List of alismatid families
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Article ImagesThe alismatid monocots are a group of 15 interrelated families of flowering plants, named for their largest order, Alismatales.[a] Like other monocots, they usually have a single embryonic leaf (cotyledon) in their seeds, scattered vascular systems, leaves with parallel veins, flowers with parts in threes or multiples of three, and roots that can develop in more than one place along the stems.[6] The alismatids have adapted to thrive in oceans, temperate zones, deserts, the tropics, and even glacial regions.[7]
Like the earliest monocots, many of the alismatid monocots are aquatic, and some grow completely submerged. Apart from the sweet-flag family of wetlands plants, all the alismatid families are in Alismatales. Some of the plants in this order are invasive aquatic weeds that can disrupt and destabilize ecosystems. Others grow in a variety of habitats, especially plants in the aroid family. This family includes the titan arum, with the world's largest unbranched inflorescence, and also the world's smallest flowering plant, duckweed.[2][5][8][9]
From the glossary of botanical terms:
- annual: a plant species that completes its life cycle within a single year or growing season
- basal: attached close to the base (of a plant or an evolutionary tree diagram)
- climber: a vine that leans on, twines around or clings to other plants for vertical support
- herbaceous: not woody; usually green and soft in texture
- perennial: not an annual or biennial
- woody: hard and lignified; not herbaceous[10]
The APG IV system is the fourth in a series of plant taxonomies from the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group.[2] In this system, the alismatids are basal within the monocots.[8][11]
- ^ The taxonomy (classification) in this list follows Plants of the World (2017)[1] and the fourth Angiosperm Phylogeny Group system.[2] Total counts of genera for each family come from Plants of the World Online.[3] (See the POWO license.) Extinct taxa are not included. The monocots as a whole are the plants responsible for most of the global agricultural output, including those in the grass, palm, banana, ginger, asparagus, pineapple, sedge and onion families.[4][5]
- ^ Each family's formal name ends in the Latin suffix -aceae and is derived from the name of a genus that is or once was part of the family.[13]
- ^ Some plants were named for naturalists (unless otherwise noted).
- ^ See Photosynthesis#C3 : C4 photosynthesis research for the chemistry of C4 photosynthesis.
Some of POWO's data originally appeared in different databases. On the page for each family, these databases (if any) will appear under the "General information" tab.
- ^ Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017.
- ^ a b c Angiosperm Phylogeny Group 2016.
- ^ POWO.
- ^ Givnish et al. 2010, p. 585.
- ^ a b Royal Botanic Gardens.
- ^ Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 115–116.
- ^ Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 115–131.
- ^ a b c Stevens 2023.
- ^ Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 117–120.
- ^ Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 638–670.
- ^ Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 10, 117.
- ^ Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 117–131.
- ^ ICN, art. 18.
- ^ Stevens 2023, Summary of APG IV.
- ^ a b c Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, p. 117.
- ^ Coombes 2012, p. 30.
- ^ Stearn 2002, p. 30.
- ^ POWO, Acoraceae.
- ^ a b c Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, p. 122.
- ^ Coombes 2012, p. 36.
- ^ Stearn 2002, p. 38.
- ^ IPNI, Alismataceae, Type.
- ^ POWO, Alismataceae.
- ^ a b POWO, Alismataceae, Flora of Tropical East Africa.
- ^ a b c Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, p. 126.
- ^ Stearn 2002, p. 48.
- ^ POWO, Aponogetonaceae.
- ^ POWO, Aponogetonaceae, Flora of Somalia.
- ^ POWO, Araceae, Neotropikey.
- ^ Coombes 2012, p. 52.
- ^ Stearn 2002, p. 53.
- ^ IPNI, Araceae, Type.
- ^ a b Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 118–120.
- ^ POWO, Araceae.
- ^ POWO, Rapateaceae, Flora of West Tropical Africa.
- ^ a b c Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, p. 123.
- ^ Coombes 2012, p. 72.
- ^ Stearn 2002, p. 73.
- ^ POWO, Butomaceae.
- ^ POWO, Butomaceae, Flora of Tropical East Africa.
- ^ a b c d Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, p. 131.
- ^ Burkhardt 2018, p. C-77.
- ^ IPNI, Cymodoceaceae, Type.
- ^ POWO, Cymodoceaceae.
- ^ POWO, Cymodoceaceae, Flora of Somalia.
- ^ a b c Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 123–125.
- ^ Stearn 2002, p. 170.
- ^ IPNI, Hydrocharitaceae, Type.
- ^ POWO, Hydrocharitaceae.
- ^ a b c d e Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 126–127.
- ^ USDA, Juncaginaceae, Type.
- ^ POWO, Juncaginaceae.
- ^ POWO, Juncaginaceae, Flora of Tropical East Africa.
- ^ a b c Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, p. 127.
- ^ Burkhardt 2018, p. M-34.
- ^ POWO, Maundiaceae.
- ^ a b c d e f Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, p. 130.
- ^ Burkhardt 2018, p. P-60.
- ^ POWO, Posidoniaceae.
- ^ a b c d Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 128–129.
- ^ Stearn 2002, p. 247.
- ^ IPNI, Potamogetonaceae, Type.
- ^ POWO, Potamogetonaceae.
- ^ POWO, Potamogetonaceae, Flora of Tropical East Africa.
- ^ Burkhardt 2018, p. R-55.
- ^ POWO, Ruppiaceae.
- ^ POWO, Ruppiaceae, Neotropikey.
- ^ a b c Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, p. 125.
- ^ Burkhardt 2018, p. S-22.
- ^ POWO, Scheuchzeriaceae.
- ^ a b c Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, p. 121.
- ^ Burkhardt 2018, p. T-26.
- ^ USDA, Tofieldiaceae, Type.
- ^ POWO, Tofieldiaceae.
- ^ POWO, Tofieldiaceae, Neotropikey.
- ^ a b c d e Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 127–128.
- ^ IPNI, Zosteraceae, Type.
- ^ POWO, Zosteraceae.
- ^ POWO, Zosteraceae, Neotropikey.
- Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2016). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 181 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1111/boj.12385.
- Burkhardt, Lotte (2018). Verzeichnis eponymischer Pflanzennamen – Erweiterte Edition [Index of Eponymic Plant Names – Extended Edition] (pdf) (in German). Berlin: Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum, Freie Universität Berlin. doi:10.3372/epolist2018. ISBN 978-3-946292-26-5. S2CID 187926901. Retrieved January 1, 2021. See the terms of their Creative Commons license.
- Christenhusz, Maarten; Fay, Michael Francis; Chase, Mark Wayne (2017). Plants of the World: An Illustrated Encyclopedia of Vascular Plants. Chicago, Illinois: Kew Publishing and The University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-52292-0.
- Coombes, Allen (2012). The A to Z of Plant Names: A Quick Reference Guide to 4000 Garden Plants. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. ISBN 978-1-60469-196-2.
- Givnish, Thomas J.; Ames, Mercedes; McNeal, Joel R.; McKain, Michael R.; Steele, P. Roxanne; dePamphilis, Claude W.; Graham, Sean W.; Pires, J. Chris; Stevenson, Dennis W.; Zomlefer, Wendy B.; Briggs, Barbara G.; Duvall, Melvin R.; Moore, Michael J.; Heaney, J. Michael; Soltis, Douglas E.; Soltis, Pamela S.; Thiele, Kevin; Leebens-Mack, James H. (December 27, 2010). "Assembling the Tree of the Monocotyledons: Plastome Sequence Phylogeny and Evolution of Poales". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 97 (4): 584–616. doi:10.3417/2010023. S2CID 15036227. Retrieved October 23, 2022.
- IPNI (2022). "International Plant Names Index". London, Boston and Canberra: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; and the Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved October 21, 2022.
- POWO (2019). "Plants of the World Online". London: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Archived from the original on March 22, 2017. Retrieved October 23, 2022. See the terms of their license.
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (2010). "Monocots I: General Alismatids & Lilioids". London: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Archived from the original on September 14, 2015. Retrieved October 19, 2022.
- Stearn, William (2002). Stearn's Dictionary of Plant Names for Gardeners. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-36469-5.
- Stevens, P.F. (2023) [2001]. "Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Alismatales". Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved October 22, 2022.
- Turland, N. J.; et al. (eds.). International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017 (electronic ed.). Glashütten: International Association for Plant Taxonomy. Retrieved February 25, 2022.
- "USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant Germplasm System". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN Taxonomy). Beltsville, Maryland: National Germplasm Resources Laboratory. 2022. Retrieved October 29, 2022.