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Line 10: '''Science''' is a systematic endeavor that [[Scientific method|builds]] and organizes [[knowledge]] in the form of [[Testability|testable]] [[explanation]]s and [[prediction]]s about the [[universe]].<ref name="EOWilson1999a2">{{Cite book |last=Wilson |first=E.O. |url=https://archive.org/details/consilienceunity00wils_135 |title=Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge |publisher=Vintage |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-679-76867-8 |edition=Reprint |location=New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/consilienceunity00wils_135/page/n55 49]–71 |chapter=The natural sciences |url-access=limited}}</ref><ref name="Heilbron">{{cite book |last=Heilbron |first=J.L. |title=The Oxford Companion to the History of Modern Science |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-19-511229-0 |location=New York |pages=vii–x |chapter=Preface |quote=...modern science is a discovery as well as an invention. It was a discovery that nature generally acts regularly enough to be described by laws and even by mathematics; and required invention to devise the techniques, abstractions, apparatus, and organization for exhibiting the regularities and securing their law-like descriptions. |display-authors=etal |author-link=J. L. Heilbron}}</ref>
The recovery and assimilation of [[Ancient Greek literature|Greek works]] and [[Science in the medieval Islamic world|Islamic inquiries]] into Western Europe from the 10th to 13th century revived "[[natural philosophy]]",<ref name="Lindberg9">{{cite book |last=Lindberg |first=David C. |title=The beginnings of Western science: the European Scientific tradition in philosophical, religious, and institutional context |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-226-48205-7 |edition=Second |location=Chicago |pages=193–224 |chapter=The revival of learning in the West}}</ref><ref name="Lindberg10">{{cite book |last=Lindberg |first=David C. |title=The beginnings of Western science: the European Scientific tradition in philosophical, religious, and institutional context |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-226-48205-7 |edition=2nd |location=Chicago |pages=225–53 |chapter=The recovery and assimilation of Greek and Islamic science}}</ref> which was later transformed by the [[Scientific Revolution]] that began in the 16th century<ref name="Principe2011">{{cite book |last=Principe |first=Lawrence M. |title=Scientific Revolution: A Very Short Introduction |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-19-956741-6 |edition=First |location=New York |pages=1–3 |chapter=Introduction}}</ref> as new ideas and discoveries departed from previous Greek conceptions and traditions.<ref name="Lindberg14">{{cite book |last=Lindberg |first=David C. |title=The beginnings of Western science: the European Scientific tradition in philosophical, religious, and institutional context |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-226-48205-7 |edition=2nd |location=Chicago |pages=357–368 |chapter=The legacy of ancient and medieval science}}</ref><ref name="Grant2007c">{{cite book |last=Grant |first=Edward |url=https://archive.org/details/historynaturalph00gran |title=A History of Natural Philosophy: From the Ancient World to the Nineteenth Century |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-521-68957-1 |edition=First |location=New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/historynaturalph00gran/page/n289 274]–322 |chapter=Transformation of medieval natural philosophy from the early period modern period to the end of the nineteenth century |url-access=limited}}</ref> The [[scientific method]] soon played a greater role in knowledge creation and it was not until the [[19th century in science|19th century]] that many of the [[Institutionalisation|institutional]] and [[Professionalization|professional]] features of science began to take shape,<ref name="Cahan Natural Philosophy">{{cite book |title=From Natural Philosophy to the Sciences: Writing the History of Nineteenth-Century Science |date=2003 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-08928-7 |editor1-last=Cahan |editor1-first=David |location=Chicago}}</ref><ref name="Lightman 19th2">{{cite book |last1=Lightman |first1=Bernard |title=Wrestling with Nature: From Omens to Science |date=2011 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-31783-0 |editor1-last=Shank |editor1-first=Michael |location=Chicago |page=367 |chapter=13. Science and the Public |editor2-last=Numbers |editor2-first=Ronald |editor3-last=Harrison |editor3-first=Peter}}</ref> along with the changing of "natural philosophy" to "natural science".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Harrison |first1=Peter |title=The Territories of Science and Religion |date=2015 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-18451-7 |location=Chicago |pages=164–165 |quote=The changing character of those engaged in scientific endeavors was matched by a new nomenclature for their endeavors. The most conspicuous marker of this change was the replacement of "natural philosophy" by "natural science". In 1800 few had spoken of the "natural sciences" but by 1880, this expression had overtaken the traditional label "natural philosophy". The persistence of "natural philosophy" in the twentieth century is owing largely to historical references to a past practice (see figure 11). As should now be apparent, this was not simply the substitution of one term by another, but involved the jettisoning of a range of personal qualities relating to the conduct of philosophy and the living of the philosophical life. |author-link1=Peter Harrison (historian)}}</ref> | |||