Editing 1525 - Wikipedia

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[[File:Battle_of_Pavia_1525.PNG|thumb~~|300px~~|right|~~[[February 24]]: The~~ [[Battle of Pavia]] ~~is fought in Italy and King Francis of France becomes a POW.~~]]

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[[File:Battle_of_Pavia_1525.PNG|thumb|right|[[Battle of Pavia]]]]

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Year '''1525''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MDXXV]]''') was a [[common year starting on Sunday]] (link will display the full calendar) of the [[Julian calendar]].

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=== January–~~March~~ ===

=== January–June ===

* [[January 21]] – The [[Anabaptist]] Movement is born<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gordon |first1=Bruce |title=The Swiss Reformation |date=2002 |publisher=Manchester University Press |isbn=978-0-7190-5118-0 |page=196 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M0W8AAAAIAAJ&q=%2221%20january%22 |access-date=30 July 2023 |language=en}}</ref> when [[Conrad Grebel]], [[Felix Manz]], [[George Blaurock]], and about a dozen others baptize each other in the home of Manz's mother on Neustadt-Gasse, [[Zürich]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hershberger |first1=Guy Franklin |title=Das Täufertum: Erbe und Verpflichtung |date=1963 |publisher=Evangelisches Verlagswerk |page=59 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RDyej9uelbIC&q=%20%E2%80%9E21.%20Januar%201525%E2%80%9C |access-date=30 July 2023 |language=de}}</ref> breaking a thousand-year tradition of church-state union.

* [[February 24]] – [[Battle of Pavia]]: German and [[Spanish Empire|Spanish]] forces under [[Charles de Lannoy]] and the Marquis of Pescara defeat the [[Kingdom of France|French]] army, and capture [[Francis I of France]], after his horse is wounded by [[Cesare Hercolani]]. While Francis is imprisoned in Lombardy and then transferred to Madrid, the first attempts to form a [[Franco-Ottoman alliance]] with [[Suleiman the Magnificent]] against the [[Habsburg monarchy|Habsburg Empire]] are made.<ref>{{cite book|author=Jean Giono|title=The Battle of Pavia, 24th February, 1525|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g-FnAAAAMAAJ|year=1965|publisher=P. Owen|page=134}}</ref>

* [[February 28]] – The last Aztec Emperor, [[Cuauhtémoc]], is killed by [[Hernán Cortés]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ludlow |first1=Úrsula Camba |last2=Rosas |first2=Alejandro |title=Cara o cruz: Hernán Cortés |date=21 October 2018 |publisher=Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial México |isbn=978-607-31-7361-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DAtuDwAAQBAJ&q=%2228+de+febrero%22 |access-date=31 July 2023 |language=es|quote=Cortés again preferred to get up early, rather than being woken up early, and on February 28, 1525, he ordered Cuauhtémoc to be executed. Thus ended the story of the last emperor of the Aztecs.}}</ref>

* [[March 20]] – In the [[Holy Roman Empire|German]] town of [[Memmingen]], the pamphlet ''The [[Twelve Articles]]: The Just and Fundamental Articles of All the Peasantry and Tenants of Spiritual and Temporal Powers by Whom They Think Themselves Oppressed'' is published,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Franz |first1=Günther |title=Die Entstehung der "Zwölf Artikel" der deutschen Bauernschaft |journal=Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte - Archive for Reformation History |date=1 December 1939 |volume=36 |issue=jg |pages=193–213 |doi=10.14315/arg-1939-jg14 |s2cid=163739674 |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.14315/arg-1939-jg14/html |access-date=31 July 2023 |language=de |issn=2198-0489}}</ref> the first human rights related document written in Europe.

=== April–June ===

* [[April 4]] – [[German Peasants' War]] in the [[Holy Roman Empire]]: Battle of Leipheim – The peasants suffer great losses when they are attacked by [[Georg, Truchsess von Waldburg]] and the town of [[Leipheim]] is forced to surrender.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Engels |first1=Friedrich |title=The Peasant War in Germany |date=1926 |publisher=International Publishers |isbn=978-91-40-09955-6 |page=118 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fh_TAAAAMAAJ&q=%22april%204%22 |access-date=31 July 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Four peasant leaders are beheaded, including Jakob Wehe and Ulrich Schoen.

* [[April 10]] – [[Albert, Duke of Prussia]] commits [[Prussian Homage]].

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* [[June 23]]–[[June 24|24]] – [[German Peasants' War]]: [[Battle of Pfeddersheim]] – Peasants are defeated in the last significant action of the war, in which over 75,000 peasants have been killed.

=== July–~~September~~ ===

=== July–December ===

* [[July 29]] – [[Santa Marta]], the first city in [[Colombia]], is founded by Spanish ''[[conquistador]]'' [[Rodrigo de Bastidas]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Castro |first1=Ricardo |title=Páginas históricas colombianas |date=1912 |publisher=Imprenta Editorial |page=415 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YM1NAQAAMAAJ&dq=Santa+Marta+%22primera+ciudad%22+29+julio+1525+Rodrigo+de+Bastidas&pg=PA415 |access-date=31 July 2023 |language=es}}</ref>

* [[August 13]] – The coronation of [[Sophie of Pomerania]] as Queen consort of Denmark takes place in [[Copenhagen]], a little more than a year after her husband's coronation as [[Frederick I of Denmark|King Frederick I]]. She is granted [[Lolland]] and [[Falster]], the [[Kiel Castle|castles in Kiel]] and [[Plön Castle|Plön]], and several villages in [[Holstein]] for her income.<ref>Laurs Laursen, [https://runeberg.org/dbl/16/0166.html "Sophie"], ''Dansk Biografisk Lexikon'' (Danish Biographical Dictionary), 1st edition, Volume XVI, p.164</ref>

* [[August 30]] – The French ambassador to England and King Henry VIII sign the [[Treaty of the More]] at a castle, "[[The More]]", in [[Hertfordshire]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.henryviiithereign.co.uk/1525-treaty-of-the-more.html |title=The Treaty of the More |website=Henry VIII,the Reign}}</ref>

* [[September 14]] – In [[Switzerland]], the burning of most of the book collection of the ''Stiftsbibliothek'' of the [[Grossmünster]] Abbey in [[Zurich]] begins, by order of [[Huldrych Zwingli]], as part of the [[Swiss Reformation]]. After 20 days of destruction of a collection built since [[1259]] for over 250 years, only 470 volumes are left.<ref>Martin Germann, ''Die reformierte Stiftsbibliothek am Großmünster Zürich im 16. Jahrhundert und die Anfänge der neuzeitlichen Bibliographie'' ("The reformed collegiate library at the Grossmünster in Zurich in the 16th century and the beginnings of modern bibliography")(Harrassowitz, 1994)</ref>

* [[September 24]] – [[Jeremias I of Constantinople|Jeremias I]] is restored to the position of [[Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople]], leader of the Eastern Orthodox Christian church, by order of the Ottoman Empire Sultan [[Suleiman the Magnificent]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Ecumenical Patriarchate |last=Kiminas |first=Demetrius |year=2009 |publisher=Wildside Press LLC |isbn=978-1-4344-5876-6 |page=38,46}}</ref>

=== October–December ===

* [[October 10]] – [[Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus|the Earl of Angus]], Scotland's [[Lord Warden of the Marches]] in charge of border security on the boundary with England, is able to work out a three-year peace treaty with the Kingdom of England and signs the initial agreement at the English border town of [[Berwick-upon-Tweed]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=George Ridpath|author2=Philip Ridpath|title=The border history of England and Scotland|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UO_oAAAAMAAJ|year=1979|publisher=Mercat Press|isbn=978-0-901824-58-5|pages=261–363}}</ref>

* [[November 25]] – [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor]] acting in his capacity as the [[List of Spanish monarchs|King of Spain]], issues an edict [[Forced conversions of Muslims in Spain|ordering the expulsion or conversion of the remaining Muslims]] in the [[Crown of Aragon]], similar to that issued for the [[Crown of Castile]] by Queen Isabella in 1502. The order applies to the [[Kingdom of Valencia]] and the [[Principality of Catalonia]].<ref name=Harvey>L. P. Harvey, ''Muslims in Spain, 1500 to 1614'' (University of Chicago Press, 2005) p.93</ref>

* [[December 8]] – A second edict is issued in Spain directing Spanish Muslims to show proof of baptism as Christians or to leave by the deadline of December 31 (for Valencia) or January 26 (for Aragon and Catalonia).<ref name=Harvey/>

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* [[June 1]] – [[Caspar Peucer]], German reformer (d. [[1602]])<ref>{{cite book|title=A Description of Works Relating to America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wjWMKMRtT6YC&pg=PA173|year=1872|pages=173|last1 = Harrisse|first1 = Henry}}</ref>

* [[June 29]] – [[Peter Agricola]], German Renaissance humanist, educator, classical scholar, theologian, diplomat and statesman (d. [[1585]])

* [[September 1]] – [[Christoffer Valkendorff]], Danish politician (d. [[1601]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Helms |first1=H. Jørgen |title=Valkendorfs kollegiums historie fra dets oprettelse 1588 og indtil 1865: med en kort oversigt over kollegiets historie fra 1865 til nutiden |date=1917 |publisher=trykt hos Nielsen & Lydiche |page=25 ~~|isbn=978-87-11-64161-3~~ |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LMAwAQAAMAAJ&dq=Christoffer+Valkendorf+%221+september+1525%22&pg=PA25 |access-date=1 August 2023 |language=da}}</ref>

* [[September 1]] – [[Christoffer Valkendorff]], Danish politician (d. [[1601]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Helms |first1=H. Jørgen |title=Valkendorfs kollegiums historie fra dets oprettelse 1588 og indtil 1865: med en kort oversigt over kollegiets historie fra 1865 til nutiden |date=1917 |publisher=trykt hos Nielsen & Lydiche |page=25 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LMAwAQAAMAAJ&dq=Christoffer+Valkendorf+%221+september+1525%22&pg=PA25 |access-date=1 August 2023 |language=da}}</ref>

* [[September 11]] – [[John George, Elector of Brandenburg]] (d. [[1598]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Grabner |first1=C. |title=Die Abstammung der Freien u. Edlen Herren v. Kotzau aus dem Hause Hohenzollern |date=1904 |page=3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KV93Ny54f1gC&dq=Johann+Georg+%2211+september+1525%22&pg=PA3 |access-date=1 August 2023 |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Grossmann |first1=Julius |title=Genealogie des Gesamthauses Hohenzollern |date=1905 |publisher=W. Moeser |page=22 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mZlHAAAAYAAJ&dq=Johann+Georg+%2211+september+1525%22&pg=PA22 |access-date=1 August 2023 |language=de}}</ref>

* [[September 25]] – [[Steven Borough]], English explorer (d. [[1584]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mayers |first1=Kit |title=North-east passage to Muscovy : Stephen Borough and the first Tudor explorations |date=2005 |publisher=Sutton |location=Stroud |isbn=978-0-7509-4069-6 |page=5 |url=https://archive.org/details/northeastpassage0000maye/page/4/mode/2up?q=1525 |access-date=1 August 2023}}</ref>