Andronikos I Komnenos

Andronikos Komnenos was born early in the 12th century, around 1118. He was endowed by nature with the most remarkable gifts both of mind and body: he was handsome and eloquent, but licentious; and, at the same time, active, hardy, courageous, a great general and an able politician.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=975}}

Andronikos Komnenos was born early in the 12th century, around 1118. He was endowed by nature with the most remarkable gifts both of mind and body: he was handsome and eloquent, but licentious; and, at the same time, active, hardy, courageous, a great general and an able politician.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=975}}

Andronikos' early years were spent alternately in pleasure and in military service. In 1141 he was taken captive by the [[Seljuq Turks]] and remained in their hands for a year. On being ransomed he went to [[Constantinople]], where was held the court of his cousin, the Emperor [[Manuel I Comnenus|Manuel I Komnenos]], with whom he was a great [[favourite]]. Here the charms of his niece, Eudoxia, attracted him and she became his mistress.

Andronikos' early years were spent alternately in pleasure and in military service. In 1141 he was taken captive by the [[Seljuq Turks]] and remained in their hands for a year. On being ransomed he went to [[Constantinople]], where was held the court of his cousin, the Emperor [[Manuel I Comnenus|Manuel I Komnenos]], with whom he was a great [[favourite]]. Here the charms of his niece, Eudoxia, attracted him and she became his mistress.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=975}}

In 1152, accompanied by Eudoxia, he set out for an important command in [[Cilicia]]. Failing in his principal enterprise, an attack upon [[Mopsuestia]], he returned, but was again appointed to the command of a province. This second post he seems also to have left after a short interval, for he appeared again in [[Constantinople]], and narrowly escaped death at the hands of the brothers of Eudoxia.

In 1152, accompanied by Eudoxia, he set out for an important command in [[Cilicia]]. Failing in his principal enterprise, an attack upon [[Mopsuestia]], he returned, but was again appointed to the command of a province. This second post he seems also to have left after a short interval, for he appeared again in [[Constantinople]], and narrowly escaped death at the hands of the brothers of Eudoxia.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=975}}

About this time (1153) a conspiracy against the Emperor, in which Andronikos participated, was discovered and he was thrown into prison. There he remained for about twelve years, during which time he made repeated but unsuccessful attempts to escape.

About this time (1153) a conspiracy against the Emperor, in which Andronikos participated, was discovered and he was thrown into prison. There he remained for about twelve years, during which time he made repeated but unsuccessful attempts to escape.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=975}}

===Exile===

===Exile===

At last, in 1165, he was successful in escaping. After passing through many dangers, including captivity in Vlachs territory, he reached the court of his cousin [[Yaroslav Osmomysl]] of [[Principality of Halych|Galicia]]. While under the protection of Yaroslav, Andronikos brought about an alliance between him and the Emperor Manuel I, and so restored himself to the emperor's favour. With a [[Principality of Halych|Galician]] army he joined Manuel in the invasion of [[Hungary]] and assisted at the siege of [[Zemun|Semlin]].

At last, in 1165, he was successful in escaping. After passing through many dangers,{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=975}} including captivity in Vlachs territory,{[citation needed|date=January 2013}} he reached Kiev, where his cousin [[Yaroslav Osmomysl]] of [[Principality of Halych|Galicia]] held court. While under the protection of Yaroslav, Andronikos brought about an alliance between him and the Emperor Manuel I, and so restored himself to the emperor's favour. With a [[Principality of Halych|Galician]] army he joined Manuel in the invasion of [[Hungary]] and assisted at the siege of [[Zemun|Semlin]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=975}}

After a successful campaign Manuel I and Andronikos returned together to Constantinople (1168); but a year later, Andronikos refused to take the oath of allegiance to the future king [[Béla III of Hungary]], whom Manuel desired to become his successor. He was removed from court, but received the province of [[Cilicia]].

In 1168, after a successful campaign, Manuel I and Andronikos returned together to Constantinople; but a year later, Andronikos refused to take the oath of allegiance to the future king [[Béla III of Hungary]], whom Manuel desired to become his successor. He was removed from court, but received the province of [[Cilicia]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=975}}

Being still under the displeasure of the Emperor, Andronikos fled to the court of [[Raymond of Antioch|Raymond]], [[Principality of Antioch|prince of Antioch]]. While residing here he captivated and seduced the beautiful daughter of the prince, Philippa, sister of the Empress [[Maria of Antioch|Maria]]. The anger of the Emperor was again roused by this dishonour, and Andronikos was compelled to flee.

Being still under the displeasure of the Emperor, Andronikos fled to the court of [[Raymond of Antioch|Raymond]], [[Principality of Antioch|Prince of Antioch]]. While residing here he captivated and seduced the beautiful daughter of the Prince, Philippa, sister of the Empress [[Maria of Antioch|Maria]]. The anger of the Emperor was again roused by this dishonour, and Andronikos was compelled to flee.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=975}}

He took refuge with King [[Amalric I of Jerusalem]], whose favour he gained, and who invested him with the [[Principality of Galilee|Lordship of Beirut]]. In Jerusalem he saw [[Theodora Comnena|Theodora Komnene]], the beautiful widow of King [[Baldwin III of Jerusalem|Baldwin III]] and niece of the Emperor Manuel. Although Andronikos was at that time fifty-six years old, age had not diminished his charms, and Theodora became the next victim of his artful seduction.

He took refuge with King [[Amalric I of Jerusalem]], whose favour he gained, and who invested him with the [[Principality of Galilee|Lordship of Beirut]]. In Jerusalem he saw [[Theodora Comnena|Theodora Komnene]], the beautiful widow of King [[Baldwin III of Jerusalem|Baldwin III]] and niece of the Emperor Manuel. Although Andronikos was at that time fifty-six years old, age had not diminished his charms, and Theodora became the next victim of his artful seduction.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=975}}

To avoid the vengeance of the Emperor, she fled with Andronikos to the court of [[Nur ad-Din Zangi|Nur ad-Din]], the [[Rulers of Damascus|Sultan of Damascus]]; but not deeming themselves safe there, they continued their perilous journey through the [[Caucasus]] and [[Anatolia]]. They were well received by the king, [[George III of Georgia]], whose anonymous sister had probably been Andronikos’ first wife. Andronikos was granted estates in [[Kakhetia]], in the east of Georgia. In 1073 or 1074, he accompanied the Georgian army on an expedition to [[Shirvan]] up to the [[Caspian Sea|Caspian]] shores, where George recaptured the fortress of Shabaran from the invaders from [[Derbent|Darband]] for his cousin, the [[Shirvanshah]] [[Akhsitan I ibn Minuchihr III|Akhsitan I]].<ref>[[Vladimir Minorsky|Minorsky, Vladimir]], "Khāqānī and Andronicus Comnenus". ''Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London'', Vol. 11, No. 3 (1945), pp. 557–558</ref>

To avoid the vengeance of the Emperor, she fled with Andronikos to the court of [[Nur ad-Din Zangi|Nur ad-Din]], the [[Rulers of Damascus|Sultan of Damascus]]; but not deeming themselves safe there, they continued their perilous journey through the [[Caucasus]] and [[Anatolia]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=975}} They were well received by the king, [[George III of Georgia]], whose anonymous sister had probably been Andronikos’ first wife. Andronikos was granted estates in [[Kakhetia]], in the east of Georgia. In 1073 or 1074, he accompanied the Georgian army on an expedition to [[Shirvan]] up to the [[Caspian Sea|Caspian]] shores, where George recaptured the fortress of Shabaran from the invaders from [[Derbent|Darband]] for his cousin, the [[Shirvanshah]] [[Akhsitan I ibn Minuchihr III|Akhsitan I]].{{sfn|Minorsky|1945|pp=557–558}}

Finally, Andronikos and Theodora settled in the ancestral lands of the Komnenoi at [[Ünye|Oinaion]], on the shores of the [[Black Sea]], between [[Trebizond]] and [[Sinop, Turkey|Sinope]].

Finally, Andronikos and Theodora settled in the ancestral lands of the Komnenoi at [[Ünye|Oinaion]], on the shores of the [[Black Sea]], between [[Trebizond]] and [[Sinop, Turkey|Sinope]].{{citation needed|date=January 2013}}<!--EB1911 does not give these details it states "until at length they settled among the Turks on the borders of Trebizond."-->

While Andronikos was on one of his incursions, his castle was surprised by the governor of Trebizond, and Theodora and her two children were captured and sent to Constantinople. To obtain their release Andronikos in early 1180 made abject submission to the Emperor and, appearing in chains before him, besought pardon. This he obtained, and was allowed to retire with Theodora into banishment at Oinaion.

While Andronikos was on one of his incursions into Trebizond, his castle was surprised by the governor of that province, and Theodora and her two children were captured and sent to Constantinople. To obtain their release Andronikos in early 1180 made abject submission to the Emperor and, appearing in chains before him, besought pardon. This he obtained, and was allowed to retire with Theodora into banishment at Oinaion.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=975}}

===Emperor===

===Emperor===

In 1180 the Emperor Manuel died and was succeeded by his ten-year-old son [[Alexius II Comnenus|Alexios II]], who was under the guardianship of his mother, Empress Maria. Her Latin origins and culture however led to creeping resentment from her Greek subjects (who felt insulted enough by the late Manuel's Western tastes, let alone being ruled by his Western wife), building up to an explosion of rioting that almost became a full civil war. This gave Andronikos the opportunity to seize the crown for himself, leaving his retirement in 1182 and marching to Constantinople with an army that (according to non-Byzantine sources) included Muslim contingents.<ref>[[Ibn Jubayr]] p. 355 Broadhurst (Turks and Arabs); [[William of Tyre]], ''Historia Transmarina'' 22.11 (''innumeras Barbararum nationum secum trahens copias''); [[Walter Map]], ''[[De Nugis Curialium]]'' 2.18 (Turks).</ref> The defection of the commander of the Byzantine navy, ''[[megas doux]]'' [[Andronikos Kontostephanos]], and the general Andronikos Angelos, played a key role in allowing the rebellious forces to enter Constantinople.{{sfn|Angold|1997|p=267}} Andronikos Komnenos' arrival was soon followed by a [[Massacre of the Latins|massacre of the Latin inhabitants]] of the city, who virtually controlled the economy of the city, with the massacre resulting in the deaths of 80,000 "Latins", i.e. Westerners. He was believed to have arranged the poisoning of Alexios II's elder sister [[Maria Komnene (Porphyrogenita)|Maria the Porphyrogenita]] and her husband [[Renier of Montferrat]], although Maria herself had encouraged him to intervene. The poisoner was said to be the [[Eunuch (court official)|eunuch]] Pterygeonites. Soon afterwards he had the Empress Maria imprisoned and then killed (forcing a signature from the child Emperor Alexius to put his mother to death), by Pterygeonites and the ''[[hetaireiarches]]'' Constantine Tripsychos. Alexios II was compelled to acknowledge Andronikos as colleague in the empire in front of the crowd on the terrace of the [[Arslan Hane, Istanbul|Church of Christ of the Chalkè]] and was then quickly put to death in turn; the killing was carried out by Tripsychos, Theodore Dadibrenos and [[Stephen Hagiochristophorites]].<ref>[[Niketas Choniates]], ''Histories'' pp. 260–274 van Dieten.</ref>

In 1180 the Emperor Manuel died and was succeeded by his ten-year-old son [[Alexius II Comnenus|Alexios II]], who was under the guardianship of his mother, Empress Maria.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=975}} Her Latin origins and culture however led to creeping resentment from her Greek subjects (who felt insulted enough by the late Manuel's Western tastes, let alone being ruled by his Western wife), building up to an explosion of rioting that almost became a full civil war.{{citation needed|date=January 2014}} This gave Andronikos the opportunity to seize the crown for himself, leaving his retirement in 1182 and marching to Constantinople with an army that (according to non-Byzantine sources) included Muslim contingents.<ref>

* [[Ibn Jubayr]] p. 355 Broadhurst (Turks and Arabs);{{full|date=January 2013}}

* [[William of Tyre]], ''Historia Transmarina'' 22.11 (''innumeras Barbararum nationum secum trahens copias'');{{full|date=January 2013}}

* [[Walter Map]], ''[[De Nugis Curialium]]'' 2.18 (Turks).{{full|date=January 2013}}

</ref> The defection of the commander of the Byzantine navy, ''[[megas doux]]'' [[Andronikos Kontostephanos]], and the general Andronikos Angelos, played a key role in allowing the rebellious forces to enter Constantinople.{{sfn|Angold|1997|p=267}} Andronikos Komnenos' arrival was soon followed by a [[Massacre of the Latins|massacre of the Latin inhabitants]] of the city,{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=975}} who virtually controlled the economy of the city, with the massacre resulting in the deaths of 80,000 "Latins", i.e. Westerners.{{citation needed|date=January 2014|for the fact "control of the economy" and the number}} He was believed to have arranged the poisoning of Alexios II's elder sister [[Maria Komnene (Porphyrogenita)|Maria the Porphyrogenita]] and her husband [[Renier of Montferrat]], although Maria herself had encouraged him to intervene. The poisoner was said to be the [[Eunuch (court official)|eunuch]] Pterygeonites.{{citation needed|date=January 2013|for the poisoning and the details}} Soon afterwards he had the Empress Maria imprisoned and then killed (forcing a signature from the child Emperor Alexius to put his mother to death), by Pterygeonites and the ''[[hetaireiarches]]'' Constantine Tripsychos.{{citation needed|date=January 2013}} Alexios II was compelled to acknowledge Andronikos as colleague in the empire in front of the crowd on the terrace of the [[Arslan Hane, Istanbul|Church of Christ of the Chalkè]] and was then quickly put to death in turn; the killing was carried out by Tripsychos, Theodore Dadibrenos and [[Stephen Hagiochristophorites]].<ref>[[Niketas Choniates]], ''Histories'' pp. 260–274 van Dieten.{{full|date=January 2014}}</ref>

Andronikos, now (1183) sole emperor, married twelve-year-old [[Agnes of France, Empress consort of the Eastern Roman Empire|Agnes of France]], previously betrothed to Alexios II. Agnes was a daughter of King [[Louis VII of France]] and his third wife [[Adèle of Champagne]]. By November 1183, Andronikos associated his younger legitimate son John Komnenos on the throne. A Venetian embassy visited Constantinople in 1184 and an agreement was reached that compensation of 1,500 gold pieces would be paid for the losses incurred in 1171.

Andronikos, now (1183) sole emperor, married twelve-year-old [[Agnes of France, Empress consort of the Eastern Roman Empire|Agnes of France]], {{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=975}} (daughter of King [[Louis VII of France]] and his third wife [[Adèle of Champagne]]) — she previously betrothed to Alexios II.{{citation needed|date=January 2014|for the previous betrothal}} By November 1183, Andronikos associated his younger legitimate son John Komnenos on the throne.{{citation needed|date=January 2014}} A Venetian embassy visited Constantinople in 1184 and an agreement was reached that compensation of 1,500 gold pieces would be paid for the losses incurred in 1171.{{citation needed|date=January 2014}}

His short reign was characterized by strong and harsh measures. He resolved to suppress many abuses, but above all things, to check [[feudalism]] and limit the power of the nobles, who were rivals for his throne. The people, who felt the severity of his laws, at the same time acknowledged their justice and found themselves protected from the rapacity of their superiors who had grown corrupt under the safety and opulence of [[Manuel I Komnenos|Manuel I]] rule. However, as Andronikos' rule went on, the Emperor became increasingly paranoid and violent – in September 1185, Andronikos ordered the execution of all prisoners, exiles and their families for collusion with the invaders – and the Byzantine Empire descended into a terror state. The aristocrats in turn were infuriated against him. There were several revolts, the stories of chaos leading to an invasion by King [[William II of Sicily|William]] of the Norman Sicilians. William (with a fleet of 200 ships) landed in [[Despotate of Epirus|Epirus]] with a strong force (80,000 men including 5,000 knights), and marched as far as [[Thessalonica]], which he [[Sack of Thessalonica (1185)|took and pillaged]] ruthlessly (7,000 Greeks died). Andronikos hastily assembled five different armies to stop the Sicilian army from reaching Constantinople, but none of these five smaller armies would stand{{Clarify|reason= "Would have been able to stand" (or "would have stood") and so retreated or "filed to stand" and retreated|date=January 2012}} against the Sicilian forces and retreated to the outlying hills. Andronikos also assembled a fleet of 100 ships to stop the Norman fleet from entering the [[Sea of Marmara]]. The invaders were finally driven out in 1186 by his successor, [[Isaac II Angelus|Isaac Angelos]].

His short reign was characterized by strong and harsh measures. He resolved to suppress many abuses, but above all things, to check [[feudalism]] and limit the power of the nobles, who were rivals for his throne. The people, who felt the severity of his laws, at the same time acknowledged their justice and found themselves protected from the rapacity of their superiors {{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=975}}who had grown corrupt under the safety and opulence of [[Manuel I Komnenos|Manuel I]] rule.{{citation needed|date=January 2014}} However, as Andronikos' rule went on, the Emperor became increasingly paranoid and violent – in September 1185, Andronikos ordered the execution of all prisoners, exiles and their families for collusion with the invaders – and the Byzantine Empire descended into a terror state.{{citation needed|date=January 2014}} The aristocrats in turn were infuriated against him.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=975}} There were several revolts,{{citation needed|date=January 2014}} the stories of chaos leading to an invasion by King [[William II of Sicily|William]] of the Norman Sicilians.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=975}} William (with a fleet of 200 ships{{citation needed|date=January 2014|for the number of ships}}) landed in [[Despotate of Epirus|Epirus]] with a strong force (80,000 men including 5,000 knights{{citation needed|date=January 2014|for the numbers}}), and marched as far as [[Thessalonica]], which he [[Sack of Thessalonica (1185)|took and pillaged]] ruthlessly (7,000 Greeks died{{citation needed|date=January 2014|for the numbers and ethnicity}}).{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=975}} Andronikos hastily assembled five different armies to stop the Sicilian army from reaching Constantinople, but none of these five smaller armies would stand{{Clarify|reason= "Would have been able to stand" (or "would have stood") and so retreated or "filed to stand" and retreated|date=January 2012}} against the Sicilian forces and retreated to the outlying hills. Andronikos also assembled a fleet of 100 ships to stop the Norman fleet from entering the [[Sea of Marmara]]. The invaders were finally driven out in 1186 by his successor, [[Isaac II Angelus|Isaac Angelos]].{{citation needed|date=January 2014|for everything since the last Chisholm 1911 as none of these details are in EB1911 so they need a citation from another source}}

===Death===

===Death===

[[Image:Death of andronic I.png|thumb|250px|A medieval depiction of the death of Andronikos. Original in the Bibliothèque Nationale, France.]]

[[Image:Death of andronic I.png|thumb|250px|A medieval depiction of the death of Andronikos. Original in the Bibliothèque Nationale, France.]]

Andronikos seems then to have resolved to exterminate the aristocracy, and his plans were nearly successful. But on September 11, 1185, during his absence from the capital, Stephen Hagiochristophorites moved to arrest [[Isaac II Angelus|Isaac Angelos]], whose loyalty was suspect. Isaac killed Hagiochristophorites and took refuge in the church of [[Hagia Sophia]]. He appealed to the populace, and a tumult arose which spread rapidly over the whole city.

Andronikos seems then to have resolved to exterminate the aristocracy, and his plans were nearly successful. But on September 11, 1185, during his absence from the capital,{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=975}} Stephen Hagiochristophorites{{citation needed|date=January 2014|name not in EB1911}}, his lieutenant, moved to arrest [[Isaac II Angelus|Isaac Angelos]], whose loyalty was suspect. Isaac killed Hagiochristophorites and took refuge in the church of [[Hagia Sophia]]. He appealed to the populace, and a tumult arose which spread rapidly over the whole city.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=975}}

When Andronikos arrived he found that his authority was overthrown: Isaac had been proclaimed Emperor. The deposed Emperor attempted to escape in a boat with his wife Agnes and his mistress, but was captured (note that by some, Andronikos not only survived, but also managed to escape to the then self-proclaimed Kingdom of [[Cyprus]]). Isaac handed him over to the city mob and for three days he was exposed to their fury and resentment, remaining for that period tied to a post and beaten. His right hand was cut off, his teeth and hair were pulled out, one of his eyes was gouged out, and, among many other sufferings, boiling water was thrown in his face, punishment probably associated with his handsomeness and life of licentiousness. At last, led to the [[Hippodrome of Constantinople]], he was hung up by the feet between two pillars, and two Latin soldiers competed as to whose sword would penetrate his body more deeply, and finally his body, according to the representation of his death, was torn apart. He died on September 12, 1185. At the news of the emperor's death, his son and co-emperor John was murdered by his own troops in [[Thrace]].

When Andronikos arrived he found that his authority was overthrown: Isaac had been proclaimed Emperor.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=975}} The deposed Emperor attempted to escape in a boat with his wife Agnes and his mistress, but was captured (note that by some, Andronikos not only survived, but also managed to escape to the then self-proclaimed Kingdom of [[Cyprus]]).{{citation needed|date=January 2014|for the whole sentence}} Isaac handed him over to the city mob and for three days he was exposed to their fury and resentment,{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=975}} remaining for that period tied to a post and beaten. His right hand was cut off, his teeth and hair were pulled out, one of his eyes was gouged out, and, among many other sufferings, boiling water was thrown in his face, punishment probably associated with his handsomeness and life of licentiousness.{{citation needed|date=January 2014|for the whole sentence}} At last, led to the [[Hippodrome of Constantinople]], he was hung up by the feet between two pillars, and two Latin soldiers competed as to whose sword would penetrate his body more deeply, and finally his body, according to the representation of his death, was torn apart.{{citation needed|date=January 2014|for everything since the last citation}} He died on September 12, 1185.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=975}} At the news of the emperor's death, his son and co-emperor John was murdered by his own troops in [[Thrace]].{{citation needed|date=January 2014}}

Andronikos I was the last of the [[Comnenus|Komnenoi]] to rule Constantinople, although his grandsons [[Alexios I of Trebizond|Alexios]] and [[David Komnenos|David]] founded the [[Empire of Trebizond]] in 1204. Their branch of the dynasty was known as the "Great Komnenoi" (''Megaskomnenoi'').

Andronikos I was the last of the [[Comnenus|Komnenoi]] to rule Constantinople, although his grandsons [[Alexios I of Trebizond|Alexios]] and [[David Komnenos|David]] founded the [[Empire of Trebizond]] in 1204. Their branch of the dynasty was known as the "Great Komnenoi" (''Megaskomnenoi'').{{citation needed|date=January 2014|For the whole paragraph}}

==Family==

==Family==

Andronikos I Komnenos was married twice and had numerous mistresses. By his first wife, whose name is not known, he had three children:

Andronikos I Komnenos was married twice and had numerous mistresses. By his first wife, whose name is not known, he had three children:{{citation needed|date=January 2014}}

* [[Manuel Komnenos (born 1145)]], who married [[Rusudan, daughter of Giorgi III of Georgia|Rusudan]] of [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] and was the father of Emperor [[Alexios I of Trebizond|Alexios I]] and [[David Komnenos]], the founders of the [[Empire of Trebizond]]

* [[Manuel Komnenos (born 1145)]], who married [[Rusudan, daughter of Giorgi III of Georgia|Rusudan]] of [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] and was the father of Emperor [[Alexios I of Trebizond|Alexios I]] and [[David Komnenos]], the founders of the [[Empire of Trebizond]]

* John Komnenos (apparently born 1159 or 1160), who was co-emperor with his father from 1183 to 1185 and was killed in that year

* John Komnenos (apparently born 1159 or 1160), who was co-emperor with his father from 1183 to 1185 and was killed in that year

* Maria Komnene

* Maria Komnene

By his mistress [[Theodora Komnene]], Andronikos I had the following issue:

By his mistress [[Theodora Komnene]], Andronikos I had the following children:

* [[Alexios Komnenos (son of Andronikos I)|Alexios Komnenos]] (c. 1170–1199), an alleged forefather of the [[Georgia (country)|Georgian]] noble family of [[Andronikashvili]].<ref>Kelsey Jackson Williams (2006), A Genealogy of the Grand Komnenoi of Trebizond. ''Foundations – the Journal of the Foundation for Medieval Genealogy'' – [http://fmg.ac/FMG/Journal/02-03.htm Vol. 2, No. 3].</ref>

* [[Alexios Komnenos (son of Andronikos I)|Alexios Komnenos]] (c. 1170–1199), an alleged forefather of the [[Georgia (country)|Georgian]] noble family of [[Andronikashvili]].{{sfn|Williams|2006}}

* Eirene Komnene (born c. 1169), who was briefly married to Alexios Komnenos, a son of Emperor [[Manuel I Komnenos]] by Theodora Batatzina.

* Eirene Komnene (born c. 1169), who was briefly married to Alexios Komnenos, a son of Emperor [[Manuel I Komnenos]] by Theodora Batatzina.{{citation needed|date=January 2014}}

== Portrayal in fiction ==

== Portrayal in fiction ==

{{unreferenced section|date=January 2014}}

Andronikos is the main protagonist in Michael Arnold's ''Against the Fall of Night'' (Garden City, New York: Doubleday 1975), as well as Ange Vlachos' ''Their Most Serene Majesties'' (Vanguard Press, 1964). He is mentioned in the [[Louis L'Amour]] medieval historical novel, ''[[The Walking Drum]]''.

Andronikos is the main protagonist in Michael Arnold's ''Against the Fall of Night'' (Garden City, New York: Doubleday 1975), as well as Ange Vlachos' ''Their Most Serene Majesties'' (Vanguard Press, 1964). He is mentioned in the [[Louis L'Amour]] medieval historical novel, ''[[The Walking Drum]]''.

==Notes==

==Notes==

{{Reflist}}

{{Reflist|30em}}

==References==

==References==

*{{citation |last=Angold |first=Michael |year=1997 |title=The Byzantine Empire, 1025–1204 |publisher=Longman |isbn=0-582-29468-1}}

* {{Citation |last=Angold |first=Michael |year=1997 |title=The Byzantine Empire, 1025–1204 |publisher=Longman |isbn=0-582-29468-1}}

*{{Citation |last=Minorsky |first=Vladimir |authorlink=Vladimir Minorsky |title=Khāqānī and Andronicus Comnenus |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |publisher=University of London |volume=11 |number=3 |year=1945 |pages=557–558}}

*{{citation |last=Williams |first=Kelsey Jackson |year=2006|url=http://fmg.ac/FMG/Journal/02-03.htm#A%20Genealogy%20of%20the%20Grand%20Komnenoi%20of%20Trebizond

|title=A Genealogy of the Grand Komnenoi of Trebizond |journal=Foundations – the Journal of the Foundation for Medieval Genealogy |volume=2 |number=3}}

;Attribution

;Attribution

* {{EB1911|wstitle=Andronicus I |volume=1 |pages= 975–971}}

* {{EB1911|wstitle=Andronicus I |volume=1 |pages= 975–971}}

==Further reading==

==Further reading==

{{Commons category|Andronikos I Komnenos}}

* Gibbon, Edward. ''The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire'', Chapter 48.

* Gibbon, Edward. ''The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire'', Chapter 48.

* Harris, Jonathan, ''Byzantium and the Crusades'', Hambledon and London, 2003. ISBN 978-1-85-285501-7

* Harris, Jonathan, ''Byzantium and the Crusades'', Hambledon and London, 2003. ISBN 978-1-85-285501-7

* Eustathios of Thessaloniki 'The Capture of Thessaloniki' (Byzantina Australiensia 8), [[Canberra]] 1988.

* Eustathios of Thessaloniki 'The Capture of Thessaloniki' (Byzantina Australiensia 8), [[Canberra]] 1988.

* The full text of a lecture by John Melville-Jones on the life of this emperor is located at: [http://home.vicnet.net.au/~byzaus/conferences/16th2010/andronicus.html]. It is accompanied by an extensive bibliography.

* The full text of a lecture by John Melville-Jones on the life of this emperor is located at: [http://home.vicnet.net.au/~byzaus/conferences/16th2010/andronicus.html]. It is accompanied by an extensive bibliography.

==External links==

{{Commons category|Andronikos I Komnenos}}

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