Calicium brachysporum

''Calicium brachysporum'' is a species of leprose lichen in the family of Caliciaceae <ref>Kudsen, K., Kocourková J., Lendemer J. (2019). Calicium brachysporum, a rare California endemic. Bulletin of the California Lichen Society. 26(2). P. 51-53. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kerry-Knudsen/publication/339612873_Calicium_Brachysporum_a_rare_California_endemic/links/5e5c0fb3a6fdccbeba124282/Calicium-Brachysporum-a-rare-California-endemic.pdf </ref>.

''Calicium brachysporum'' is a species of leprose [[lichen]] in the family of [[Caliciaceae]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Knudsen |first=Kerry |last2=Kocourkova |first2=Jana |last3=Lendemer |first3=James |date=2019 |title=Calicium Brachysporum, a rare California endemic |url=https://static1.squarespace.com/static/6568d05d0ac2b549281017be/t/6583b99e437c5c1dfec667a2/1703131552818/CALS_2019_26-2.pdf#page=14 |journal=Bulletin of the California Lichen Society |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=51-53}}</ref>.

=== Bigeography ===

=== Bigeography ===

The species ''Calicium brachysporum'' is endemic to south-central California <ref>Peterson, E. (n.d.) Calcium brachysporum. Calicioids of Temperate Regions. http://crustose.net/calicioids/index.php?-table=Sections&-action=book&ID=9#Calicium_brachysporum</ref>. The species is typically found within oak savannas of a Mediterranean climate <ref>Peterson, E. (n.d.) Calcium brachysporum. Calicioids of Temperate Regions. http://crustose.net/calicioids/index.php?-table=Sections&-action=book&ID=9#Calicium_brachysporum</ref>.

The species ''Calicium brachysporum'' is endemic to south-central [[California]] <ref name=":1">Peterson, E. (n.d.) Calcium brachysporum. Calicioids of Temperate Regions. http://crustose.net/calicioids/index.php?-table=Sections&-action=book&ID=9#Calicium_brachysporum</ref>. The species is typically found within unburned [[Oak savanna|oak savannas]] of a Mediterranean climate<ref name=":1" /> .

=== Identification ===

=== Identification ===

''Calicium brachysporum'' appears as an apothecia yellow <ref>Kudsen, K., Kocourková J., Lendemer J. (2019). Calicium brachysporum, a rare California endemic. Bulletin of the California Lichen Society. 26(2). P. 51-53. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kerry-Knudsen/publication/339612873_Calicium_Brachysporum_a_rare_California_endemic/links/5e5c0fb3a6fdccbeba124282/Calicium-Brachysporum-a-rare-California-endemic.pdf </ref>. This species is typically confused with ''C. tigillare'' or ''C. notarisii'' due to their similar apothecia yellow appearances. To properly identify ''C. brachysporum'', closer microscopic inspection of its 1-septate ascospores is required. For ''C. brachysporum'', the 1-septate ascospores are 10-15 x 10-12 um with a punctate surface in comparison to ''C. tigillare'' which has ascospores 17-21 x 9-11 um with a smooth surface, and ''C. notarisii'' which has 10-15 × 10-12 um 1-septate ascospores with a punctate surface <ref>Nádvornik, J. 1942. Beiträge zur Kenntnis Arten der Flectenfamilie Caliciacee. Annals of Mycology 40:

''Calicium brachysporum'' appears as yellow [[apothecia]] <ref name=":0" />. This species is typically confused with ''C. tigillare'' or ''C. notarisii'' due to their similar apothecia. ''C. brachysporum'' has 1-septate [[ascospores]] that are 10-15 x 10-12 um with a bumpy surface.<ref name=":0" />

133-139.

</ref>.

=== History ===

=== History ===

The first specimen of ''Calicium brachysporum'' (originally identified as ''Cyphelium tigillare'') was collected in 1903 in the Temecula Valley near Murrieta Hot Springs by H.E. Hasse <ref>Kudsen, K., Kocourková J., Lendemer J. (2019). Calicium brachysporum, a rare California endemic. Bulletin of the California Lichen Society. 26(2). P. 51-53. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kerry-Knudsen/publication/339612873_Calicium_Brachysporum_a_rare_California_endemic/links/5e5c0fb3a6fdccbeba124282/Calicium-Brachysporum-a-rare-California-endemic.pdf </ref>. The specimen was collected off of the dead branches of an Adenosto-mas fasciculatum <ref>Kudsen, K., Kocourková J., Lendemer J. (2019). Calicium brachysporum, a rare California endemic. Bulletin of the California Lichen Society. 26(2). P. 51-53. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kerry-Knudsen/publication/339612873_Calicium_Brachysporum_a_rare_California_endemic/links/5e5c0fb3a6fdccbeba124282/Calicium-Brachysporum-a-rare-California-endemic.pdf</ref>. After the collection of the specimen in 1903 of the currently labeled ''Cyphelium tigillare'', the sample eventually made its way to Europe where in 1942, the specimen was later discovered by lichenologist Josef Nádvorník who identified the species as ''Cyphelium brachysporum'' <ref>Nádvornik, J. 1942. Beiträge zur Kenntnis Arten der Flectenfamilie Caliciacee. Annals of Mycology 40:

The first specimen of ''Calicium brachysporum'' (originally identified as ''Cyphelium tigillare'') was collected in 1903 in the Temecula Valley near Murrieta Hot Springs by H.E. Hasse <ref name=":0" />. The specimen was collected off of the dead branches of an [[Adenostoma fasciculatum]] <ref name=":0" />. After the collection of the specimen in 1903 of the currently labeled ''Cyphelium tigillare'', the sample eventually made its way to Europe where in 1942, the specimen was later discovered by lichenologist Josef Nádvorník who identified the species as ''Cyphelium brachysporum'' <ref>Nádvornik, J. 1942. Beiträge zur Kenntnis Arten der Flectenfamilie Caliciacee. Annals of Mycology 40:

133-139.

133-139.

</ref>.

</ref>.

In 2003, L. Tibell, a Swedish lichenologist, combined the species ''Cyphelium brachysporum'' with ''C. notarisii'' <ref>Tibell, L., A.N. Titov & E. Lisická. 2003. Calicioid lichens and fungi described by J. Nádvornik. Myco-

In 2003, L. Tibell, a Swedish lichenologist, combined the species ''Cyphelium brachysporum'' with ''C. notarisii'' <ref>Tibell, L., A.N. Titov & E. Lisická. 2003. Calicioid lichens and fungi described by J. Nádvornik. Myco-

taxon 87: 3.24.

taxon 87: 3.24.

</ref>. This conclusion was built upon the thought that ''Cyphelium brachysporum'' was an immature ''C. notarisii'' specimen due not only to visual appearance, but also the microscopic view of a rare slanted septa wall not typically seen in top cells <ref>Lendemer, J. C., J. Kocourková & K. Knudsen. 2008.

</ref> because he thought that ''Cyphelium brachysporum'' was an immature ''C. notarisii'' <ref name=":2">Lendemer, J. C., J. Kocourková & K. Knudsen. 2008.

Studies in lichens and lichenicolous fungi: notes on some taxa from North America. Mycotaxon 105:

Studies in lichens and lichenicolous fungi: notes on some taxa from North America. Mycotaxon 105:

379-386.

379-386.

</ref>. From 2003-2005, the species was then renamed once again as ''Cyphelium brachysporum'' after further examination comparing Hasse’ collections to a modern collection by Kerry Kudsen, Jana Kocourková, and James Lendemer <ref>Kudsen, K., Kocourková J., Lendemer J. (2019). Calicium brachysporum, a rare California endemic. Bulletin of the California Lichen Society. 26(2). P. 51-53. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kerry-Knudsen/publication/339612873_Calicium_Brachysporum_a_rare_California_endemic/links/5e5c0fb3a6fdccbeba124282/Calicium-Brachysporum-a-rare-California-endemic.pdf </ref>.

</ref>. From 2003-2005, the species was then renamed once again as ''Cyphelium brachysporum'' after further examination comparing Hasse’ collections to a modern collection<ref name=":2" />.

The species ''Cyphelium brachysporum'' was changed one final time after a molecular study of ''Cyphelium''. The study resulted in ''Cyphelium tigillare'' and ''Cyphelium notarisii'' both being transferred over to the ''Calicium'' genus <ref>Lendemer, J. C., J. Kocourková & K. Knudsen. 2008.

The species ''Cyphelium brachysporum'' was changed one final time after a molecular study of ''Cyphelium''. The study resulted in ''Cyphelium tigillare'' and ''Cyphelium notarisii'' both being transferred over to the ''Calicium'' genus<ref name=":0" />. Due to the morphological similarities between these species and ''Cyphelium brachysporum'' in addition to species from the ''Cyphelium'' genus no longer being found in North America anymore, ''Cyphelium brachysporum'' was transferred to the ''Calicium'' genus<ref name=":0" />.

Studies in lichens and lichenicolous fungi: notes on some taxa from North America. Mycotaxon 105:

379-386.

</ref>. Due to the morphological similarities between these species and ''Cyphelium brachysporum'' in addition to species from the ''Cyphelium'' genus no longer being found in North America anymore, even though ''C. brachysporum'' was not included in this study, ''Cyphelium brachysporum'' was transferred to the Calicium genus <ref>Kudsen, K., Kocourková J., Lendemer J. (2019). Calicium brachysporum, a rare California endemic. Bulletin of the California Lichen Society. 26(2). P. 51-53. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kerry-Knudsen/publication/339612873_Calicium_Brachysporum_a_rare_California_endemic/links/5e5c0fb3a6fdccbeba124282/Calicium-Brachysporum-a-rare-California-endemic.pdf </ref>.