Israel–Hamas war: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia

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An [[armed conflict]] between [[Israel]] and [[Hamas]]-led Palestinian militant groups{{efn|~~Belligerents~~The ~~include~~list of groups included [[Hamas]], [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]], [[Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine]], and the [[Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine]].}} has been taking place chiefly in and around the [[Gaza Strip]] since 7 October 2023, with clashes also taking place in the [[Israeli-occupied territories|Israeli-occupied]] [[West Bank]] and on the [[Israel–Lebanon border]]. On that day, militant groups launched [[2023 Hamas attack on Israel|a surprise attack]] on southern Israel from the Gaza Strip. This marked the start of the most significant military escalation in the region since the [[Yom Kippur War]] exactly fifty years prior.<ref name="Deeb" /> After clearing Hamas militants from its territory, the [[Israeli military]] embarked on an extensive [[aerial bombardment]] of the Gaza Strip followed by a [[2023 Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip|large-scale ground invasion]]. These hostilities constitute the fifth war of the [[Gaza–Israel conflict]], which is part of the broader [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]].

The war began when Hamas-led Palestinian militant groups launched a surprise offensive against Israel named "Operation Al-Aqsa Flood". The attack began with [[List of Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel in 2023|a barrage of rockets targeting Israel]], while around 3,000 militants breached the [[Gaza–Israel barrier]] and attacked neighboring Israeli communities and military bases. During this attack, 1,139 people were killed, of whom 766 were civilians.<ref name="F24231215">{{cite news |title=Israel social security data reveals true picture of Oct 7 deaths |date=15 December 2023 |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20231215-israel-social-security-data-reveals-true-picture-of-oct-7-deaths |work=[[France 24]] |access-date=16 December 2023 |archive-date=17 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217222630/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20231215-israel-social-security-data-reveals-true-picture-of-oct-7-deaths |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="haaretz_helo" /><ref name="YnetFF" /> Hamas stated its attack was in response to the [[Temple Mount entry restrictions|"desecration"]] of the [[Al-Aqsa Mosque]], as well as the growth of [[Israeli settlement|Israeli settlements]] in the West Bank, [[Israeli settler violence|settler violence]] and [[July 2023 Jenin incursion|clashes]] there, the [[blockade of the Gaza Strip]], and the plight of [[Palestinian refugees]] and [[Palestinian prisoners in Israel|prisoners]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Text of the speech by Ismail Haniyeh, on the first day of Operation Al-Aqsa Flood |url=https://crescent.icit-digital.org/articles/text-of-the-speech-by-ismail-haniyeh-on-the-first-day-of-operation-al-aqsa-flood |date=9 October 2023 |access-date=1 January 2024 |website=Crescent International}}</ref> the latter of whom it sought to free by taking an estimated [[2023 Israel–Hamas war hostage crisis|253 Israeli and foreign captives]] into Gaza as leverage.<ref>{{cite news |date=7 October 2023 |title=Hamas says it has enough Israeli captives to free all Palestinian prisoners |agency=[[Al Jazeera English|Al-Jazeera]] |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/7/hamas-says-it-has-enough-israeli-captives-to-free-all-palestinian-prisoners}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mills |first1=Andrew |last2=Hassan |first2=Ahmed Mohamed |date=15 November 2023 |title=Exclusive: Qatar seeking Israel-Hamas deal to free 50 hostages and 3-day truce |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/qatar-seeking-israel-hamas-deal-release-50-hostages-3-day-truce-sources-say-2023-11-15/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=What we know about the captives taken by Hamas |language=en |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/3/what-do-we-know-about-the-israeli-captives-held-by-hamas |access-date=15 December 2023}}</ref> In response, Israel declared a state of war and launched a counteroffensive named "Operation Swords of Iron". During the course of this operation, Israel [[2023 Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip|tightened its blockade]], [[2023 Gaza Strip evacuations|ordered the evacuation of the northern Gaza Strip]], and fired over 29,000 munitions atin ~~targets~~an extensive aerial bombardment campaign in Gaza before and during its ground offensive, which began on October 27.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Malsin |first1=Jared |last2=Shah |first2=Saeed |date=30 December 2023 |title=The Ruined Landscape of Gaza After Nearly Three Months of Bombing |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/gaza-destruction-bombing-israel-aa528542 |access-date=4 January 2024 |work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> Israel's stated goals included destroying Hamas, freeing the hostages and controlling the Gaza Strip.<ref>{{cite news |title=Netanyahu says IDF will control Gaza after war, rejects notion of international force |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/netanyahu-says-idf-will-control-gaza-after-war-rejects-notion-of-international-force/ |url-status=live |access-date=13 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112163219/https://www.timesofisrael.com/netanyahu-says-idf-will-control-gaza-after-war-rejects-notion-of-international-force/ |archive-date=12 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Netanyahu dismisses international pressure: 'Nothing will stop us' destroying Hamas |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/netanyahu-dismisses-international-pressure-nothing-will-stop-us-destroy-hamas/ |url-status=live |access-date=14 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217014118/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/netanyahu-dismisses-international-pressure-nothing-will-stop-us-destroy-hamas/ |archive-date=17 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Turak |first=Natasha |date=12 December 2023 |title=Can Hamas actually be eliminated? This is what military and security analysts think |work=[[CNBC]] |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/12/12/israel-gaza-war-can-hamas-actually-be-eliminated-experts-weigh-in.html |url-status=live |access-date=13 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218214421/https://www.cnbc.com/2023/12/12/israel-gaza-war-can-hamas-actually-be-eliminated-experts-weigh-in.html |archive-date=18 December 2023}}</ref><ref name="Netanyahu-2023-12-25">{{cite news |last=Netanyahu |first=Benjamin |author-link=Benjamin Netanyahu |date=25 December 2023 |title=Benjamin Netanyahu: Our Three Prerequisites for Peace |language=en-US |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/benjamin-netanyahu-our-three-prerequisites-for-peace-gaza-israel-bff895bd |access-date=26 December 2023 |issn=0099-9660}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Al-Mughrabi |first1=Nidal |last2=Williams |first2=Dan |date=27 November 2023 |title=Israel-Hamas truce in Gaza extended two days; 11 more hostages freed |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/biden-hopes-extension-israel-hamas-truce-enters-final-day-2023-11-27/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204202607/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/biden-hopes-extension-israel-hamas-truce-enters-final-day-2023-11-27/ |archive-date=4 December 2023}}</ref>

~~Over~~Since the Israeli operation started, over 23,000 Palestinians have been killed in Gaza, a majority of them civilians, with another 7,000 people missing and presumed dead under the rubble of destroyed buildings.<ref name="cas1tmp1"/><ref name="cas1tmp4"/> The scale and pace of destruction in Gaza is among the most severe in the history of modern warfare.<ref name=":02" /><ref>{{cite news |date=21 December 2023 |title=Israel's military campaign in Gaza seen as among the most destructive in recent history, experts say |language=en |work=[[AP News]] |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-gaza-bombs-destruction-death-toll-scope-419488c511f83c85baea22458472a796 |url-status=live |access-date=22 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222012633/https://apnews.com/article/israel-gaza-bombs-destruction-death-toll-scope-419488c511f83c85baea22458472a796 |archive-date=22 December 2023}}</ref><ref name=":32" /> A [[2023–2024 Gaza humanitarian crisis|severe humanitarian crisis]] has resulted, with [[Timeline of the Gaza Strip healthcare collapse|healthcare in a state of collapse]],<ref>{{cite news |date=17 November 2023 |title=Under US Pressure, Israel Agrees to Allow Limited Fuel Into Gaza Strip |language=en |website=[[Voice of America]] |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/under-us-pressure-israel-agrees-to-allow-limited-fuel-into-gaza-strip/7360075.html |url-status=live |access-date=18 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118010421/http://www.voanews.com/a/under-us-pressure-israel-agrees-to-allow-limited-fuel-into-gaza-strip/7360075.html |archive-date=18 November 2023}}</ref> shortages of food, clean water, medicine and fuel,<ref>{{cite news |date=8 December 2023 |title=Gaza Cut Off From Food, Water, 'Anything Which Is Necessary for Any Sort of Life' |agency=[[Voice of America]] |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/who-gaza-cut-off-from-food-water-anything-which-is-necessary-for-any-sort-of-life-/7390360.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=20 December 2023 |title='Barely a drop to drink': children in the Gaza Strip do not access 90 per cent of their normal water use |agency=[[UNICEF]] |url=https://www.unicef.org/press-releases/barely-drop-drink-children-gaza-strip-do-not-access-90-cent-their-normal-water-use}}</ref><ref name="Rushdi">{{cite news |last1=Abu Alouf |first1=Rushdi |last2=Slow |first2=Oliver |date=10 October 2023 |title=Gaza 'soon without fuel, medicine and food' – Israel authorities |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67051292 |url-status=live |access-date=11 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009192127/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67051292 |archive-date=9 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Ioanes |first1=Ellen |date=14 October 2023 |title=Gaza's spiraling humanitarian crisis, explained |url=https://www.vox.com/2023/10/14/23917260/israel-hamas-war-gaza-humanitarian-crisis |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014224531/https://www.vox.com/2023/10/14/23917260/israel-hamas-war-gaza-humanitarian-crisis |archive-date=14 October 2023 |access-date=16 October 2023 |work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Paddison |first1=Laura |last2=Marsh |first2=Rene |date=24 October 2023 |title=Gazans forced to drink dirty, salty water as the fuel needed to run water systems runs out |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/10/24/middleeast/gaza-water-war-climate-intl-cmd/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025014559/https://www.cnn.com/2023/10/24/middleeast/gaza-water-war-climate-intl-cmd/index.html |archive-date=25 October 2023 |access-date=26 October 2023 |work=[[CNN]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Al-Mughrabi |first=Nidal |date=16 November 2023 |title=In Gaza, people resort to drinking salty water, garbage piles up |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/gaza-people-resort-drinking-salty-water-garbage-piles-up-2023-10-16/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022012057/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/gaza-people-resort-drinking-salty-water-garbage-piles-up-2023-10-16/ |archive-date=22 October 2023 |access-date=19 November 2023 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> electricity and communications blackouts,<ref>{{cite news |date=17 November 2023 |title=The UN stops delivery of food and supplies to Gaza as a communications blackout hinders coordination |language=en |work=[[AP News]] |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-war-news-11-17-2023-1811384fac6394329dd71e3aaf461eb5 |url-status=live |access-date=17 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216042600/https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-war-news-11-17-2023-1811384fac6394329dd71e3aaf461eb5 |archive-date=16 December 2023}}</ref> and the UN warning of potential [[famine]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Graham-Harrison |first=Emma |date=17 November 2023 |title=Gaza faces 'immediate possibility' of starvation as disease spreads, UN says |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/nov/17/gaza-un-starvation-disease |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117152044/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/nov/17/gaza-un-starvation-disease |archive-date=17 November 2023 |access-date=17 November 2023 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> It was widely reported that there is "no safe place in Gaza" as Israel struck areas it had previously told Palestinians to evacuate to.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Times Investigation Tracked Israel’s Use of One of Its Most Destructive Bombs in South Gaza |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/21/world/middleeast/israel-gaza-bomb-investigation.html#:~ |website=nytimes.com |publisher=The New York Times |access-date=10 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Bradley |first=Jane |date=5 December 2023 |title=Israel-Gaza: 'There is no safe place in Gaza', warns humanitarian organisations, as Israel moves assault to the south |work=[[The Scotsman]] |url=https://www.scotsman.com/news/world/israel-gaza-there-is-no-safe-place-in-gaza-warns-humanitarian-organisations-as-israel-moves-assault-to-the-south-4434105 |url-status=live |access-date=11 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211022434/https://www.scotsman.com/news/world/israel-gaza-there-is-no-safe-place-in-gaza-warns-humanitarian-organisations-as-israel-moves-assault-to-the-south-4434105 |archive-date=11 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Abou-Ghazala |first=Yahya |date=13 October 2023 |title=In Gaza, Palestinians have no safe place from Israel's bombs |work=[[CNN]] |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/10/12/middleeast/gaza-airstrikes-warnings-invs/index.html |url-status=live |access-date=11 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101143647/https://www.cnn.com/2023/10/12/middleeast/gaza-airstrikes-warnings-invs/index.html |archive-date=1 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Israel intensifies bombardment in southern Gaza, including areas it had deemed safe |work=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/israel-hamas-war-day-59-1.7048019 |url-status=live |access-date=11 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211022419/https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/israel-hamas-war-day-59-1.7048019 |archive-date=11 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=9 December 2023 |title=Israel continues bombarding Gaza, including places it told Palestinians to evacuate to |work=[[PBS NewsHour]] |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/israel-continues-bombarding-gaza-including-places-it-told-palestinians-to-evacuate-to |url-status=live |access-date=11 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211022420/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/israel-continues-bombarding-gaza-including-places-it-told-palestinians-to-evacuate-to |archive-date=11 December 2023}}</ref> The widespread civilian [[Casualties of the 2023 Israel–Hamas war|deaths]] have led to [[War crimes in the 2023 Israel–Hamas war|accusations of war crimes]] against both Israel and Hamas.<ref>{{cite news |title=Israel/occupied Palestinian territory: UN experts deplore attacks on civilians, call for truce and urge international community to address root causes of violence |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/10/israeloccupied-palestinian-territory-un-experts-deplore-attacks-civilians |access-date=15 October 2023 |publisher=[[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]] |archive-date=14 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014225409/https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/10/israeloccupied-palestinian-territory-un-experts-deplore-attacks-civilians |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Corder-2023">{{cite news |last1=Corder |first1=Mike |last2=Frankel |first2=Julia |date=13 October 2023 |title=Experts say Hamas and Israel are committing war crimes in their fight |work=[[AP News]] |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-gaza-war-crimes-icc-1a42212b95a7f6ce54909fb22e0d681d |access-date=18 October 2023 |archive-date=16 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231016133400/https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-gaza-war-crimes-icc-1a42212b95a7f6ce54909fb22e0d681d |url-status=live}}</ref> Nearly all of Gaza's 2.3 million population<ref>{{cite news |date=29 December 2023 |title=Israel Widens Attack on Hamas; Palestinians Pour Into Southern Gaza |agency=[[Voice of America]] |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/palestinians-pour-into-southern-gaza-israel-widens-attacks-on-hamas-/7417882.html}}</ref> and around 500,000 Israelis have been [[internally displaced]],<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Around Half A Million Israelis Displaced Inside Israel: Military |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/around-half-a-million-israelis-displaced-inside-israel-military-139782b3 |url-status=live |magazine=[[Barron's]] |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119040557/https://www.barrons.com/news/around-half-a-million-israelis-displaced-inside-israel-military-139782b3 |archive-date=19 November 2023 |access-date=19 November 2023 |agency=[[Agence France Presse]]}}</ref> while thousands of Palestinians have been [[Mass detentions in the 2023 Israel–Hamas war|detained]] by Israel,<ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=20 December 2023 |title=Urgently investigate inhumane treatment and enforced disappearance of Palestinians detainees from Gaza |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2023/12/urgently-investigate-inhumane-treatment-and-enforced-disappearance-of-palestinians-detainees-from-gaza/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222015304/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2023/12/urgently-investigate-inhumane-treatment-and-enforced-disappearance-of-palestinians-detainees-from-gaza/ |archive-date=22 December 2023 |access-date=22 December 2023 |website=[[Amnesty International]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=14 December 2023 |title=Hungry, thirsty and humiliated: Israel's mass arrest campaign sows fear in northern Gaza |language=en |work=[[AP News]] |url=https://apnews.com/article/palestinians-detained-israel-hamas-gaza-war-0ecbc338e4024add059b87b38022086d |url-status=live |access-date=22 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231221233625/https://apnews.com/article/palestinians-detained-israel-hamas-gaza-war-0ecbc338e4024add059b87b38022086d |archive-date=21 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Stack |first1=Liam |last2=Abdulrahim |first2=Raja |last3=Lajka |first3=Arijeta |date=8 December 2023 |title=Israel Defends Mass Detention of Gazan Men Amid Outrage |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/08/world/middleeast/israel-arrests-gaza-men-stripped.html |url-status=live |access-date=22 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231221043714/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/08/world/middleeast/israel-arrests-gaza-men-stripped.html |archive-date=21 December 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mass arrests of Palestinians in occupied West Bank |language=en |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/program/newsfeed/2023/10/17/mass-arrests-of-palestinians-in-occupied-west-bank |url-status=live |access-date=22 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119204949/https://www.aljazeera.com/program/newsfeed/2023/10/17/mass-arrests-of-palestinians-in-occupied-west-bank |archive-date=19 November 2023}}</ref> and Israel has lost over 150 further soldiers in its counteroffensive.

Throughout the war, there have been [[2023 Israel–Hamas war protests|widespread global protests]] that primarily call for a ceasefire.<ref>{{cite news |title=From Paris to Karachi, protesters rally in support of Palestine |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2023/11/11/photos-from-paris-to-karachi-protesters-rally-in-support-of-palestine |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120045102/https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2023/11/11/photos-from-paris-to-karachi-protesters-rally-in-support-of-palestine |archive-date=20 November 2023 |access-date=20 November 2023 |agency=[[Al-Jazeera]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Hundreds of thousands rally for Gaza in London as police arrest far-right protesters |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/nov/11/hundreds-of-thousands-rally-for-gaza-in-london-as-police-arrest-far-right-protesters |agency=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=20 November 2023 |archive-date=20 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120135632/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/nov/11/hundreds-of-thousands-rally-for-gaza-in-london-as-police-arrest-far-right-protesters |url-status=live}}</ref> ~~The~~Israel and the United States ~~vetoed~~are becoming increasingly isolated on the world stage in their refusal to accept a ceasefire,<ref name="DI1"/><ref name="DI2"/><ref name="DI3"/> with the latter vetoing multiple [[UN Security Council]] resolutions to that ~~effect,~~call for a ceasefire.<ref name="DixonHugoReuters">{{cite news |last=Dixon |first=Hugo |date=30 October 2023 |title=Israel war tests US appeal to global swing states |url=https://www.reuters.com/breakingviews/israel-war-tests-us-appeal-global-swing-states-2023-10-30/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104115825/https://www.reuters.com/breakingviews/israel-war-tests-us-appeal-global-swing-states-2023-10-30/ |archive-date=4 November 2023 |access-date=15 November 2023 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=9 December 2023 |title='Double standards': World reacts to US veto on Gaza truce resolution at UN |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/9/double-standards-world-reacts-to-us-vetoing-unsc-gaza-resolution |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209102644/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/9/double-standards-world-reacts-to-us-vetoing-unsc-gaza-resolution |archive-date=9 December 2023 |access-date=9 December 2023 |agency=[[Al-Jazeera]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=8 December 2023 |title=US vetoes UN resolution backed by many nations demanding immediate humanitarian cease-fire in Gaza |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-un-resolution-ceasefire-humanitarian-6d3bfd31d6c25168e828274d96b85cf8 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213133921/https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-un-resolution-ceasefire-humanitarian-6d3bfd31d6c25168e828274d96b85cf8 |archive-date=13 December 2023 |access-date=14 December 2023 |work=[[AP News]] |language=en}}</ref> but allowed [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 2712|one calling for a humanitarian pause]] to pass on 15 November.<ref name="PoliticoUNSec">{{cite news |last=Starcevic |first=Seb |date=16 November 2023 |title=UN Security Council adopts resolution for 'humanitarian pauses' in Gaza |language=en |work=[[POLITICO]] |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/un-security-council-adopts-gaza-resolution-calling-for-humanitarian-pauses/ |url-status=live |access-date=16 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116003121/https://www.politico.eu/article/un-security-council-adopts-gaza-resolution-calling-for-humanitarian-pauses/ |archive-date=16 November 2023}}</ref> During a subsequent [[2023 Israel–Hamas ceasefire|seven-day truce]], 105 Israeli hostages were [[2023 exchange of Israeli hostages for Palestinian prisoners|exchanged]] for 240 Palestinian prisoners.<ref>{{cite news |last=Barnes |first=Julian E. |title=CIA Director Discusses Resuming Hostage Swaps Between Israel and Hamas |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=18 December 2023 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/18/world/middleeast/cia-director-burns-israel-hostages-hamas-gaza-prisoners.html |access-date=20 December 2023 |archive-date=19 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231219230516/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/18/world/middleeast/cia-director-burns-israel-hostages-hamas-gaza-prisoners.html |url-status=live}}</ref> [[United States support for Israel in the 2023 Israel–Hamas war|US military and diplomatic support for Israel during the war]] has been condemned by various human rights ~~advocacy~~ groups,.<ref>{{cite news |last=Lederer |first=Edith M. |title=US vetoes UN resolution backed by many nations demanding immediate humanitarian cease-fire in Gaza |work=[[AP News]] |date=9 December 2023 |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-un-resolution-ceasefire-humanitarian-6d3bfd31d6c25168e828274d96b85cf8 |access-date=18 December 2023 |archive-date=18 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218100708/https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-un-resolution-ceasefire-humanitarian-6d3bfd31d6c25168e828274d96b85cf8 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ratcliffe |first1=Rebecca |title=US risks 'complicity in war crimes', says Human Rights Watch – as it happened |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2023/dec/08/israel-hamas-war-live-updates-gaza-palestine-idf-civilians-blinken |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=9 December 2023 |access-date=20 December 2023 |archive-date=20 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220083755/https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2023/dec/08/israel-hamas-war-live-updates-gaza-palestine-idf-civilians-blinken |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Double standards': World reacts to US veto on Gaza truce resolution at UN |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/9/double-standards-world-reacts-to-us-vetoing-unsc-gaza-resolution |agency=[[Al Jazeera English|Al-Jazeera]] |date=9 December 2023 |access-date=9 December 2023 |archive-date=9 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209102644/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/9/double-standards-world-reacts-to-us-vetoing-unsc-gaza-resolution |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=US President Biden sued for 'complicity' in Israel's 'genocide' in Gaza |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/14/us-president-biden-sued-for-complicity-in-israels-genocide-in-gaza |agency=[[Al Jazeera English|Al-Jazeera]] |date=14 November 2023 |access-date=20 December 2023 |archive-date=22 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222080744/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/14/us-president-biden-sued-for-complicity-in-israels-genocide-in-gaza |url-status=live}}</ref> ~~with the US and Israel described by some commentators as internationally isolated as a result.<ref name="DI1" /><ref name="DI2" /><ref name="DI3" />~~ The [[Biden administration]] has on multiple occasions bypassed the [[United States Congress|US Congress]] to supply Israel with weapons,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/news/20231230_11/ |title=US govt. again skips Congress for emergency weapons sale to Israel |date=30 December 2023 |work=[[NHK World]]}}</ref> and engaged in [[Red Sea crisis|conflict with the Houthi movement]] over its attacks on ships in the Red Sea it claimed were linked to Israel.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://apnews.com/article/yemen-houthis-red-sea-shipping-centcom-us-bb70acea5062a9952a5b983ecc047863 |title=US Navy helicopters fire at Yemen's Houthi rebels and kill several in latest Red Sea shipping attack |date=31 December 2023 |work=[[AP News]]}}</ref>

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[[File:Fires in Israel and the Gaza strip - 7 October 2023 (53245908850).jpg|thumb|Satellite view of widespread fires in Israel on 7 October 2023<ref name="ynet"/>]] [[File:Gaza envelope after coordinated surprise offensive on Israel, October 2023 (KBG GPO09).jpg|thumb|A blood-stained home floor in the aftermath of the [[Nahal Oz massacre]] in [[Nahal Oz]], Israel|alt=Caked blood on the floor inside a house.]]

Militants killed civilians at [[Nir Oz]],<ref name="cnn1"/> [[Be'eri]], and [[Netiv HaAsara]], and other [[kibbutz|agricultural communities]], where they took hostages<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cnn.com/middleeast/live-news/al-aqsa-storm-militants-infiltrate-israel-after-gaza-rockets-10-07-intl-hnk/index.html |title=Militants infiltrate Israel from Gaza as Hamas claims major rocket attack |date=7 October 2023 |publisher=[[CNN]] |access-date=7 October 2023 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007075445/https://www.cnn.com/middleeast/live-news/al-aqsa-storm-militants-infiltrate-israel-after-gaza-rockets-10-07-intl-hnk/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref> and set fire to homes.<ref name="ynet"/> This resulted in widespread fires and smoke across the region.<ref name="ynet"/> 52 civilians were killed in the [[Kfar Aza massacre]], 108 in the [[Be'eri massacre]] (a loss of 10% of the [[kibbutz]]'s population) and 15 in the [[Netiv HaAsara attack|Netiv HaAsara massacre]],<ref>{{cite news |date=7 October 2023 |title=Border town identifies at least 15 of its residents killed in Hamas attack |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/border-town-identifies-at-least-15-of-its-residents-killed-in-hamas-attack/ |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |access-date=9 October 2023 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007234157/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/border-town-identifies-at-least-15-of-its-residents-killed-in-hamas-attack/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=10 Percent of Kibbutz Population Found Dead After Hamas Massacre in Southern Israel |language=en |work=[[Haaretz]] |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-10-10/ty-article/.premium/10-percent-of-kibbutz-population-found-dead-after-hamas-massacre-in-southern-israel/0000018b-191c-df31-a99f-7ddf54fa0000 |access-date=12 October 2023 |archive-date=11 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011170120/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-10-10/ty-article/.premium/10-percent-of-kibbutz-population-found-dead-after-hamas-massacre-in-southern-israel/0000018b-191c-df31-a99f-7ddf54fa0000 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="The Economist">{{cite news |title=Hamas's attack was the bloodiest in Israel's history |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |url=https://www.economist.com/briefing/2023/10/12/hamass-attack-was-the-bloodiest-in-israels-history |url-status=live |access-date=15 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014231955/https://www.economist.com/briefing/2023/10/12/hamass-attack-was-the-bloodiest-in-israels-history |archive-date=14 October 2023}}</ref> in what has been described as the bloodiest day in Israel's history and the worst single-day massacre of Jews since [[the Holocaust]].<ref name="The Economist"/> In Sderot, gunmen targeted civilians and set houses ablaze. In [[Ofakim]], hostages were taken during Hamas's deepest incursion.<ref name="f24-2">{{cite news |date=7 October 2023 |title=In pictures: Scenes of war and chaos after Hamas launch surprise attack on Israel |work=[[France 24]] |url=https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20231007-in-pictures-hamas-israel-palestine-gaza-attack-netanyahu |access-date=7 October 2023 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007163706/https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20231007-in-pictures-hamas-israel-palestine-gaza-attack-netanyahu |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="The Economist"/> Hamas said it took prisoners to force Israel to release Palestinian prisoners.<ref name="aj9"/> In [[Be'eri massacre|Be'eri]], Hamas militants took up to [[2023 Israel–Hamas war hostage crisis|50 people hostage]].<ref name="NYT-Vinograd"/> Videos showed hostages being led barefoot across a street in the town.<ref name="BBChostage">{{cite news |title=What we know about Israeli hostages taken by Hamas |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67044255 |date=8 October 2023 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |first=Alys |last=Davies |access-date=8 October 2023 |archive-date=8 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008025612/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67044255 |url-status=live}}</ref> Hamas also [[Re'im music festival massacre|massacred at least 325 and injured many more at an outdoor music festival near Re'im]] and took at least 37 attendees hostage.<ref name=haaretz_helo/><ref name=HDOIH/><ref>{{cite news |title=Israel's Dead: The Names of Those Killed in Hamas Attacks, Massacres and the Israel-Hamas War |date=19 October 2023 |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-10-19/ty-article-magazine/israels-dead-the-names-of-those-killed-in-hamas-massacres-and-the-israel-hamas-war/0000018b-325c-d450-a3af-7b5cf0210000 |work=[[Haaretz]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115142350/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-10-19/ty-article-magazine/israels-dead-the-names-of-those-killed-in-hamas-massacres-and-the-israel-hamas-war/0000018b-325c-d450-a3af-7b5cf0210000 |archive-date=15 November 2023 |access-date=15 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Hostages Held by Hamas: The Names of Those Abducted From Israel |date=22 October 2023 |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-10-22/ty-article-magazine/hostages-held-by-hamas-the-names-of-those-abducted-from-israel/0000018b-55f8-d5d2-afef-d5fdd04e0000 |work=[[Haaretz]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115193110/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-10-22/ty-article-magazine/hostages-held-by-hamas-the-names-of-those-abducted-from-israel/0000018b-55f8-d5d2-afef-d5fdd04e0000 |archive-date=15 November 2023 |access-date=15 November 2023}}</ref> Hamas and the Palestinian Authority denied the massacre, stating that Israeli helicopters and fighter jets were behind the high number of casualties;<ref name="Halabiynetnews">{{cite news |last1=Halabi |first1=Einav |title=Palestinian Authority denies Hamas music festival massacre |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/h1nngcpnp |access-date=20 November 2023 |work=[[Ynetnews]] |date=19 November 2023 |archive-date=20 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120022004/https://www.ynetnews.com/article/h1nngcpnp |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="jpost">{{cite news |title=Palestinian Authority claims Israel, not Hamas, committed Re'im massacre |url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/article-774081 |access-date=20 November 2023 |work=[[Jerusalem Post]] |date=19 November 2023 |archive-date=19 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119204749/https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/article-774081 |url-status=live}}</ref> An Israeli Police investigation stated that the first helicopters at the scene arrived hours after the massacre began, and that they were likely responsible for only a few [[friendly fire]] casualties.<ref name="Halabiynetnews"/><ref name=haaretz_helo/> In Be'eri, a tank fired on a house known to contain around 40 Hamas fighters and 14 hostages, among them 2 children; only one of the hostages in the house survived.<ref>{{cite news |last=Limone |first=Noa |date=13 December 2023 |title=If Israel Used a Controversial Procedure Against Its Citizens, We Need to Talk About It Now |language=en |work=[[Haaretz]] |url=https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/2023-12-13/ty-article-opinion/.premium/if-israel-used-a-procedure-against-its-citizens-we-need-to-talk-about-it-now/0000018c-6383-de43-affd-f783212e0000 |access-date=15 December 2023 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231214060525/https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/2023-12-13/ty-article-opinion/.premium/if-israel-used-a-procedure-against-its-citizens-we-need-to-talk-about-it-now/0000018c-6383-de43-affd-f783212e0000 |archive-date=14 December 2023}}</ref> A [[Ynet]] article stated that there was an "immense and complex quantity" of friendly-fire incidents during the 7 October attack that "it would not be morally sound to investigate" given their number and the challenges soldiers were facing at the time.<ref name="YnetFF">{{cite news |last=Zitun |first=Yoav |date=12 December 2023 |title=One-fifth of troop fatalities in Gaza due to friendly fire or accidents, IDF reports |language=en |work=[[Ynetnews]] |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/rkjqoobip |access-date=15 December 2023 |quote=Casualties fell as a result of friendly fire on October 7, but the IDF believes that beyond the operational investigations of the events, it would not be morally sound to investigate these incidents due to the immense and complex quantity of them that took place in the kibbutzim and southern Israeli communities due to the challenging situations the soldiers were in at the time. |archive-date=14 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231214212217/https://www.ynetnews.com/article/rkjqoobip |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Cook121215>{{cite web |last=Cook |first=Jonathan |date=15 December 2023 |title=Why is western media ignoring evidence of Israel's own actions on 7 October? |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/opinion/israel-palestine-war-media-ignoring-evidence-actions-7-october |access-date=15 December 2023 |website=[[Middle East Eye]] |language=en |archive-date=15 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215161307/https://www.middleeasteye.net/opinion/israel-palestine-war-media-ignoring-evidence-actions-7-october |url-status=live}}</ref>

Hamas said it took prisoners to force Israel to release Palestinian prisoners.<ref name="aj9"/> In [[Be'eri massacre|Be'eri]], Hamas militants took up to [[2023 Israel–Hamas war hostage crisis|50 people hostage]].<ref name="NYT-Vinograd"/> Videos showed hostages being led barefoot across a street in the town.<ref name="BBChostage">{{cite news |title=What we know about Israeli hostages taken by Hamas |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67044255 |date=8 October 2023 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |first=Alys |last=Davies |access-date=8 October 2023 |archive-date=8 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008025612/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67044255 |url-status=live}}</ref> Hamas also [[Re'im music festival massacre|massacred at least 325 and injured many more at an outdoor music festival near Re'im]] and took at least 37 attendees hostage.<ref name=haaretz_helo/><ref name=HDOIH/><ref>{{cite news |title=Israel's Dead: The Names of Those Killed in Hamas Attacks, Massacres and the Israel-Hamas War |date=19 October 2023 |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-10-19/ty-article-magazine/israels-dead-the-names-of-those-killed-in-hamas-massacres-and-the-israel-hamas-war/0000018b-325c-d450-a3af-7b5cf0210000 |work=[[Haaretz]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115142350/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-10-19/ty-article-magazine/israels-dead-the-names-of-those-killed-in-hamas-massacres-and-the-israel-hamas-war/0000018b-325c-d450-a3af-7b5cf0210000 |archive-date=15 November 2023 |access-date=15 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Hostages Held by Hamas: The Names of Those Abducted From Israel |date=22 October 2023 |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-10-22/ty-article-magazine/hostages-held-by-hamas-the-names-of-those-abducted-from-israel/0000018b-55f8-d5d2-afef-d5fdd04e0000 |work=[[Haaretz]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115193110/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-10-22/ty-article-magazine/hostages-held-by-hamas-the-names-of-those-abducted-from-israel/0000018b-55f8-d5d2-afef-d5fdd04e0000 |archive-date=15 November 2023 |access-date=15 November 2023}}</ref>

Witnesses recounted militants on motorcycles opening fire on participants who were already fleeing due to rocket fire.<ref>{{cite news |date=8 October 2023 |title=Israeli music festival: 260 bodies recovered from site where people fled in hail of bullets |language=en-GB |publisher=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67047034 |access-date=12 October 2023 |archive-date=8 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008143208/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67047034 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gG3OY2Esm_0 |title=How the Supernova massacre unfolded, according to analysis of eyewitness and terrorist video |publisher=[[NBC News]] |date=16 October 2023 |access-date=21 October 2023 |archive-date=20 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020131441/https://www.youtube.com/watch?si=rckLM4vVfUYRtulf&v=gG3OY2Esm_0&feature=youtu.be |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Graeme Wood (journalist)|Graeme Wood]] reported that the video footage retrieved from the body cameras of Hamas militants displayed several victims "in the beginning of the footage they are alive, by the end they're dead. Sometimes, in fact frequently, after their death their bodies are still being desecrated."<ref name="CBC News">{{cite news |date=25 October 2023 |title=Journalist describes footage of Hamas atrocities compiled by the IDF |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EW0Atcdy38g |work=[[CBC News]] |language=en |access-date=26 October 2023 |archive-date=26 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026041233/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EW0Atcdy38g&feature=youtu.be |url-status=live}}</ref>

Line 126 ⟶ 125:

An Israeli spokesman said militants had entered Israel through at least seven locations from both land and sea,<ref name="ap1"/> and invaded four small rural Israeli communities, the border city of [[Sderot]], and two military bases.<ref name="nyt7oct"/> Israeli media reported that seven communities came under Hamas control, including [[Nahal Oz]], [[Kfar Aza]], [[Magen, Israel|Magen]], [[Be'eri]], and [[Sufa, Israel|Sufa]],<ref name="guardianlive"/> and there were 21 active high-confrontation locations in southern Israel.<ref name="jordan1">{{cite news |date=7 October 2023 |title=Missiles strike southern & central Israel; police declare state of war |language=en |work=Jordan News |url=https://www.jordannews.jo/Section-20/Middle-East/Missiles-strike-southern-central-Israel-police-declare-state-of-war-31321 |url-status=live |access-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007094646/https://www.jordannews.jo/Section-20/Middle-East/Missiles-strike-southern-central-Israel-police-declare-state-of-war-31321 |archive-date=7 October 2023}}</ref>

Hamas and the Palestinian Authority denied the massacre, stating that Israeli helicopters and fighter jets were behind the high number of casualties.<ref name="Halabiynetnews">{{cite news |last1=Halabi |first1=Einav |title=Palestinian Authority denies Hamas music festival massacre |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/h1nngcpnp |access-date=20 November 2023 |work=[[Ynetnews]] |date=19 November 2023 |archive-date=20 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120022004/https://www.ynetnews.com/article/h1nngcpnp |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="jpost">{{cite news |title=Palestinian Authority claims Israel, not Hamas, committed Re'im massacre |url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/article-774081 |access-date=20 November 2023 |work=[[Jerusalem Post]] |date=19 November 2023 |archive-date=19 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119204749/https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/article-774081 |url-status=live}}</ref> An Israeli Police investigation stated that the first helicopters at the scene arrived hours after the massacre began, and that they were likely responsible for only a few [[friendly fire]] casualties.<ref name="Halabiynetnews"/><ref name=haaretz_helo/>

[[Be'eri massacre|In Be'eri]], an Israeli tank fired on a house known to contain around 40 Hamas fighters and 14 hostages, among them 2 children; only one of the hostages in the house survived.<ref>{{cite news |last=Limone |first=Noa |date=13 December 2023 |title=If Israel Used a Controversial Procedure Against Its Citizens, We Need to Talk About It Now |language=en |work=[[Haaretz]] |url=https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/2023-12-13/ty-article-opinion/.premium/if-israel-used-a-procedure-against-its-citizens-we-need-to-talk-about-it-now/0000018c-6383-de43-affd-f783212e0000 |access-date=15 December 2023 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231214060525/https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/2023-12-13/ty-article-opinion/.premium/if-israel-used-a-procedure-against-its-citizens-we-need-to-talk-about-it-now/0000018c-6383-de43-affd-f783212e0000 |archive-date=14 December 2023}}</ref><ref name="NYT231227">{{citation|access-date=2024-01-06|author=Aaron Boxerman, Natan Odenheimer, Ronen Bergman|date=2023-12-27|issn=0362-4331|periodical=The New York Times|quote=... the Israeli commander who led the fight detailed how he had authorized tank fire to end what was already an hourslong standoff — ‘even at the cost of civilian casualties.’ Those remarks have been picked up by the Israeli news media and prompted some public debate about the conduct of the commander, Brig. Gen. Barak Hiram. Only two out of the 14 hostages in the house survived that day; it was not clear how many died by tank fire.|title=A General’s Account of Oct. 7 Battle for Be’eri Stirs Debate in Israel|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/27/world/middleeast/israel-beeri-hiram-hamas.html}}</ref> The families of those killed demanded an investigation.<ref name="AP240111">{{Cite web |last=Frankel |first=Julia |last2=Bernstein |first2=Alon |date=2024-01-11 |title=Friendly fire may have killed their relatives on Oct. 7. These Israeli families want answers now |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-hostages-investigation-friendly-fire-3b6fdd4592957340b32a8ee71505b8e9 |access-date=2024-01-12 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> A [[Ynet]] article stated that there was an "immense and complex quantity" of friendly-fire incidents during the 7 October attack that "it would not be morally sound to investigate" given their number and the challenges soldiers were facing at the time.<ref name="YnetFF">{{cite news |last=Zitun |first=Yoav |date=12 December 2023 |title=One-fifth of troop fatalities in Gaza due to friendly fire or accidents, IDF reports |language=en |work=[[Ynetnews]] |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/rkjqoobip |access-date=15 December 2023 |quote=Casualties fell as a result of friendly fire on October 7, but the IDF believes that beyond the operational investigations of the events, it would not be morally sound to investigate these incidents due to the immense and complex quantity of them that took place in the kibbutzim and southern Israeli communities due to the challenging situations the soldiers were in at the time. |archive-date=14 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231214212217/https://www.ynetnews.com/article/rkjqoobip |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Cook121215>{{cite web |last=Cook |first=Jonathan |date=15 December 2023 |title=Why is western media ignoring evidence of Israel's own actions on 7 October? |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/opinion/israel-palestine-war-media-ignoring-evidence-actions-7-october |access-date=15 December 2023 |website=[[Middle East Eye]] |language=en |archive-date=15 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215161307/https://www.middleeasteye.net/opinion/israel-palestine-war-media-ignoring-evidence-actions-7-october |url-status=live}}</ref> In January 2024, an investigation by Israeli newspaper ''[[Yediot Ahronoth]]'' concluded that the IDF had in practice applied the [[Hannibal Directive]], ordering all combat units to stop "at all costs" any attempt by Hamas terrorists to return to Gaza with hostages.<ref name="Ynet240111">{{Cite news |last=ברגמן |first=רונן |last2=זיתון |first2=יואב |date=2024-01-10 |title=ההוראה: למנוע ממחבלים לחזור לעזה "בכל מחיר", גם אם יש איתם חטופים |url=https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/yokra13754368 |access-date=2024-01-12 |work=Ynet |language=he}}</ref> It is unclear how many hostages were killed by friendly fire as a result of the order.<ref name="Ynet240111" />

==== Rape and Sexual Assault ====

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[[File:2023 Israel–Hamas war - Bab-el-Mandeb.svg|thumb|right|Houthi attacks on commercial ships in the [[Bab-el-Mandeb]] strait]]

Several strikes against Israel and commercial ships in the [[Red Sea]] are thought to have launched by Iran-backed [[Houthi movement|Houthi]] militants in [[Yemen]].<ref>{{cite news |date=20 October 2023 |title=US warship intercepts missiles fired from Yemen 'potentially towards Israel' |language=en-GB |publisher=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67166863 |access-date=31 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=US warship in Red Sea intercepts 3 missiles fired from Yemen, possibly at Israel |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/us-warship-in-red-sea-intercepts-3-missiles-fired-from-yemen-possibly-at-israel/ |access-date=31 October 2023 |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Yemen seen as source of fire on Eilat |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/yemen-seen-as-source-of-fire-on-eilat/ |access-date=31 October 2023 |work=[[Times of Israel]] |language=en-US}}</ref> On 19 October, the United States Navy destroyer {{USS|Carney|DDG-64|6}} shot down several missiles that were traveling north over the [[Red Sea]] towards Israel.<ref>{{cite news |title=US Navy destroyer in Red Sea shoots down cruise missiles potentially headed toward Israel: Pentagon

|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/security-incident-involving-us-navy-destroyer-red-sea/story?id=104147141 |access-date=12 November 2023 |publisher=[[ABC News]] |language=en}}</ref> On 31 October, Houthi military spokesperson [[Yahya ~~Sarea]]~~Saree said that the group had launched [[ballistic missile]]s and drones towards Israel, and that they would continue to do so "to help the Palestinians to victory"<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/yemens-houthis-enter-mideast-fray-hardening-spillover-fears-2023-10-31/ |title=Yemen's Houthis enter Mideast fray, hardening spillover fears |work=[[Reuters]] |date=31 October 2023 |last1=Dahan |first1=Maha El}}</ref> in an event that has been misrepresented in some news sites as a [[declaration of war]] by Yemen.<ref>{{cite news |date=1 November 2023 |title=Yemen hasn't declared war on Israel, contrary to online claims. Houthi rebels have launched missiles |url=https://apnews.com/article/fact-check-israel-hamas-war-yemen-houthis-363471853927 |access-date=4 November 2023 |work=[[AP News]] |language=en}}</ref>

On 19 November, tensions increased when the {{ship||Galaxy Leader}}, a cargo ship chartered by a Japanese logistics company with 25 individuals on board, was hijacked by the Houthis using a [[Mil Mi-17]] helicopter.<ref>{{cite news |first=Jon |last=Gambrell |date=22 November 2023 |title=Yemen rebels' helicopter-borne attack on ship raises risks in Red Sea |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-red-sea-ship-yemen-houthis-65b611ff878a411900037e7c9a8ee17b |work=[[Associated Press]] |access-date=24 November 2023}}</ref>

On 3 December, the Houthis stated that they had attacked two ships, the ''Unity Explorer'' and ''Number 9'', allegedly linked to Israel, in order "to prevent Israeli ships from navigating the Red Sea".<ref>{{cite news |title=US destroyer shoots down drones after Houthi attack on ships in Red Sea |url=https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20231204-us-destroyer-shoots-down-drones-after-houthi-attack-on-ships-in-red-sea |agency=[[France 24]] |date=4 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Yemen's Houthis say they targeted two Israeli ships in Red Sea: Report |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/3/yemens-houthis-say-they-targeted-two-israeli-ships-in-red-sea-report |access-date=3 December 2023 |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |language=en |date=3 December 2023}}</ref> Any ship destined for Israel, according to the group, was a "legitimate target". ~~Sarea~~Saree announced in a post on X that the "horrific massacres" against the Palestinians in Gaza was the reason for this decision and that they will not stop until the Gaza Strip is supplied with food and medicine. Israeli National Security Adviser [[Tzachi Hanegbi]] called this development a "global issue" and that Israel is "giving the world some time to organize in order to prevent this" otherwise, the country "would will act in order to remove this naval siege".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Michaelis |first1=Tamar |title=Israel ready to act against Houthi rebels if international community fails to, national security adviser says |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/12/09/middleeast/israel-houthi-yemen-warning-intl-hnk/index.html |agency=[[CNN]] |date=10 December 2023}}</ref>

=== Iran ===

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== External links ==

* [[United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs|OCHA]]: ''Hostilities in Gaza and Israel, Flash Updates'': [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/escalation-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-1 #1], [https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/escalation-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-2 #2], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/escalation-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-3 #3], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-4 #4], [https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-5 #5], [https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-6 #6], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-7 #7], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-8 #8], [https://ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-9 #9], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-10 #10], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-11 #11], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-12 #12], [https://ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-13 #13], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-14 #14], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-15 #15], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-16 #16], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-17 #17], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-18 #18], [https://ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-19 #19], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-20 #20], [https://ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-21 #21], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-22 #22], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-23 #23], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-24 #24], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-25 #25], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-26 #26], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-27 #27], [https://ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-28 #28], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-29 #29], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-30 #30], [https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-31 #31], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-32 #32], [https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-33 #33], [https://ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-34 #34], [https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-35 #35], [https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-36 #36], [https://ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-37 #37], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-38 #38], [https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-39 #39], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-40 #40], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-41 #41], [https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-42 #42], [https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-43 #43], [https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-44 #44], [https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-45 #45], [https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-46 #46], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-47 #47], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-48 #48], [https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-49 #49], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-50 #50], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-51 #51], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-52 #52], [https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-53 #53], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-54 #54], [https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-55 #55], [https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-56 #56], [https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-57 #57], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-58 #58], [https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-59 #59], [https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-60 #60],[https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-61 #61], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-62 #62], [https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-63 #63], [https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-64 #64], [https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-65 #65], [https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-66-enarhe #66], [https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-67 #67], [https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-68 #68], [https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-69 #69], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-70 #70], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-71 #71], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-72 #72], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-73 #73], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-74 #74], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-75 #75], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-76 #76], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-77 #77], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-78 #78], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-79 #79], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-80 #80], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-81 #81], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-82 #82], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-83 #83], [https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-84 #84], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-85 #85], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-86 #86], [https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-87 #87], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-88 #88], [https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-88 #89~~], [https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-90 #90~~]

* [[UNRWA]]: ''Gaza Situation Reports'': [https://www.un.org/unispal/document/unrwa-situation-report-1-on-the-situation-in-the-gaza-strip/ #1], [https://www.un.org/unispal/document/unrwa-situation-report-2-on-the-situation-in-the-gaza-strip/ #2], #3, [https://www.un.org/unispal/document/unrwa-situation-report-4-on-the-situation-in-the-gaza-strip-11-october-2023/ #4] (11 October), [https://www.un.org/unispal/document/unrwa-situation-report-5-on-the-situation-in-the-gaza-strip-12-october-2023/ #5] (12 October), [https://www.un.org/unispal/document/unrwa-situation-report-6-on-the-gaza-strip-the-west-bank/ #6] (15 October), [https://www.un.org/unispal/document/unrwa-situation-report-7-on-the-gaza-strip-the-west-bank/ #7] (16 October), [https://www.unrwa.org/resources/reports/unrwa-situation-report-8-situation-gaza-strip-and-west-bank-including-east-Jerusalem #8] (18 October), [https://www.un.org/unispal/document/unrwa-situation-report-9-on-the-situation-in-the-gaza-strip-and-the-west-bank-20-october-2023/ #9] (19 October), [https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/unrwa-situation-report-17-situation-gaza-strip-and-west-bank-including-east-jerusalem-information-covers-period-27-29-october-2023-and-valid-29-october-1800-local-time-enar #17] (30 October), [https://www.unrwa.org/resources/reports/unrwa-situation-report-34-situation-gaza-strip-and-west-bank-including-east-Jerusalem #34] (21 November)