to_ESA/Romania_accedes_to_ESA_Convention|title=Romania accedes to ESA Convention|publisher=European Space Agency|date=20 January 2011|access-date=8 July 2019|archive-date=8 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708185009/https://www.esa.int/About_Us/Welcome_to_ESA/Romania_accedes_to_ESA_Convention|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[CERN]] in 2016.<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://home.cern/news/press-release/cern/cern-welcomes-romania-its-twenty-second-member-state|publisher=CERN|date=5 September 2016|title=CERN welcomes Romania as its twenty-second Member State|access-date=8 July 2019|archive-date=8 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708185006/https://home.cern/news/press-release/cern/cern-welcomes-romania-its-twenty-second-member-state|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, however, Romania lost its voting rights in the ESA due to a failure to pay €56.8 million in membership contributions to the agency.<ref>{{cite web|title=Romania loses voting right at European Space Agency due to unpaid debts|url=https://www.romania-insider.com/romania-loses-voting-right-european-space-agency|work=Romania Insider|date=3 October 2018|access-date=8 July 2019|archive-date=8 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708185004/https://www.romania-insider.com/romania-loses-voting-right-european-space-agency|url-status=live}}</ref>
In the early 2010s, the situation for science in Romania was characterised as "rapidly improving" albeit from a low base.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Abbott |first1=Alison |title=Romania's high hopes for science |journal=Nature |date=12 January 2011 |doi=10.1038/news.2011.8 |doi-access=free }}</ref> In January 2011, Parliament passed a law that enforces "strict quality control on universities and introduces tough rules for funding evaluation and peer review".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Abbott |first1=Alison |title=Science fortunes of Balkan neighbours diverge |journal=Nature |date=12 January 2011 |volume=469 |issue=7329 |pages=142–143 |doi=10.1038/469142a |pmid=21228844 |bibcode=2011Natur.469..142A |doi-access=free }}</ref> Romania was ranked 47th in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2023, up from 50th in 2019.<ref>{{Cite book |last=WIPO |title=Global Innovation Index 2023, 15th Edition |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2023/index.html |access-date=2023-10-28 |website=www.wipo.int |date=2022 |publisher=World Intellectual Property Organization |doi=10.34667/tind.46596 |isbn=978-92-805-3432-0 |language=en |archive-date=22 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022042128/https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2023/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Global Innovation Index 2019|url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2019/index.html|access-date=2021-09-02|website=www.wipo.int|language=en|archive-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902101818/https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2019/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-10-28|title=Global Innovation Index|url=https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930|access-date=2021-09-02|website=INSEAD Knowledge|language=en|archive-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902101622/https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930|url-status=dead}}</ref>
The [[nuclear physics]] facility of the European Union's proposed [[Extreme Light Infrastructure]] (ELI) [[laser]] will be built in Romania.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eli-np.ro/ |title=ELI-NP | Extreme Light Infrastructure – Nuclear Physics |publisher=Eli-np.ro |access-date=29 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110906022342/http://www.eli-np.ro/ |archive-date=6 September 2011 }}</ref> In early 2012, Romania launched its first [[Goliat|satellite]] from the [[Centre Spatial Guyanais]] in French Guiana.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web |url=http://english.hotnews.ro/stiri-top_news-11498074-video-romania-39-first-satellite-goliat-successfully-launch-from-kourou-base-french-guyana.htm |title=VIDEO Romania's first satellite Goliat successfully launch from Kourou base in French Guyana – Top News |date=13 February 2012 |publisher=HotNews.ro |access-date=4 April 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406215026/http://english.hotnews.ro/stiri-top_news-11498074-video-romania-39-first-satellite-goliat-successfully-launch-from-kourou-base-french-guyana.htm |archive-date=6 April 2014 }}</ref> Starting in December 2014, Romania became a co-owner of the [[International Space Station]].<ref name="autogenerated4">{{cite web |url=http://www.rosa.ro/index.php/en/news-menu/stiri/787-romania-va-detine-o-parte-din-statia-spatiala-internationala-si-va-contribui-la-dezvoltarea-celei-mai-noi-rachete-europene-ariane-6 |title=Romania will own a part of the International Space Station and will contribute to the development of the latest European rocket, Ariane 6 |work=Romanian Space Agency |date=3 December 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141208052247/http://www.rosa.ro/index.php/en/news-menu/stiri/787-romania-va-detine-o-parte-din-statia-spatiala-internationala-si-va-contribui-la-dezvoltarea-celei-mai-noi-rachete-europene-ariane-6 |archive-date=8 December 2014 }}</ref>
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[[File:Romania 1930 ethnic map EN.png|thumb|Ethnic map of the [[Kingdom of Romania]] based on the 1930 census data]]
According to the [[2021 Romanian census]], Romania's population was 19,053,815.<ref name="Census2021"/> Like other countries in the region, its population is expected to decline gradually as a result of [[sub-replacement fertility rate]]s and negative [[net migration rate]]. According to the 2021 Romanian census, [[Romanians]] made up 89.33% of the population, [[Hungarian people|Hungarians]] 6.05% and the [[Romani people|Roma]] 3.44% of the population,<ref name="Census2021" /> but many ethnicities are not recorded, as they do not have ID cards.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ArchivedRomii copydin România |url=http://www.edrc.ro/docs/docs/Romii_din_Romania.pdf |url-status=bot: unknownlive |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131115213848/http://www.edrc.ro/docs/docs/Romii_din_Romania.pdf |archive-date=15 November 2013 |access-date=5 November 2007}}</ref> International sources give higher figures for Roma than the official census.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://europeandcis.undp.org/uploads/public/File/rbec_web/vgr/chapter1.1.pdf |title=ArchivedRoma in the Balkan copycontext |access-date=5 November 2007 |archive-date=1 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101141449/http://europeandcis.undp.org/uploads/public/File/rbec_web/vgr/chapter1.1.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=International Association for Official Statistics |url=http://www.msd.govt.nz/documents/publications/msd/journal/issue25/25-pages154-164.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226202154/http://www.msd.govt.nz/documents/publications/msd/journal/issue25/25-pages154-164.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2005-02-01-roma-europe_x.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080123192809/http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2005-02-01-roma-europe_x.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 January 2008 |publisher=usatoday |title=European effort spotlights plight of the Roma |access-date=31 August 2008 |date=10 February 2005 }}</ref> According to the [[Council of Europe]], the [[Romani people|Roma]] makes up 8.32% of the population.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Funding, strategy, facts and figures and contact details for national Roma contact points in Romania |url=https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/policies/justice-and-fundamental-rights/combatting-discrimination/roma-eu/roma-equality-inclusion-and-participation-eu-country/romania_en |access-date=5 July 2023 |archive-date=4 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204105430/https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/policies/justice-and-fundamental-rights/combatting-discrimination/roma-eu/roma-equality-inclusion-and-participation-eu-country/romania_en |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=March 2024}} Hungarians constitute a majority in the counties of [[Harghita County|Harghita]] and [[Covasna County|Covasna]]. Other minorities include [[Ukrainians of Romania|Ukrainians]], [[Germans of Romania|Germans]], [[Turks of Romania|Turks]], [[Lipovans]], [[Aromanians in Romania|Aromanians]], [[Tatars of Romania|Tatars]], and [[Serbs of Romania|Serbs]].<ref name="census">{{cite report|url=http://www.recensamantromania.ro/rezultate-2/ |title=Official site of the results of the 2002 Census |language=ro |access-date=31 August 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205002157/http://www.recensamantromania.ro/rezultate-2 |archive-date=5 February 2012 }}</ref> In 1930, there were 745,421 Germans living in Romania,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hungarian-history.hu/lib/minor/min02.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070817040031/http://www.hungarian-history.hu/lib/minor/min02.htm |archive-date=17 August 2007 |title=German Population of Romania, 1930–1948 |publisher=hungarian-history.hu |access-date=7 September 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> but only about 36,000 remained in the country to this day.<ref name="census" /> {{As of|2009}}, there were also approximately 133,000 immigrants living in Romania, primarily from Moldova and China.<ref name="hdrstats.undp.org" />
The [[total fertility rate]] (TFR) in 2018 was estimated at 1.36 children born per woman, which is below the replacement rate of 2.1, and one of the lowest in the world,<ref name = "cia.gov1">{{citation|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/romania/|title=World Factbook EUROPE : Romania|work=[[The World Factbook]]|date=12 July 2018|access-date=23 January 2021|archive-date=8 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308163845/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/romania/|url-status=live}}{{PD-notice}}</ref> it remains considerably below the high of 5.82 children born per woman in 1912.<ref>{{citation|url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/children-born-per-woman?year=1945&country=ROU|title=Total Fertility Rate around the world over the last centuries|author=Max Roser|date=2014|work=[[Our World in Data]], [[Gapminder Foundation]]|access-date=8 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209180302/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/children-born-per-woman?year=1945&country=ROU|archive-date=9 February 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2014, 31.2% of births were to unmarried women.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&plugin=1&language=en&pcode=tps00018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527142604/http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&plugin=1&language=en&pcode=tps00018|url-status=dead|title=Eurostat – Tables, Graphs and Maps Interface (TGM) table|archive-date=27 May 2016|website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref>
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[[File:Sibiuphoto.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1|[[Sibiu]] was the 2007 [[European Capital of Culture]] and the 2019 [[European Region of Gastronomy]].]]
[[File:Universitatea Politehnica Timisoara - Rectorat.jpg|upright=1|thumb|right|[[Timișoara]] was designated the [[European Capital of Culture]] in 2021 and is currently holdingheld this title in 2023 due to [[COVID-19 pandemic|COVID-19]] postponement.]]
The topic of the origin of Romanian culture began to be discussed by the end of the 18th century among the [[Transylvanian School]] scholars.<ref name=iciculture>{{cite web|url=http://www.ici.ro/romania/en/cultura/cultural_aspects.html |title=Cultural aspects |publisher=National Institute for Research & Development in Informatics, Romania |access-date=28 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307182620/http://www.ici.ro/romania/en/cultura/cultural_aspects.html |archive-date= 7 March 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Several writers rose to prominence in the 19th century, including: [[George Coșbuc]], [[Ioan Slavici]], [[Mihail Kogălniceanu]], [[Vasile Alecsandri]], [[Nicolae Bălcescu]], [[Ion Luca Caragiale]], [[Ion Creangă (writer)|Ion Creangă]], and [[Mihai Eminescu]], the later being considered the greatest and most influential Romanian poet, particularly for the poem ''[[Luceafărul (poem)|Luceafărul]]''.<ref>{{cite web|language=ro |url=http://www.ici.ro/romania/en/cultura/l_eminescu.html |title=Mihai Eminescu |publisher=National Institute for Research & Development in Informatics, Romania |access-date=20 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071231163537/http://www.ici.ro/romania/en/cultura/l_eminescu.html |archive-date=31 December 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
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The governing body is the [[Romanian Football Federation]], which belongs to UEFA. The [[Romania national football team]] played its first match in 1922 and is one of only four national teams to have taken part in the first three [[FIFA World Cup]]s, the other three being Brazil, France, and Belgium. Overall, it has played in seven World Cups and had its most successful period during the 1990s, when it finished 6th at the [[1994 FIFA World Cup]], eventually being ranked 3rd by [[FIFA]] in 1997.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fifa.com/fifa-world-ranking/associations/association=rou/men/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219140951/http://www.fifa.com/fifa-world-ranking/associations/association=rou/men/index.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 February 2015|title=The FIFA/Coca-Cola World Ranking – Associations – Romania – Men's|website=FIFA.com}}</ref>
The core player of this [[golden generation]] was [[Gheorghe Hagi]], who was nicknamed "Maradona of the Carpathians".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thesefootballtimes.co/2017/08/24/gheorghe-hagi-the-maradona-of-the-carpathians/|title=Gheorghe Hagi: the Maradona of the Carpathians|first=Steven|last=Scragg|date=24 August 2017|access-date=22 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105145958/https://thesefootballtimes.co/2017/08/24/gheorghe-hagi-the-maradona-of-the-carpathians/|archive-date=5 November 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> Other successful players include the [[European Golden Shoe]] winners: [[Dudu Georgescu]], [[Dorin Mateuț]] and [[Rodion Cămătaru]], [[Nicolae Dobrin]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theversed.com/53825/nicolae-dobrin-romanias-greatest-player/|title=Nicolae Dobrin: Romania's true greatest ever player|date=1 August 2017|website=The Versed}}</ref> [[Ilie Balaci]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.uefa.com/insideuefa/news/newsid=2577339.html|title=Romania mourns Ilie Balaci|website=UEFA.com| date=21 October 2018 }}</ref> [[Florea Dumitrache]],<ref name=EFY>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/europa-poy70.html|title=European Footballer of the Year ("Ballon d'Or") 1970|website=[[RSSSF]]}}</ref> [[Mihai Mocanu]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://liga2.prosport.ro/special/adio-mihai-mocanu-4586453|title=Adio, Mihai Mocanu! | Liga 2|website=liga2.prosport.ro|date=21 June 2009}}</ref> [[Michael Klein (footballer, born 1959)|Michael Klein]],<ref name=frf>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ziare.com/fotbal/stiri-fotbal/echipa-de-vis-all-time-a-romaniei-1304038|title=Echipa de vis all-time a Romaniei|website=Ziare.com}}</ref> [[Mircea Rednic]],<ref name=frf/> [[Cornel Dinu]],<ref name=EFY/> [[Mircea Lucescu]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://stiri.tvr.ro/un-rio-formidabil--mircea-lucescu--votat-atacant-dreapta-in-echipa-de-vis-a-romaniei_45778.html|title=Video Un Rio Formidabil: Mircea Lucescu, atacant dreapta în echipa de vis|website=Stiriletvr.ro|access-date=18 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823153414/http://stiri.tvr.ro/un-rio-formidabil--mircea-lucescu--votat-atacant-dreapta-in-echipa-de-vis-a-romaniei_45778.html|archive-date=23 August 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Costică Ștefănescu]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2013/aug/21/romania-costica-stefanescu-dies|title=Former Romania captain Costica Stefanescu dies aged 62|newspaper=The Guardian |agency=Associated Press|date=21 August 2013|via=www.theguardian.com}}</ref> [[Ion Dumitru|Liță Dumitru]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ziare.com/steaua/stiri-steaua/concluzia-dura-a-unei-legende-de-la-steaua-totul-e-un-dezastru-interviu-1455965|title=Concluzia dura a unei legende de la Steaua: Totul e un dezastru! – Interviu|website=Ziare.com}}</ref> [[Lajos Sătmăreanu]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telekomsport.ro/exclusiv-angelo-niculescu-mi-a-zis-ca-nu-ma-baga-pentru-ca-sunt-maghiar-si-partidul-crede-ca-vand-meciul-sper-sa-nu-prind-ziua-cand-ne-vor-bate-iar-17720289|title=EXCLUSIV | "Angelo Niculescu mi-a zis că nu mă bagă pentru că sunt maghiar şi Partidul crede că vând meciul. Sper să nu prind ziua când ne vor bate iar"|website=Telekomsport.ro|date=6 October 2014 }}</ref> [[Ștefan Sameș]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jurnalul.antena3.ro/sport/fotbal-intern/ne-a-parasit-stefan-sames-fostul-mare-fundas-al-stelei-584901.html|title=Ne-a părăsit Ştefan Sameş, fostul mare fundaş al Stelei|website=jurnalul.antena3.ro}}</ref> [[László Bölöni|Ladislau Bölöni]],<ref name="lequipe">{{Cite web|url=https://www.digi24.ro/stiri/sport/fotbal/lequipe-nicolae-dobrin-cel-mai-valoros-jucator-roman-din-istorie-cine-sunt-urmatorii-in-top-5-526988|title=L'Equipe: Nicolae Dobrin, cel mai valoros jucător român din istorie. Cine sunt următorii în Top 5|website=www.digi24.ro|date=8 June 2016 }}</ref> [[Anghel Iordănescu]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.revistavip.net/Sarbatoritul_saptamanii/La_multi_ani_Anghel_Iordanescu!/1247/|title=La multi ani Anghel Iordanescu!|website=www.revistavip.net|access-date=18 August 2019|archive-date=18 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818180542/http://www.revistavip.net/Sarbatoritul_saptamanii/La_multi_ani_Anghel_Iordanescu!/1247/|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Miodrag Belodedici]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2011/may/17/miodrag-belodedici-european-cup-football|title=Miodrag Belodedici: the fugitive libero who conquered Europe twice | Jonathan Wilson|first=Jonathan|last=Wilson|newspaper=The Guardian |date=17 May 2011|via=www.theguardian.com}}</ref> [[Helmuth Duckadam]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/what-happened-helmuth-duckadam-i-saved-four-penalties-win-european-cup-it-was-my-last-ever|title=What happened to Helmuth Duckadam? "I saved four penalties to win the European Cup... but it was my last ever game"|first1=Future Publishing Limited Quay|last1=House|first2=The|last2=Ambury|first3=Bath BA1 1UA All rights reserved|last3=Engl|first4=Wales company registration|last4=number 2008885|date=19 February 2019|website=FourFourTwo}}</ref> [[Marius Lăcătuș]],<ref name=frf/> [[Victor Pițurcă]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fanatik.ro/victor-piturca-amintiri-tarzii-cu-gerd-muller-al-romaniei-18351299|title=Victor Pițurcă. Amintiri târzii cu 'Gerd Muller al României' – Fanatik.ro|date=8 May 2018}}</ref> and many others, and most recently [[Gheorghe Popescu (footballer, born 1967)|Gheorghe Popescu]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tribuna.com/en/fcbarcelona/news/2945212/|title=Barca ex-captain Popescu turns 51|website=Tribuna.com|access-date=22 July 2019|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728111202/https://tribuna.com/en/fcbarcelona/news/2020-03-06-barca-excaptain-popescu-turns-51/|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Florin Răducioiu]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://acmilanspot.com/florin-raducioiu-returns-ac-milan/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930190749/https://acmilanspot.com/florin-raducioiu-returns-ac-milan/|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 September 2020|title=Florin Răducioiu returns to AC Milan|date=24 December 2018}}</ref> [[Dorinel Munteanu]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://romanialibera.ro/sport/sporturi/kicker---nemuritorul--dorinel-munteanu-105820|title=Kicker: "Nemuritorul" Dorinel Munteanu | Romania Libera|website=romanialibera.ro|date=11 September 2007}}</ref> [[Dan Petrescu]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fourfourtwo.com/us/news/petrescu-set-reject-crystal-palace|title=Petrescu set to reject Crystal Palace|date=19 November 2013|website=fourfourtwo.com}}</ref> [[Adrian Mutu]],<ref name="UEFA">{{Cite web|url=https://fr.uefa.com/uefaeuro-2020/news/newsid=449591.html|title=Roménia na máxima força|website=UEFA.com}}{{Dead link|date=December 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Cristian Chivu]],<ref name="UEFA"/> or [[Cosmin Contra]].<ref name="UEFA"/> Romania's home ground is the [[Arena Națională]] in Bucharest.
The most successful club is [[CSA Steaua București (football)|Steaua București]], who were the first Eastern European team to win the [[UEFA Champions League]] in 1986, and were runners-up in 1989.<ref>[Champions League: Once feared across Europe, Chelsea opponents Steaua Bucharest went the way of the Wall]</ref> [[FC Dinamo București|Dinamo București]] reached the UEFA Champions League semi-final in 1984 and the [[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup]] semi-final in [[1989–90 European Cup Winners' Cup|1990]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.prosport.ro/fotbal-extern/campionate-externe/cum-putea-dinamo-domina-europa-in-viziunea-lui-lucescu-ce-strategie-ar-trebui-sa-aplice-8049036|title=Cum putea Dinamo domina Europa, în viziunea lui Lucescu! Ce strategie ar trebui să aplice!|website=ProSport|date=10 March 2011}}</ref> Other important Romanian football clubs are [[FC Rapid București|Rapid București]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fr.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/news/newsid=405244.html|title=Bucharest back to 1980s best|website=UEFA.com}}{{Dead link|date=December 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[FC UTA Arad|UTA Arad]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://realitateadearad.net/index.php/2019/04/17/arad-batrana-doamna-uta-arad-implineste-joi-74-de-ani-lansare-de-carte-si-o-inedita-expozitie-care-este-povestea-campioanei-provinciei/|title=Arad: "Bătrâna Doamnă", UTA Arad, împlinește, joi, 74 de ani. Lansare de carte și o inedită expoziție. Care este povestea "Campioanei Provinciei"|first=Boitiu|last=Ciprian|date=17 April 2019}}{{Dead link|date=July 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[CS Universitatea Craiova|Universitatea Craiova]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://stiri.tvr.ro/istoria-unei-legende-stadionul-central-din-craiova-a-gazduit-multe-partide-memorabile_824557.html|title=Video Istoria unei legende|website=Stiriletvr.ro|date=10 November 2017 }}</ref> [[FC Petrolul Ploiești|Petrolul Ploiești]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fcpetrolul.ro/fc-petrolul-uta-arad-duelul-celor-zece-titluri/|title=FC Petrolul – UTA Arad/Duelul celor zece titluri! – FC Petrolul Ploiești|website=fcpetrolul.ro|date=13 August 2023 }}</ref> [[CFR Cluj]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/20522181|title=Man Utd 0–1 CFR Cluj|date=5 December 2012|work=BBC Sport}}</ref> [[FC Astra Giurgiu|Astra Giurgiu]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.football-italia.net/95424/el-roma-and-astra-giurgiu-celebrate|title=EL: Roma and Astra Giurgiu celebrate | Football Italia|website=www.football-italia.net|date=8 December 2016}}</ref> and [[FC Viitorul Constanța|Viitorul Constanța]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurosport.com/football/viitorul-confirmed-as-romanian-champions-after-row-over-rules_sto6251972/story.shtml|title=Viitorul confirmed as Romanian champions after row over rules|date=13 July 2017|website=Eurosport}}</ref> (the latter having recently merged with [[FCV Farul Constanța]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.digisport.ro/fotbal/liga-1/fuziunea-farul-viitorul-anuntata-oficial-gica-hagi-revine-pe-banca-ce-nume-va-avea-noua-echipa-1152789|title=Fuziunea Farul – Viitorul, anunțată oficial! Gică Hagi revine pe bancă. Ce nume va avea noua echipă|trans-title=The Farul – Viitorul merger, officially announced! Gica Hagi returns to the bench. What name will the new team have |publisher=digisport.ro|language=ro|date=21 June 2021|access-date=21 June 2021}}</ref>
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{{reflist}}
===Sources===
===Secondary sources===
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* ''[https://archive.org/details/ancienthistoryh00herogoog/page/n236 <!-- pg=215 --> The Ancient History of Herodotus]'' (Translated by William Beloe) (1859). Derby & Jackson.▼
* ''[http://www.ccel.org/p/pearse/morefathers/eutropius_breviarium_2_text.htm Eutropius, Abridgment of Roman History]'' (Translated by John Selby Watson) (1886). George Bell and Sons.▼
* {{cite book |last=Bóna |first=István |editor1-last=Köpeczi |editor1-first=Béla |editor2-last=Barta |editor2-first=Gábor |editor3-last=Bóna |editor3-first=István |editor4-last=Makkai |editor4-first=László |editor5-last=Szász |editor5-first=Zoltán |editor6-last=Borus |editor6-first=Judit |title=History of Transylvania |publisher=Akadémiai Kiadó |year=1994 |pages=62–177 |chapter=From Dacia to Transylvania: The Period of the Great Migrations (271–895); The Hungarian–Slav Period (895–1172) |isbn=963-05-6703-2}}
* {{Cite book |last=Curta |first=Florin |author-link=Florin Curta |title=Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250 |year=2006 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]}}
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* {{cite book |last1=Trócsányi |first1=Zsolt |last2=Miskolczy |first2=Ambrus |editor1-last=Köpeczi |editor1-first=Béla |editor2-last=Barta |editor2-first=Gábor |editor3-last=Bóna |editor3-first=István |editor4-last=Makkai |editor4-first=László |editor5-last=Szász |editor5-first=Zoltán |editor6-last=Borus |editor6-first=Judit |title=History of Transylvania |publisher=Akadémiai Kiadó |year=1994 |pages=413–523 |chapter=Transylvania under the Habsburg Empire |isbn=963-05-6703-2}}
*{{Cite book |last=Vékony |first=Gábor |year=2000 |title=Dacians, Romans, Romanians |publisher=Matthias Corvinus Publishing |isbn=978-1-882785-13-1 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/daciansromansrom0000veko}}
{{Refend}}
===Primary sources===
{{Refbegin|30em}}
▲* ''[https://archive.org/details/ancienthistoryh00herogoog/page/n236 <!-- pg=215 --> The Ancient History of Herodotus]'' (Translated by William Beloe) (1859). Derby & Jackson.
▲* ''[http://www.ccel.org/p/pearse/morefathers/eutropius_breviarium_2_text.htm Eutropius, Abridgment of Roman History]'' (Translated by John Selby Watson) (1886). George Bell and Sons.
{{Refend}}
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{{Sovereign states of Europe}}
{{Eastern Europe|state=collapsed}}
{{Member states of the European Union}}
{{European Economic Area (EEA)}}}}