List of country-name etymologies

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===[[Afghanistan]]===

:"Land of the Afghans" in [[Persian language|Persian]] ({{lang|fa|{{linktext|افغانستان}}}}, ''{{transl|fa|Afğânestân}}''), attested since at least the 16th century in the ''[[Baburnama]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://persian.packhum.org/persian//pf?file=03501051&ct=92 |title=Events of the Year 910 (p.5)|author=[[Babur]]|work=[[Baburnama|Memoirs]]|publisher=[[Packard Humanities Institute]]|year=1525|accessdate=22 August 2010}}</ref> The [[name of Afghanistan]] is believed to be as old as the [[ethnonym]] ''[[Afghan (ethnonym)|Afghan]]'', which is documented in a 10th-century [[geography]] book called ''[[Hudud al-'Alam]]'' focusing on territories south of the [[Hindu Kush]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Afghans |last1=Vogelsang |first1=Willem |authorlink=|volume=|year=2002|publisher=Wiley Blackwell|location=|isbn=0-631-19841-5|page=18|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=9kfJ6MlMsJQC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA18#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=2010-08-22}}</ref><ref name="khyber">Anonymous. ''[[Ḥudūd al-ʿĀlam]]''. Op. cit. in "[http://www.khyber.org/articles/2005/TheKhalajWestoftheOxus.shtml The Khalaj West of the Oxus: excerpts from ''The Turkish Dialect of the Khalaj'']" ''Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies'', Vol 10, No 2, pp. 417–437. University of London. Retrieved 10 January 2007.</ref> The [[root (linguistics)|root]] name "[[Afghan]]" has been used [[history|historically]] in reference to the [[Pashtuns]] and the ending [[suffix]] ''[[-stan]]'' means "place of" in the local languages. Therefore, ''Afghanistan'' translates to the "Afghan-land; place of the Afghans" in the nation's [[official language]]s, [[Pashto]] and [[Dari language|Dari]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Afghanistan: The land |last1=Banting |first1=Erinn |authorlink=|volume=|year=2003|publisher=Crabtree Publishing Company |location=|isbn=0-7787-9335-4|page=4|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=KRt0HfYFZGsC&lpg=PP1&vq=place%20of%20Afghans&pg=PA4#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=2010-08-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.afghan-web.com/facts.html |title=General Information About Afghanistan |work=Abdullah Qazi |publisher=Afghanistan Online |accessdate=2010-09-27}}</ref><ref name="CAL-lang">{{cite web |url=http://www.cal.org/co/afghan/alang.html |title=The Afghans – Language and Literacy |publisher= |work=[[Center for Applied Linguistics]] (CAL) |date=30 June 2002|accessdate=2010-09-16}}</ref> Until the 19th century, it was used for the traditional [[Pashtunistan|Pashtun tribal territories]] between the [[Hindu Kush]] and the [[Indus River]]. The name "Afghanistan" began appearing in treaties since 1801<ref>Huntington, E. "The Anglo-Russian Agreement as to Tibet, Afghanistan, and Persia". ''Bulletin of the American Geographical Society'', Vol. 39, No. 11 (1907).</ref> and in many written works by historians, particularly by [[British Raj|British Indians]]. The [[Constitution of Afghanistan]] later clarified that this was the official name of the [[sovereign state|state]].<ref>Afghan web.com. "[http://www.afghan-web.com/history/const/const1923.html Afghanistan's Constitution of 1923]".</ref>

:"Land of the Afghans" in [[Persian language|Persian]] ({{lang|fa|{{linktext|افغانستان}}}}, ''{{transl|fa|Afğânestân}}''), attested since at least the 16th century in the ''[[Baburnama]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://persian.packhum.org/persian//pf?file=03501051&ct=92 |title=Events of the Year 910 (p.5)|author=[[Babur]]|work=[[Baburnama|Memoirs]]|publisher=[[Packard Humanities Institute]]|year=1525|accessdate=22 August 2010}}</ref> The [[name of Afghanistan]] is believed to be as old as the [[ethnonym]] ''[[Afghan (ethnonym)|Afghan]]'', which is documented in a 10th-century [[geography]] book called ''[[Hudud al-'Alam]]'' focusing on territories south of the [[Hindu Kush]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Afghans |last1=Vogelsang |first1=Willem |authorlink=|volume=|year=2002|publisher=Wiley Blackwell|location=|isbn=0-631-19841-5|page=18|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=9kfJ6MlMsJQC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA18#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=2010-08-22}}</ref><ref name="khyber">Anonymous. ''[[Ḥudūd al-ʿĀlam]]''. Op. cit. in "[http://www.khyber.org/articles/2005/TheKhalajWestoftheOxus.shtml The Khalaj West of the Oxus: excerpts from ''The Turkish Dialect of the Khalaj''] {{wayback|url=http://www.khyber.org/articles/2005/TheKhalajWestoftheOxus.shtml |date=20110613145756 |df=y }}" ''Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies'', Vol 10, No 2, pp. 417–437. University of London. Retrieved 10 January 2007.</ref> The [[root (linguistics)|root]] name "[[Afghan]]" has been used [[history|historically]] in reference to the [[Pashtuns]] and the ending [[suffix]] ''[[-stan]]'' means "place of" in the local languages. Therefore, ''Afghanistan'' translates to the "Afghan-land; place of the Afghans" in the nation's [[official language]]s, [[Pashto]] and [[Dari language|Dari]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Afghanistan: The land |last1=Banting |first1=Erinn |authorlink=|volume=|year=2003|publisher=Crabtree Publishing Company |location=|isbn=0-7787-9335-4|page=4|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=KRt0HfYFZGsC&lpg=PP1&vq=place%20of%20Afghans&pg=PA4#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=2010-08-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.afghan-web.com/facts.html |title=General Information About Afghanistan |work=Abdullah Qazi |publisher=Afghanistan Online |accessdate=2010-09-27}}</ref><ref name="CAL-lang">{{cite web|url=http://www.cal.org/co/afghan/alang.html |title=The Afghans – Language and Literacy |publisher= |work=[[Center for Applied Linguistics]] (CAL) |date=30 June 2002 |accessdate=2010-09-16 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504071911/http://www.cal.org/co/afghan/alang.html |archivedate=4 May 2011 |df=dmy }}</ref> Until the 19th century, it was used for the traditional [[Pashtunistan|Pashtun tribal territories]] between the [[Hindu Kush]] and the [[Indus River]]. The name "Afghanistan" began appearing in treaties since 1801<ref>Huntington, E. "The Anglo-Russian Agreement as to Tibet, Afghanistan, and Persia". ''Bulletin of the American Geographical Society'', Vol. 39, No. 11 (1907).</ref> and in many written works by historians, particularly by [[British Raj|British Indians]]. The [[Constitution of Afghanistan]] later clarified that this was the official name of the [[sovereign state|state]].<ref>Afghan web.com. "[http://www.afghan-web.com/history/const/const1923.html Afghanistan's Constitution of 1923] {{wayback|url=http://www.afghan-web.com/history/const/const1923.html |date=20131006075140 |df=y }}".</ref>

::''[[Kabulistan|Kabul]]'' or ''Caboul'', a former name: "Land of [[Kabul]]", a city probably deriving its name from the nearby [[Kabul River]] which was known in [[Sanskrit]] as the ''Kubhā'',<ref name="EIkab">Dames., M. Longworth. "[http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=7CP7fYghBFQC&lpg=PA595 Kābul]" in ''Encyclopedia of Islam'', Vol. 4, pp. 594 ff. E.J. Brill (Leiden).</ref> possibly from [[Scythian languages|Scythian]] ''ku'' ("water").<ref>Cunningham, Alexander. ''[https://archive.org/details/cu31924023029485 The Ancient Geography of India]'', p. 37. Trübner & Co. (London), 1871. Retrieved 24 September 2011.</ref> Although the city has only been attested at its present site since the eighth century, after the [[Islamic conquest of Afghanistan|Islamic conquest]] made it preferable to the less defensible [[Bagram]],<ref>De Planhol, Xavier. "[http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kabul-ii-historical-geography Kabul]" in ''Encyclopædia Iranica'' Online. 2009. Retrieved 23 September 2011.</ref> it has been linked to the Kabolitae ({{lang-grc|Καβωλῖται}}, ''{{transl|grc|Kabōlîtai}}'')<ref>[[Ptolemy]], Claudius. ''[[Geographica]]'', 6.18.3.</ref> and Cabura ({{lang|grc|Κάβουρα}}, ''{{transl|grc|Káboura}}'')<ref>[[Ptolemy]], Claudius. ''[[Geographica]]'', 6.18.4.</ref> found in some versions of [[Ptolemy]],<ref>Solomou, Stavros. "{{PDF|1=[https://circle.ubc.ca/bitstream/handle/2429/1735/ubc_1993_spring_solomou_stavros.pdf?sequence=3 Greek Knowledge of India before the Fourth Century B.C.]|2=4.86 MB}}" University of British Columbia, 1992.</ref> which in turn has been claimed to have originally been a "Kambojapura" derived from ''Kamboja'' above and ''-pura'' ({{lang-sa|{{linktext|पुर}}}}, "city").<ref>''Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency'', Vol. XXVII. Government Central Press (Bombay), 1904.</ref>{{Verify source|date=September 2011}}

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:Etymology unknown. Names similar to Bhutan{{mdash}}including ''Bottanthis'', ''Bottan'', ''Bottanter''{{mdash}}began to appear in Europe around the 1580s. [[Jean-Baptiste Tavernier]]'s 1676 ''Six Voyages'' is the first to record the name ''Boutan''. However, in every case, these seem to have been describing not modern Bhutan but the [[Kingdom of Tibet]].<ref name="Kuensel"/> The modern distinction between the two did not begin until well into [[George Bogle (diplomat)|George Bogle]]'s 1774 expedition{{mdash}}realizing the differences between the two regions, cultures, and states, his final report to the [[East India Company]] formally proposed labeling the [[Druk Desi]]'s kingdom as "Boutan" and the [[Panchen Lama]]'s as "Tibet". Subsequently, the EIC's surveyor general [[James Rennell]] first anglicized the French name as Bootan and then popularized the distinction between it and greater Tibet.<ref name="Kuensel">"[http://www.keystobhutan.com/bhutan/bhutan_history_europe.php History of Bhutan: How Europe heard about Bhutan]". ''Kuensel''. 24 August 2003. Retrieved 28 September 2011.</ref> The name is traditionally taken to be a transcription of the [[Sanskrit]] ''Bhoṭa-anta'' ({{lang|sa|भोट-अन्त}}, "end of [[Tibet]]"), in reference to Bhutan's position as the southern extremity of the Tibetan plateau and culture.<ref name="Names&Histories" /><ref name="chakravarti7">{{cite book|title=A Cultural History of Bhutan |volume=1 |first=Balaram |last=Chakravarti |publisher=Hilltop |year=1979 |page=7 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=6VxuAAAAMAAJ |accessdate=1 September 2011}}</ref> "Bhutan" may have been truncated from this or been taken from the [[Nepali language|Nepali]] name ''Bhutān'' (भूटान). It may also come from a truncation of ''Bodo Hathan'' ("Tibetan place").{{Citation needed|date=September 2011}} All of these ultimately derive from the [[Standard Tibetan|Tibetan]] endonym ''Bod''. An alternate theory derives it from the [[Sanskrit]] ''Bhu-Utthan'' ({{lang|sa|भू-उत्थान}}, "highlands").<ref name="chakravarti7"/>

:Etymology unknown. Names similar to Bhutan{{mdash}}including ''Bottanthis'', ''Bottan'', ''Bottanter''{{mdash}}began to appear in Europe around the 1580s. [[Jean-Baptiste Tavernier]]'s 1676 ''Six Voyages'' is the first to record the name ''Boutan''. However, in every case, these seem to have been describing not modern Bhutan but the [[Kingdom of Tibet]].<ref name="Kuensel"/> The modern distinction between the two did not begin until well into [[George Bogle (diplomat)|George Bogle]]'s 1774 expedition{{mdash}}realizing the differences between the two regions, cultures, and states, his final report to the [[East India Company]] formally proposed labeling the [[Druk Desi]]'s kingdom as "Boutan" and the [[Panchen Lama]]'s as "Tibet". Subsequently, the EIC's surveyor general [[James Rennell]] first anglicized the French name as Bootan and then popularized the distinction between it and greater Tibet.<ref name="Kuensel">"[http://www.keystobhutan.com/bhutan/bhutan_history_europe.php History of Bhutan: How Europe heard about Bhutan] {{wayback|url=http://www.keystobhutan.com/bhutan/bhutan_history_europe.php |date=20120216090138 |df=y }}". ''Kuensel''. 24 August 2003. Retrieved 28 September 2011.</ref> The name is traditionally taken to be a transcription of the [[Sanskrit]] ''Bhoṭa-anta'' ({{lang|sa|भोट-अन्त}}, "end of [[Tibet]]"), in reference to Bhutan's position as the southern extremity of the Tibetan plateau and culture.<ref name="Names&Histories" /><ref name="chakravarti7">{{cite book|title=A Cultural History of Bhutan |volume=1 |first=Balaram |last=Chakravarti |publisher=Hilltop |year=1979 |page=7 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=6VxuAAAAMAAJ |accessdate=1 September 2011}}</ref> "Bhutan" may have been truncated from this or been taken from the [[Nepali language|Nepali]] name ''Bhutān'' (भूटान). It may also come from a truncation of ''Bodo Hathan'' ("Tibetan place").{{Citation needed|date=September 2011}} All of these ultimately derive from the [[Standard Tibetan|Tibetan]] endonym ''Bod''. An alternate theory derives it from the [[Sanskrit]] ''Bhu-Utthan'' ({{lang|sa|भू-उत्थान}}, "highlands").<ref name="chakravarti7"/>

::'''Druk Yul''', the local endonym: "Land of the Thunder Dragon" in [[Bhutanese language|Bhutanese]] (འབྲུག་ཡུལ་). Variations of this were known and used as early as 1730. The first time a Kingdom of Bhutan separate from Tibet did appear on a western map, it did so under its local name as "Broukpa".<ref name="Kuensel"/>

===[[Bolivia]]===

:"Land of [[Simón Bolívar|Bolivar]]" in [[New Latin]], in honor of [[Simón Bolívar]], one of the leading generals in the [[Spanish American wars of independence]]. Bolívar had given his lieutenant [[Antonio José de Sucre]] the option to keep [[Upper Peru]] under [[Republic of Peru|Peru]], to unite it with the [[United Provinces of Rio de la Plata]], or to declare its independence. A national assembly opted for independence, then sought to placate Bolívar's doubts by naming Bolívar as the first president of a country named in his honor.<ref>''[http://www.historia-bolivia.com/6-de-Agosto-Independencia-de-Bolivia/6 6 de Agosto: Independencia de Bolivia].'' {{es icon}}</ref><ref name="cob">Maria Luise Wagner. "Construction of Bolivia: Bolívar, Sucre, and Santa Cruz". In Hudson & Hanratty.</ref> The original name "Republic of Bolivar" was swiftly changed to Bolivia at the urging of the congressman [[Manuel Martín Cruz]].<ref>"[http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/philg/2009/01/11/what-countries-are-named-after-individuals-or-families/ What countries are named after individuals or families?"]</ref>

:"Land of [[Simón Bolívar|Bolivar]]" in [[New Latin]], in honor of [[Simón Bolívar]], one of the leading generals in the [[Spanish American wars of independence]]. Bolívar had given his lieutenant [[Antonio José de Sucre]] the option to keep [[Upper Peru]] under [[Republic of Peru|Peru]], to unite it with the [[United Provinces of Rio de la Plata]], or to declare its independence. A national assembly opted for independence, then sought to placate Bolívar's doubts by naming Bolívar as the first president of a country named in his honor.<ref>''[http://www.historia-bolivia.com/6-de-Agosto-Independencia-de-Bolivia/6 6 de Agosto: Independencia de Bolivia] {{wayback|url=http://www.historia-bolivia.com/6-de-Agosto-Independencia-de-Bolivia/6 |date=20110820091233 |df=y }}.'' {{es icon}}</ref><ref name="cob">Maria Luise Wagner. "Construction of Bolivia: Bolívar, Sucre, and Santa Cruz". In Hudson & Hanratty.</ref> The original name "Republic of Bolivar" was swiftly changed to Bolivia at the urging of the congressman [[Manuel Martín Cruz]].<ref>"[http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/philg/2009/01/11/what-countries-are-named-after-individuals-or-families/ What countries are named after individuals or families?"]</ref>

:Bolívar's own name derives from the village of [[Ziortza-Bolibar|Bolibar]] in Spanish [[Biscay]]. Its name comes from the [[Euskera|Basque]] ''bolu'' ("windmill") and ''ibar'' ("valley").<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.euskaltzaindia.net/index.php?option=com_eoda&Itemid=478&lang=eu&testua=ziortza&view=izenak |title= Ziortza |author= Euskaltzaindia|date= |work= |publisher= |accessdate=10 September 2011}}</ref>

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===[[Chile]]===

:Etymology unknown. The name dates to the "men of Chilli",<ref name="hudson"/> the survivors of the first Spanish expedition into the region in 1535 under [[Diego de Almagro]]. Almagro applied the name to the [[Mapocho River|Mapocho]] valley,<ref name="encina"/> but its further etymology is debated. The 17th-century Spanish chronicler [[Diego de Rosales]] derived it from the [[Quechua language|Quechua]] ''Chili'', a toponym for the [[Aconcagua River|Aconcagua]] valley, which he considered a corruption of Tili, the name of a [[Picunche]] [[cacique|chief]] who ruled the area at the time of its conquest by the [[Incan Empire|Inca]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chile.com/tpl/articulo/detalle/ver.tpl?cod_articulo=7225 |title=Chile.com.La Incógnita Sobre el Origen de la Palabra Chile |publisher=Chile.com |date=15 June 2000 |accessdate=17 December 2009|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/459648/Picunche |title=Picunche (people) – Britannica Online Encyclopedia |publisher=Britannica.com |date= |accessdate=17 December 2009}}</ref> Modern theories derive it from the similarly named Incan settlement and valley of ''Chili'' in [[Peru]]'s [[Casma Valley]],<ref name="encina">{{Cite book|last=Encina|first=Francisco A., and Leopoldo Castedo|title=Resumen de la Historia de Chile. 4th ed. Santiago|page=44|volume=I|publisher=Zig-Zag|year=1961|url=http://img242.imageshack.us/img242/6293/chilenameuo6.jpg|language=es}}</ref> the Quechua ''chiri'' ("cold"),<ref name="1911britannica">"CHILE." Encyclopædia Britannica. 11th ed. 1911. ("derived, it is said, from the Quichua chiri, cold, or tchili, snow")</ref> the [[Aymara language|Aymara]] ''tchili'' ("snow"<ref name="1911britannica"/><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://es.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761572974_4/Chile.html |title=Chile (república) |encyclopedia=Enciclopedia Microsoft Encarta Online |year=2005 |accessdate=26 February 2005 |quote=The region was then known to its native population as Tchili, a Native American word meaning "snow." |deadurl=~~yes~~ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080510215421/http://es.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761572974_4/Chile.html |archivedate=10 May 2008 }} ~~[http://www.webcitation.org/5kwZ8mFyC Archived]~~ 31 October 2009.</ref> or "depths"<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last=Pearson|first=Neale J.|url=http://gme.grolier.com|title=Chile|encyclopedia=Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia|publisher=Scholastic Library Publishing|year=2004|accessdate=2 March 2005|quote=Chile's name comes from an Indian word, Tchili, meaning "the deepest point of the Earth."}}</ref>), the [[Mapuche language|Mapuche]] ''chilli'' ("where the land ends" or "runs out"),<ref name="hudson">{{cite web|author=Hudson, Rex A., ed.|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/cltoc.html|title=Chile: A Country Study|work=GPO for the Library of Congress|year=1995|accessdate=27 February 2005}}</ref> or the Mapuche ''cheele-cheele'' ("[[yellow-winged blackbird]]").<ref name="hudson"/><ref>{{cite book |first=Miguel |last=de Olivares y González SJ |contribution=Historia de la Compañía de Jesús en Chile |url= |title=Colección de historiadores de Chile y documentos relativos a la historia nacional |year=1864 |origyear=1736 |editor=Imprenta del Ferrocarril |location=Santiago |volume=4 |number= |pages= |accessdate=14 October 2010|language=es}}</ref>

:Etymology unknown. The name dates to the "men of Chilli",<ref name="hudson"/> the survivors of the first Spanish expedition into the region in 1535 under [[Diego de Almagro]]. Almagro applied the name to the [[Mapocho River|Mapocho]] valley,<ref name="encina"/> but its further etymology is debated. The 17th-century Spanish chronicler [[Diego de Rosales]] derived it from the [[Quechua language|Quechua]] ''Chili'', a toponym for the [[Aconcagua River|Aconcagua]] valley, which he considered a corruption of Tili, the name of a [[Picunche]] [[cacique|chief]] who ruled the area at the time of its conquest by the [[Incan Empire|Inca]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chile.com/tpl/articulo/detalle/ver.tpl?cod_articulo=7225 |title=Chile.com.La Incógnita Sobre el Origen de la Palabra Chile |publisher=Chile.com |date=15 June 2000 |accessdate=17 December 2009 |language=es |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090415204553/http://www.chile.com/tpl/articulo/detalle/ver.tpl?cod_articulo=7225 |archivedate=15 April 2009 |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/459648/Picunche |title=Picunche (people) – Britannica Online Encyclopedia |publisher=Britannica.com |date= |accessdate=17 December 2009}}</ref> Modern theories derive it from the similarly named Incan settlement and valley of ''Chili'' in [[Peru]]'s [[Casma Valley]],<ref name="encina">{{Cite book|last=Encina|first=Francisco A., and Leopoldo Castedo|title=Resumen de la Historia de Chile. 4th ed. Santiago|page=44|volume=I|publisher=Zig-Zag|year=1961|url=http://img242.imageshack.us/img242/6293/chilenameuo6.jpg|language=es}}</ref> the Quechua ''chiri'' ("cold"),<ref name="1911britannica">"CHILE." Encyclopædia Britannica. 11th ed. 1911. ("derived, it is said, from the Quichua chiri, cold, or tchili, snow")</ref> the [[Aymara language|Aymara]] ''tchili'' ("snow"<ref name="1911britannica"/><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://es.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761572974_4/Chile.html |title=Chile (república) |encyclopedia=Enciclopedia Microsoft Encarta Online |year=2005 |accessdate=26 February 2005 |quote=The region was then known to its native population as Tchili, a Native American word meaning "snow." |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080510215421/http://es.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761572974_4/Chile.html |archivedate=10 May 2008 |df=dmy }} 31 October 2009.</ref> or "depths"<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last=Pearson|first=Neale J.|url=http://gme.grolier.com|title=Chile|encyclopedia=Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia|publisher=Scholastic Library Publishing|year=2004|accessdate=2 March 2005|quote=Chile's name comes from an Indian word, Tchili, meaning "the deepest point of the Earth."}}</ref>), the [[Mapuche language|Mapuche]] ''chilli'' ("where the land ends" or "runs out"),<ref name="hudson">{{cite web|author=Hudson, Rex A., ed.|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/cltoc.html|title=Chile: A Country Study|work=GPO for the Library of Congress|year=1995|accessdate=27 February 2005}}</ref> or the Mapuche ''cheele-cheele'' ("[[yellow-winged blackbird]]").<ref name="hudson"/><ref>{{cite book |first=Miguel |last=de Olivares y González SJ |contribution=Historia de la Compañía de Jesús en Chile |url= |title=Colección de historiadores de Chile y documentos relativos a la historia nacional |year=1864 |origyear=1736 |editor=Imprenta del Ferrocarril |location=Santiago |volume=4 |number= |pages= |accessdate=14 October 2010|language=es}}</ref>

:A [[folk etymology]] confuses the name to [[chili pepper]]s, sometimes via the [[Mexican Spanish]] ''chile'' ("chili"), but the two are almost certainly unrelated.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Chile |title=Online Etymology Dictionary |publisher=Etymonline.com |date= |accessdate=19 September 2011}}</ref>

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===[[Denmark]]===

:Etymology uncertain, but probably "The [[Danes (Germanic tribe)|Danish]] forest" or "[[march (territory)|march]]" in reference to the forests of southern [[Schleswig]].<ref>Navneforskning, Københavns Universitet [http://navneforskning.ku.dk/stednavne.doc/betydninger.doc Udvalgte stednavnes betydning].</ref> First attested in [[Old English]] as ''Denamearc'' in [[Alfred the Great|Alfred]]'s translation of [[Paulus Orosius]]'s ''Seven Books of History against the Pagans''.<ref>Thorpe, B. ''<u>The Life of Alfred The Great</u> Translated from the German of Dr. R. Pauli To Which Is Appended Alfred's Anglo-Saxon Version of Orosius'', p. 253. Bell, 1900.</ref> The etymology of "[[Danes (Germanic tribe)|Danes]]" is uncertain, but has been derived from the proposed [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] root ''*dhen'' ("low, flat"); ''-mark'' from the proposed [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] root ''*mereg-'' ("edge, boundary") via [[Old Norse]] ''merki'' ("boundary") or more probably ''mǫrk'' ("borderland, forest").

:Etymology uncertain, but probably "The [[Danes (Germanic tribe)|Danish]] forest" or "[[march (territory)|march]]" in reference to the forests of southern [[Schleswig]].<ref>Navneforskning, Københavns Universitet [http://navneforskning.ku.dk/stednavne.doc/betydninger.doc Udvalgte stednavnes betydning] {{wayback|url=http://navneforskning.ku.dk/stednavne.doc/betydninger.doc |date=20060716144406 |df=y }}.</ref> First attested in [[Old English]] as ''Denamearc'' in [[Alfred the Great|Alfred]]'s translation of [[Paulus Orosius]]'s ''Seven Books of History against the Pagans''.<ref>Thorpe, B. ''<u>The Life of Alfred The Great</u> Translated from the German of Dr. R. Pauli To Which Is Appended Alfred's Anglo-Saxon Version of Orosius'', p. 253. Bell, 1900.</ref> The etymology of "[[Danes (Germanic tribe)|Danes]]" is uncertain, but has been derived from the proposed [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] root ''*dhen'' ("low, flat"); ''-mark'' from the proposed [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] root ''*mereg-'' ("edge, boundary") via [[Old Norse]] ''merki'' ("boundary") or more probably ''mǫrk'' ("borderland, forest").

:The former [[folk etymology]] derived the name from an eponymous king [[Dan (king)|Dan]] of the region.

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===[[Dominican Republic]]===

:"Republic of [[Santo Domingo]]", the capital city of the [[Kingdom of Spain|Spanish]]-held region of [[Hispaniola]] since its incorporation by [[Bartholomew Columbus]] on 5 August 1498 as ''La Nueva Isabela, Santo Domingo del Puerto de la Isla de la Española'' ("New [[La Isabela|Isabela]], Saint Dominic of the Port of [[Hispaniola]]") either in honor of Sunday (see [[#Dominica|Dominica]] above),<ref name="Names&Histories"/> his father [[Dominic Colombo|Domenego]], or [[Saint Dominic]]'s feast day<ref>Partido Revolucionario Dominicano. "[http://www.prd.org.do/ciudad/leyenda-e-historia-envuelven-la-fundaci%C3%B3n-de-santo-domingo Leyenda e Historia Envuelven la Fundación de Santo Domingo]''. Accessed 18 October 2011. {{es icon}}</ref> on 4 August.<ref>''Calendarium Romanum'', p. 100. Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1969. {{la icon}}</ref> [[Nicolás de Ovando]] shortened the name to ''Santo Domingo de Guzmán'' upon the city's refounding at a new site after a major hurricane in 1502.<ref>Meinig, D.W. ''The Shaping of America: a Geographic Perspective on 500 Years of History''. Vol. I — ''Atlantic America, 1492–1800''. Yale University Press (New Haven), 1986. ISBN 0-300-03882-8.</ref> Dominic himself was named for Saint [[Dominic of Silos]], the monk at whose shrine his mother was said to have prayed.{{Citation needed|date=October 2011}} Dominic (from the [[Late Latin|Latin]] ''{{linktext|Dominicus}}'', "lordly" or "belonging to [[Yahweh|the Lord]]") was a common name for children born on Sunday (see "Dominica" [[#Dominica|above]]) and for [[religious name]]s.{{Citation needed|date=October 2011}}

:"Republic of [[Santo Domingo]]", the capital city of the [[Kingdom of Spain|Spanish]]-held region of [[Hispaniola]] since its incorporation by [[Bartholomew Columbus]] on 5 August 1498 as ''La Nueva Isabela, Santo Domingo del Puerto de la Isla de la Española'' ("New [[La Isabela|Isabela]], Saint Dominic of the Port of [[Hispaniola]]") either in honor of Sunday (see [[#Dominica|Dominica]] above),<ref name="Names&Histories"/> his father [[Dominic Colombo|Domenego]], or [[Saint Dominic]]'s feast day<ref>Partido Revolucionario Dominicano. "[http://www.prd.org.do/ciudad/leyenda-e-historia-envuelven-la-fundaci%C3%B3n-de-santo-domingo Leyenda e Historia Envuelven la Fundación de Santo Domingo] {{wayback|url=http://www.prd.org.do/ciudad/leyenda-e-historia-envuelven-la-fundaci%C3%B3n-de-santo-domingo |date=20120701044753 |df=y }}''. Accessed 18 October 2011. {{es icon}}</ref> on 4 August.<ref>''Calendarium Romanum'', p. 100. Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1969. {{la icon}}</ref> [[Nicolás de Ovando]] shortened the name to ''Santo Domingo de Guzmán'' upon the city's refounding at a new site after a major hurricane in 1502.<ref>Meinig, D.W. ''The Shaping of America: a Geographic Perspective on 500 Years of History''. Vol. I — ''Atlantic America, 1492–1800''. Yale University Press (New Haven), 1986. ISBN 0-300-03882-8.</ref> Dominic himself was named for Saint [[Dominic of Silos]], the monk at whose shrine his mother was said to have prayed.{{Citation needed|date=October 2011}} Dominic (from the [[Late Latin|Latin]] ''{{linktext|Dominicus}}'', "lordly" or "belonging to [[Yahweh|the Lord]]") was a common name for children born on Sunday (see "Dominica" [[#Dominica|above]]) and for [[religious name]]s.{{Citation needed|date=October 2011}}

::''[[Hispaniola]]'', a former name: "[[Kingdom of Spain|Spanish]] [island]", [[Latinisation of names|Latinized]] by [[Peter Martyr d'Anghiera]]<ref name=McIntosh>{{cite book |title=The Piri Reis map of 1513, Volume 1513 |first=Gregory C |last=McIntosh |publisher=[[University of Georgia Press]] |year=2000 |isbn= 978-0-8203-2157-8 |page=88 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=wgRXuOWah7MC&pg=PA88&dq=Hispaniola+Espa%C3%B1ola}}</ref> from [[Bartolomé de las Casas]]'s truncated [[Spanish language|Spanish]] ''Española'', from the original ''La Isla Española'' ("Spanish Island") bestowed by [[Christopher Columbus]] in 1492.<ref name="McIntosh"/> Replaced by the [[Royal Audiencia of Santo Domingo]] theoretically in 1511 and actually in 1526.

::'''''[[Republic of Spanish Haiti|Spanish Haiti]]''''', a former name: Self-descriptive, translated from the [[Spanish language|Spanish]] name ''República del Haití Español'' chosen upon independence in 1821. The "Spanish" distinguished it from the adjacent French-speaking [[Haiti]]. For further etymology of "Haiti", see [[#Haiti|below]].

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===[[Fiji]]===

: Possibly "look-out".<ref>Thompson, Basil. "[http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_1_1892/Volume_1,_No._3,_1892/The_land_of_our_origin_(Viti,_or_Fiji.)_by_Basil_Thompson,_p143-146/p1 The Land of Our Origin (Viti, or Fiji)]". ''Journal of the Polynesian Society'', Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 143–146. 1892</ref> Adapted from ''Fisi'', the [[Tongan language|Tongan]] form of ''Viti'', referring to the island of [[Viti Levu]] ([[Fijian language|Fijian]] for "Great Viti"). Popularized by [[UK|British]] explorer [[James Cook]].<ref>[http://www.fiji.gov.fj/ Government of Fiji]. ''{{PDFlink|[http://www.fiji.gov.fj/uploads/FijiToday2005-06.pdf Fiji Today, 2005–2006]}}'': "Europeans in Fiji".</ref>

===[[Finland]]===

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===[[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]===

{{hatnote|Main articles: [[Etymology of Georgia]] and [[Name of Georgia]]. For the U.S. state, see [[List of etymologies of U.S. states]].}}

:Etymology uncertain. The terms "Georgia" and "Georgian" appeared in Western Europe in numerous early medieval annals. At the time, the name was [[folk etymology|folk etymologized]]{{spaced ndash}}for instance, by the French chronicler [[Jacques de Vitry]] and the "English" fraudster [[John Mandeville]]{{spaced ndash}}from a supposed especial reverence of the [[Saint George]]. According to several modern scholars, "Georgia" seems to have been borrowed in the 11th or 12th century from the [[Syriac language|Syriac]] ''Gurz-ān'' or ''-iyān'' and [[Arabic language|Arabic]] ''Ĵurĵan'' or ''Ĵurzan'', derived from the [[New Persian]] ''Gurğ'' or ''Gurğān'', itself stemming from the [[Ancient Iranian]] and [[Middle Persian]] ''Vrkān'' or ''Waručān'' of uncertain origin, but resembling the eastern trans-Caspian toponym ''Gorgan'', from the Middle Persian ''Varkâna'' ("land of the wolves"). This might have been of the same etymology as the [[Armenian language|Armenian]] ''Virk<nowiki>'</nowiki>'' ({{lang|hy|Վիրք}}) and a source of the classical [[Iberi]] ({{lang-grc|Ἴβηρες}}, ''{{transl|grc|Ibēres}}'').<ref>[[David Marshall Lang|Lang, David Marshall]] (1966), ''The Georgians'', pp. 5–6. Praeger Publishers</ref><ref>Khintibidze, Elguja (1998), ''The Designations of the Georgians and Their Etymology'', pp. 29–30. [[Tbilisi State University]] Press, ISBN 5-511-00775-7 ([http://www.kartvfund.org.ge/anewtheory.htm A New Theory on the Etymology of the Designations of the Georgians (Excerpt from the book)]) ([~~http~~://~~webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:I5ZFxSehCcsJ:~~www.kartvfund.org.ge/index.php~~%3Fact%3Dpage%26id%3D33~~.58~~%26lang%3Den+%22A+New+Theory+on+the+Etymology+of+the+Designations%22~~&~~cd=3&hl~~=en~~&ct=clnk&source=www.google.com~~ Google Cache])</ref>

:Etymology uncertain. The terms "Georgia" and "Georgian" appeared in Western Europe in numerous early medieval annals. At the time, the name was [[folk etymology|folk etymologized]]{{spaced ndash}}for instance, by the French chronicler [[Jacques de Vitry]] and the "English" fraudster [[John Mandeville]]{{spaced ndash}}from a supposed especial reverence of the [[Saint George]]. According to several modern scholars, "Georgia" seems to have been borrowed in the 11th or 12th century from the [[Syriac language|Syriac]] ''Gurz-ān'' or ''-iyān'' and [[Arabic language|Arabic]] ''Ĵurĵan'' or ''Ĵurzan'', derived from the [[New Persian]] ''Gurğ'' or ''Gurğān'', itself stemming from the [[Ancient Iranian]] and [[Middle Persian]] ''Vrkān'' or ''Waručān'' of uncertain origin, but resembling the eastern trans-Caspian toponym ''Gorgan'', from the Middle Persian ''Varkâna'' ("land of the wolves"). This might have been of the same etymology as the [[Armenian language|Armenian]] ''Virk<nowiki>'</nowiki>'' ({{lang|hy|Վիրք}}) and a source of the classical [[Iberi]] ({{lang-grc|Ἴβηρες}}, ''{{transl|grc|Ibēres}}'').<ref>[[David Marshall Lang|Lang, David Marshall]] (1966), ''The Georgians'', pp. 5–6. Praeger Publishers</ref><ref>Khintibidze, Elguja (1998), ''The Designations of the Georgians and Their Etymology'', pp. 29–30. [[Tbilisi State University]] Press, ISBN 5-511-00775-7 ([http://www.kartvfund.org.ge/anewtheory.htm A New Theory on the Etymology of the Designations of the Georgians (Excerpt from the book)]) ([https://www.kartvfund.org.ge/index.php?act=page&id=33.58&lang=en Google Cache]{{dead link|date=September 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }})</ref>

:Another theory semantically links "Georgia" to Greek ''{{transl|grc|geōrgós}}'' ({{lang|grc|γεωργός}}, "tiller of the land") and [[Latin language|Latin]] ''georgicus'' ("agricultural"). The ''Georgi'' mentioned by [[Pliny the Elder]]<ref>[[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]]. ''[[Natural History (Pliny)|Naturalis Historia]]''. IV.26, VI.14.{{verify source|date=November 2011}}</ref> and [[Pomponius Mela]].<ref>[[Pomponius Mela]]. ''De Sita Orb''. i.2, &50; ii.1, & 44, 102.</ref> were agricultural tribes distinguished as such from their pastoral neighbors across the [[Panticapaeum]] in [[Taurica]].<ref>Romer, Frank E. ''Pomponius Mela's Description of the World'', p. 72. University of Michigan Press, 1998. ISBN 0-472-08452-6</ref>

::''[[Sakartvelo]]'', the local endonym: "Place for [[Kartvelians]]" in [[Georgian language|Georgian]], from [[Kartli]] ({{lang|ka|ქართლი}}), attested in the 5th-century ''[[Martyrdom of the Holy Queen Shushanik]]'', possibly from a cognate with the [[Mingrelian language|Mingrelian]] ''karta'' ({{lang|xmf|ქართა}}, "cattle pen", "enclosed place"). Traditionally taken by [[the Georgian Chronicles]] as referring to [[Kartlos]], an [[eponymous ancestor]] who supposedly built a city Kartli on the [[Mtkvari River]] near modern [[Armazi]].

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The name ''[[:wikt:Pakistan|Pakistan]]'' literally means "[[-stan|Land of]] the Pure" in [[Urdu]] and [[Persian language|Persian]]. It was coined in 1933 as ''Pakstan'' by [[Choudhry Rahmat Ali]], a [[Pakistan Movement]] activist, who published it in his pamphlet ''[[Pakistan Declaration|Now or Never]]'',<ref name="nowornever">{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/txt_rahmatali_1933.html|title=Now or never: Are we to live or perish for ever?|author=Choudhary Rahmat Ali|publisher=Columbia University|date=28 January 1933|accessdate=4 December 2007}}</ref> using it as an [[acronym]] ("thirty million Muslim brethren who live in PAKSTAN") referring to the names of the five northwestern regions of the [[Indian Empire]]: [[Punjab, Pakistan|'''P'''unjab]], [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|North-West Frontier Province]], [[Kashmir|'''K'''ashmir]], [[Sindh|'''S'''indh]], and [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Baluchis'''tan''']]".<ref name="Now or Never">{{cite journal|author=Choudhary Rahmat Ali|title=Now or Never. Are we to live or perish forever?|date=28 January 1933|url=http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Now_or_Never;_Are_We_to_Live_or_Perish_Forever%3F}}</ref><ref name="Ikram1995">{{cite book|author=[[S. M. Ikram]]|title=Indian Muslims and partition of India|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=7q9EubOYZmwC&pg=PA177|accessdate=23 December 2011|date=1 January 1995|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|isbn=978-81-7156-374-6|pages=177–}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.chaudhryrahmatali.com/now%20or%20never/index.htm | title=Rahmat Ali ::Now or Never | publisher=The Pakistan National Movement | accessdate=14 April 2011 | author=Rahmat Ali| page=2}}</ref> The letter ''i'' was incorporated to ease pronunciation and form the linguistically correct and meaningful name.<ref name="davison">{{cite journal |author=Roderic H. Davidson |title=Where is the Middle East? |journal=Foreign Affairs |volume=38 |pages=665–675 |year=1960 |doi=10.2307/20029452 |issue=4}}</ref>

The name ''[[:wikt:Pakistan|Pakistan]]'' literally means "[[-stan|Land of]] the Pure" in [[Urdu]] and [[Persian language|Persian]]. It was coined in 1933 as ''Pakstan'' by [[Choudhry Rahmat Ali]], a [[Pakistan Movement]] activist, who published it in his pamphlet ''[[Pakistan Declaration|Now or Never]]'',<ref name="nowornever">{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/txt_rahmatali_1933.html|title=Now or never: Are we to live or perish for ever?|author=Choudhary Rahmat Ali|publisher=Columbia University|date=28 January 1933|accessdate=4 December 2007}}</ref> using it as an [[acronym]] ("thirty million Muslim brethren who live in PAKSTAN") referring to the names of the five northwestern regions of the [[Indian Empire]]: [[Punjab, Pakistan|'''P'''unjab]], [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|North-West Frontier Province]], [[Kashmir|'''K'''ashmir]], [[Sindh|'''S'''indh]], and [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Baluchis'''tan''']]".<ref name="Now or Never">{{cite journal|author=Choudhary Rahmat Ali|title=Now or Never. Are we to live or perish forever?|date=28 January 1933|url=http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Now_or_Never;_Are_We_to_Live_or_Perish_Forever%3F}}</ref><ref name="Ikram1995">{{cite book|author=[[S. M. Ikram]]|title=Indian Muslims and partition of India|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=7q9EubOYZmwC&pg=PA177|accessdate=23 December 2011|date=1 January 1995|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|isbn=978-81-7156-374-6|pages=177–}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chaudhryrahmatali.com/now%20or%20never/index.htm |title=Rahmat Ali ::Now or Never |publisher=The Pakistan National Movement |accessdate=14 April 2011 |author=Rahmat Ali |page=2 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110419012150/http://www.chaudhryrahmatali.com:80/now%20or%20never/index.htm |archivedate=19 April 2011 |df=dmy }}</ref> The letter ''i'' was incorporated to ease pronunciation and form the linguistically correct and meaningful name.<ref name="davison">{{cite journal |author=Roderic H. Davidson |title=Where is the Middle East? |journal=Foreign Affairs |volume=38 |pages=665–675 |year=1960 |doi=10.2307/20029452 |issue=4}}</ref>

===[[Palau]]===