1873 Atlantic hurricane season: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia
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{{Short description|Hurricanenone}} season<!-- in"none" is a legitimate description when the Atlantictitle Ocean}}is already adequate; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
{{Infobox hurricane season full
| Basin= Atl
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| Total hurricanes=3
| Total intense=2
| Damages=34.5055
| Fatalities=626252-630
| Inflation=
| Average wind speed=1
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The '''1873 Atlantic hurricane season''' was quiet, withfeaturing only twofive known [[tropical stormscyclone]]s, andbut all of them made [[landfall]], causing significant impacts in some areas of [[Atlantic hurricane|the basin]]. Of these five systems, three hurricanesintensified into a hurricane, while two of whichthose wereattained [[Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale#Category 3|major hurricaneshurricane]] (status.{{refn|A major hurricane is a storm that ranks as Category 3+ or higher on the [[Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale]].<ref name="ACE">{{cite report|work=[[Hurricane Research Division]]; [[Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory]]|publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]|date=April 2023|title=North Atlantic Hurricane Basin (1851-2022), beingComparison recordedof Original and Revised HURDAT|access-date=April 8, 2024|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/comparison_table.html|location=Miami, Florida}}</ref>|group="nb"}} However, in the absence of modern satellite and other remote-sensing technologies, only storms that affected populated land areas or encountered ships at sea were recorded, so the actual total could be higher. An undercount bias of zero to six tropical cyclones per year between 1851 and 1885 and zero to four per year between 1886 and 1910 has been estimated.<ref>{{cite book |title=Hurricanes and Typhoons: Past, Present and Future |chapter=The Atlantic hurricane database re-analysis project: Documentation for the 1851–1910 alterations and additions to the HURDAT database |last=Landsea |first=C.Christopher W. |editor=Murname, R.Richard J. |editor2=Liu, K.Kam-B. biu|year=2004 |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York |isbn=0-231-12388-4 |pages=177–221 }}</ref> Of the known cyclonesCity, largeNew alterations were made to the tracks of Hurricane Two and Hurricane Five in 1995 by Jose Fernandez-Partagas and Henry Diaz, who also proposed smaller changes to the known track of Hurricane Three.<ref name="PD1995b">{{cite report|author=Partagás, José Fernández|author2=Diaz, Henry F.|date=1995|title=A Reconstruction of Historical Tropical Cyclone Frequency in the Atlantic from Documentary and other Historical Sources: 1851–1880 Part II: 1871–1880York|url=https://wwwbooks.aomlgoogle.noaa.gov/hrdcom/Landsea/Partagas/1871-1876/1873.pdfbooks?id=4jC6ljADbsIC&q=1851%20to%201885%20%22four%22|publisherisbn=Climate0-231-12388-4 Diagnostics Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|page=195|accessdate=DecemberMarch 1816, 20232024}}</ref> All of the tropical cyclones, other than Hurricane Two, made landfall in [[Florida]].
Of the known cyclones, large alterations were made to the tracks of second and fifth systems in 1995 by José Fernández-Partagás and Henry Diaz, who also proposed smaller changes to the known track of third system.<ref name="PD1995b">{{cite report|author=Fernández-Partagás, José|author2=Diaz, Henry F.|date=1995|title=A Reconstruction of Historical Tropical Cyclone Frequency in the Atlantic from Documentary and other Historical Sources: 1851–1880 Part II: 1871–1880|url=https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/Landsea/Partagas/1871-1876/1873.pdf|publisher=Climate Diagnostics Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|accessdate=December 18, 2023}}</ref> Neither Fernández-Partagás and Diaz nor the [[Atlantic hurricane reanalysis project]] introduced any previously undocumented tropical cyclones during their reanalyses of the 1873 season. Another reanalysis study, authored by climate researcher Michael Chenoweth and published in 2014, theorizes that six cyclones formed. Chenoweth proposes the removal of the first and fourth storms from the [[HURDAT|official hurricane database]] (HURDAT), as well as the addition of three new storms. However, these changes have yet to be incorporated into HURDAT.
The season's first known cyclone was initially observed near [[Andros]] island in [[the Bahamas]] on June 1. After crossing [[Grand Bahama]], the cyclone moved northwestward and struck [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] on the next day, leaving minimal damage. More than two months passed before the track for the next storm began on August 13. After nearly two weeks at sea, the hurricane extensively impacted [[Atlantic Canada]], with at least 223 fatalities in the region and about $3.5 million (1873 USD) in damage.{{#tag:ref|All damage figures are in 1873 [[USD]], unless otherwise noted|group="nb"}} Three more storms developed in September, the first of which struck near [[St. Marks, Florida|St. Marks]], [[Florida]], on September 19, causing more than $550,000 in damage and at least three deaths, mostly over the eastern [[Florida Panhandle]]. The season's final known storm was detected over the eastern [[Caribbean Sea]] on September 26 and transitioned into an [[extratropical cyclone]] on October 9. The cyclone struck [[Haiti]], [[Cuba]], and Florida at hurricane intensity, killing at least 26 people and leaving a substantial but unknown amount of damage. Overall, the storms of the 1873 season caused at least 252 deaths and more than $4.055 million in damage.
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== Season summary ==
The Atlantic hurricane database, [[HURDAT]], recognizes five tropical cyclones for the 1873 season. Three storms attained hurricane status, with winds of 75 mph (119 km/h) or greater. The second and fifth hurricanes of the season were the most intense, with [[maximum sustained winds]] up to 120 mph (190 km/h). The first storm of the season was a tropical storm that developed near the Bahamas on June 1 and made landfall near the Florida/Georgia border the next day before dissipating. The most notable storm of the season was Hurricane Two. It formed as a tropical storm on August 13 in the Atlantic and became a hurricane on August 17. It made landfall at Newfoundland on August 26 and became extratropical the next day. The hurricane caused a great deal of damage and great loss of life. Hurricane Three was first seen in the Gulf of Mexico on September 18. It struck Florida the next day and passed over Georgia and South Carolina before dissipating on September 20. The second tropical storm of the season traveled from the Gulf of Mexico across Florida between September 22 and September 24. The final hurricane of the season formed in the eastern Caribbean on September 26 before reaching Haiti. It weakened and restrengthened to a major hurricane before hitting Florida on October 7. The storm became extratropical on October 9 and dissipated the next day.
== Timeline ==
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[[File:Cow_Bay_shipwrecks.jpg|thumb|right|Map of shipwrecks in [[Cow Bay, Nova Scotia]], due to the second storm]]
The Atlantic hurricane database ([[HURDAT]]) recognizes five tropical cyclones for the 1873 season. Three storms attained hurricane status, [[maximum sustained winds]] of 75 mph (119 km/h) or greater. Of those three, two intensified into a major hurricane, becoming Category 3 hurricanes with winds of 115 mph (185 km/h).<ref name="ACE"/> No previously undocumented cyclones were added by meteorologists José Fernández-Partagás and Henry Diaz in 1995 or by the Atlantic hurricane reanalysis project.<ref name="PD1995b"/><ref name="meta"/> However, in 2014 study, climate researcher Michael Chenoweth proposed the addition of three cyclones and the removal of the first and fourth systems,<ref name="Chenoweth"/> but these changes have yet to be incorporated into HURDAT.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}}
On June 1, the season's first known storm formed in the Bahamas near [[Andros]] island and made landfall just north of the [[Florida]]-[[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] state line on the next day, shortly before dissipating. More than two months until the next system developed, with that storm's track beginning near the [[Cape Verde|Cabo Verde Islands]] on August 13. The cyclone moved in a parabolical path across the Atlantic for two weeks until making landfall in [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] on August 25, prior to becoming [[Extratropical cyclone|extratropical]] on August 27. September became the most active month of the season, featuring three storms. The third and final peaked as a Category 3 hurricane with winds of 115 mph (185 km/h) and a minimum [[atmospheric pressure]] of {{convert|959|mbar|inHg|abbr=on|lk=on}}, making it the strongest cyclone during the 1873 season. It transitioned into an extratropical cyclone on October 9.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}}
All five of the known tropical systems during the season made landfall, three at hurricane intensity.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} The second storm caused significant impact in [[Atlantic Canada]] in late August. At least 223 deaths occurred, while estimates on the number of fatalities range as high as 600. Regardless, the system remains the second deadliest cyclone in [[Canada]], behind only the [[1775 Newfoundland hurricane]].<ref name="toll" /> Damage totaled approximately $3.5 million.<ref name="environment canada"/> In September, the third storm caused more than $550,000 in damage and at least three deaths, mostly in the eastern [[Florida Panhandle]].<ref name="tbdg1008"/><ref name="ellis"/>{{rp|495}}<ref name="nyt923"/> Between late September and early October, the season's final system made three landfalls at hurricane intensity, particularly rendering severe impacts in [[Haiti]]'s [[Jacmel]] area and [[Cuba]]'s [[Guantánamo Bay]] area.<ref name="PD1995b"/>{{rp|28-30}} Additionally, at least 26 fatalities occurred,<ref name="toll" /> 24 due to a schooner capsizing near [[Isla de la Juventud]].<ref name="PD1995b"/>{{rp|31}} The storms of the 1873 season collectively caused 252-630 deaths and over $4.055 million in damage.<ref>{{collapsible list|title=View expanded list of sources|1=
* {{cite report|author1=Rappaport, Edward N. |author2=Fernández-Partagás, Jose|title=The Deadliest Atlantic Tropical Cyclones, 1492-1996|chapter=Cyclones with 25+ deaths|publisher=National Hurricane Center|year=1996|access-date=March 16, 2024|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pastdeadlyapp1.shtml?}}
* {{cite web|url=http://atlantic-web1.ns.ec.gc.ca/climatecentre/default.asp?lang=En&n=61405176-1|date=May 3, 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080526093034/http://atlantic-web1.ns.ec.gc.ca/climatecentre/default.asp?lang=En&n=61405176-1|archivedate=May 26, 2008|publisher=Environment Canada|work=Atlantic Climate Center|title=The Climate of Nova Scotia|accessdate=December 19, 2023}}
* {{cite journal|title=North Florida and the Great Storm of 1873|url=https://palmm.digital.flvc.org/islandora/object/ucf%3A25467|jstor=30146596|author=Louise Ellis, Mary|date=April 1984|issn=0015-4113|volume=62|page=495|issue=4|journal=The Florida Historical Quarterly|accessdate=December 18, 2023}}
* {{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-new-york-times/137055255/|title=Disastorous Storm in Florida|page=5|newspaper=The New York Times|date=September 23, 1873|accessdate=December 18, 2023|via=Newspapers.com}} {{free access}}
* {{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-boston-globe/137044041/|title=Details of Recent Storm in Florida|date=October 8, 1873|newspaper=The Boston Daily Globe|page=5|accessdate=December 18, 2023|via=Newspapers.com}} {{free access}}
}}</ref>
The season's activity was reflected with an [[accumulated cyclone energy]] (ACE) rating of 73, only slightly higher than the previous season despite no major hurricanes in 1872. ACE is a metric used to express the energy used by a tropical cyclone during its lifetime. Therefore, a storm with a longer duration will have higher values of ACE. It is only calculated at six-hour increments in which specific tropical and subtropical systems are either at or above sustained wind speeds of {{convert|39|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}, which is the threshold for tropical storm intensity. Thus, tropical depressions are not included here.<ref name="ACE"/>
== Systems ==
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The first storm of the season developed on June 1 over the western Bahamas. It moved northward before turning northwestward and striking nearjust north of the Florida/-Georgia borderstate line on June 2. The storm quickly dissipated.<ref name="hurdat">{{citeAtlantic web|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/easyread-2009.html|author=Hurricanehurricane Researchbest Division|title=Easy to Read HURDAT|year=2008|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|accessdate=January 23, 2010track}}</ref> It produced 28 mph (45 km/h) wind gusts in [[Jacksonville, Florida]].<ref name="aoml">{{cite web|author1=Al Sandrik, Al|author2=Chris Landsea, |name-list-style=ampChristopher W.|year=2003|title=Chronological Listing of Tropical Cyclones affecting North Florida and Coastal Georgia 1565–1899|publisher=Hurricane Research Division|accessdate=2007-01-02March 16, 2024|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/Landsea/history/index.html| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20061206073407/http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/Landsea/history/index.html| archivedate=December 6 December, 2006 | url-status= live}}</ref> Climate researcher Michael Chenoweth proposed in a reanalysis study, published in 2014, that this storm did not exist.<ref name="Chenoweth">{{clearcite journal|last1=Chenoweth|first1=Michael|title=A New Compilation of North Atlantic Tropical Cyclones, 1851–98|journal=[[Journal of Climate]]|date=December 2014|volume=27|issue=12|page=8682|url=https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/clim/27/23/jcli-d-13-00771.1.xml?tab_body=pdf|doi=10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00771.1|publisher=[[American Meteorological Society]]|bibcode=2014JCli...27.8674C|doi-access=free}}</ref>
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=== Hurricane Two ===
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OnThe official track for this storm begins just south of the Cape Verde islands on August 13,{{Atlantic ahurricane tropicalbest stormtrack}} formedthe insame day it was encountered by the Atlanticbark ''Crest of the Wave''.<ref Itname="PD1995b"/>{{rp|24}} followedFollowing the track of a [[Cape Verde hurricane]], becomingthe acyclone became hurricane on August 17. It recurved tonorth-northwestward theon northAugust 21 and northeastthen asnorth-northeastward itby wasthe reachingnext itsday. peakOn August 23, the storm peaked with winds of <span style="white-space:nowrap">115 mph (185 km/h)</span>, equivalent to a minimal Category 3 hurricane on the [[Saffir–Simpson scale]]. As it passed to the south of [[Nova Scotia]], itthe slowedstorm downturned andnortheastward, driftedmoving towards the coast ofnear [[NewfoundlandSable (island)|NewfoundlandIsland]] early on August 25.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} The Atlantic hurricane wasreanalysis ableproject toestimated retainin hurricane2011 strength,that andthe madecyclone landfallattained a barometric pressure of {{convert|962|mbar|inHg|abbr=on}} Newfoundlandaround this time,<ref name="meta"/> although the storm had likely weakened to a Category 2 hurricane. By late on August 2625, the system turned northward and becamedecelerated, striking the [[extratropicalCape Shore]] region of [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]]'s [[Avalon Peninsula]] on the nextfollowing day.<ref name="hurdat"Thereafter, />the Despitestorm itsbecame relativelyextratropical lowon maximumAugust 27 winds,over theeastern NovaNewfoundland Scotiaor Cyclonejust wasoffshore. aThe deadlyextratropical stormremnants moved northeastward and dissipated over the [[Labrador Sea]] late on August 28.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}}
Although a bulletin issued by the [[National Weather Service|Signal Service]] on August 23, 1873, is sometimes considered the first warning issued in relation to a hurricane,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/weather/hurricane/sfl-hc-history-1800s,0,4422261.htmlstory|title=Hurricane timeline: The 1800s|newspaper=Sun-Sentinel|accessdate=December 19, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20031208125945/https://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/weather/hurricane/sfl-hc-history-1800s,0,4422261.htmlstory|archivedate=December 8, 2003}}</ref> this has been contested. Meteorologists José Fernández-Partagás and Henry F. Diaz noted that the bulletin does not explicitly discuss a hurricane and argued that the agency likely issued the warning for high winds due to a weather pattern unrelated to the hurricane.<ref name="PD1995b"/>{{rp|26-27}} Also known as "The Lord's Day Gale" and "The Great Nova Scotia Hurricane of 1873,"<ref name="five worst">{{cite news|work=CBC News (|date=September 11, 2012), "[|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/5-worst-storms-to-hit-the-east-coast-1.1138740 |title=Five Worst Storms to Hit the East Coast|accessdate=December 19, 2023}}</ref> the storm generated gale-force winds at [[Halifax, Nova Scotia|Halifax]], [[Sydney, Nova Scotia|Sydney]], and [[Truro, Nova Scotia|Truro]], and produced at least {{convert|50|mm|in|abbr=on|order=flip}} of rain at each of those locations. Overall, the hurricane destroyed about 1,200 boats and 900 buildings in Nova Scotia.<ref name="environment Accessedcanada"/> 26[[Guysborough SeptemberCounty, Nova Scotia|Guysborough County]] and [[Cape Breton Island]] in particular suffered extensive impacts,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.pressreader.com/canada/cape-breton-post/20201006/page/5|title=Great August Gale a deadly storm|author=MacDonald, Ken|date=October 6, 2020|newspaper=Cape Breton Post|accessdate=December 19, 2023}}</ref> itwith a number of damaged or destroyed 1200homes, boatsbusinesses, and 900churches. buildings[[Victoria inCounty, Nova Scotia|Victoria County]] also reported massive crop losses.<ref name="nyt830">{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-new-york-times/136787377/|title=The Nova Scotia Gale|page=1|date=August 30, and1873|newspaper=The killedNew atYork Times|accessdate=December 19, 2023|via=Newspapers.com}} {{free access}}</ref> At least 223 people died, mostly sailors who were lost at sea. This number is disputed, as Thethe ''[[Monthly Weather Review,]]'' published by the Weather Service, set the death toll atrecorded 223 fatalities but ''[[The New York Times]]'' published a death toll of 600.<ref name="toll">{{cite webreport|author1=Rappaport, Edward N. Rappaport |author2=Jose FernandezFernández-Partagas |name-list-style=ampPartagás, Jose|title=The Deadliest Atlantic Tropical Cyclones, 1492–1996: 1492-1996|chapter=Cyclones with 25+ deaths|publisher=National Hurricane Center|year=1996|accessdate=2011access-03-14date=March 16, 2024|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pastdeadlyapp1.shtml?}}</ref> TheOf hurricanethose, causedapproximately $3.5100 millionoccurred in damageNewfoundland,<ref (1873name="five USworst"/> dollars,while orabout 40 people died after two American vessels sank near [[Prince Edward Island]].<ref name="nyt830"/> The hurricane caused roughly $533.95 million in 2005 dollars)damage.<ref name="environment canada">[{{cite web|url=http://atlantic-web1.ns.ec.gc.ca/climatecentre/default.asp?lang=En&n=61405176-1|date=May 3, 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080526093034/http://atlantic-web1.ns.ec.gc.ca/climatecentre/default.asp?lang=En&n=61405176-1|archivedate=May 26, 2008|publisher=Environment Canada – |work=Atlantic Climate Center – |title=The Climate of Nova Scotia]</ref> During this hurricane, the first hurricane warning was issued between [[Cape May, New Jersey]] and [[New London, Connecticut]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/weather/hurricane/sfl-hc-history-1800s,0,4422261.htmlstory|title=Hurricane timeline: The 1800s|work=[[South Florida Sun-Sentinel]]|accessdate=9December November19, 20102023}}</ref>{{clear}}
According to Chenoweth's study, published in 2014, this storm developed three days earlier and farther south than HURDAT suggests. The system follows a similar, yet less parabolical path and transitions into an extratropical cyclone several hours before reaching Newfoundland.<ref name="Chenoweth"/>
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A hurricane was first observed in the south-central Gulf of Mexico on September 18. It moved quickly northeastward, striking [[St. Marks, Florida]], around 15:00 UTC on September 19.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} The Atlantic hurricane reanalysis project estimated in 2011 that the storm had a barometric pressure of {{convert|982|mbar|inHg|abbr=on}} upon landfall, along with sustained winds of 80 mph (130 km/h).<ref name="meta">{{cite report|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/metadata_master.html#1873_1|title=Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT|author=Landsea, Christopher W. Landsea|work=Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|accessdate=December 18, 2023|location=Miami, Florida|display-authors=etal}}</ref> Moving inland, the [[eye (cyclone)|eye]] of the storm passed over [[Tallahassee, Florida|Tallahassee]], attended by an hour-long calm. Sustained winds in town were unofficially estimated at up to {{convert|100|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref name="ellis"/>{{rp|489, 495}} Later on September 19, the system weakened to a tropical storm as it entered [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]. The storm then crossed into South Carolina early the next day and soon emerged into the Atlantic.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} Based on ship reports,<ref name="PD1995b"/>{{rp|27}} the cyclone likely re-intensified into a hurricane on September 20 but was last noted on that day about {{convert|300|mi|km|abbr=on|round=5}} east of [[North Carolina]].{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} Chenoweth extends the path of this storm back to September 12 over the southeastern [[Caribbean Sea]] and adds one additional day at the end of its duration, with the system accelerating northeastward towards the [[Grand Banks of Newfoundland]].<ref name="Chenoweth"/>
The storm was considered the most severe to affect interior [[North Florida]] between the close of the [[American Civil War]] and the early 1900s.<ref name="ellis"/>{{rp|487–8}} In Florida, only two homes remained standing at St. Marks, leaving twenty families homeless.<ref name="nyt923">{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-new-york-times/137055255/|title=Disastorous Storm in Florida|page=5|newspaper=The New York Times|date=September 23, 1873|accessdate=December 18, 2023|via=Newspapers.com}} {{free access}}</ref> The storm demolished about 20 residences in [[Apalachicola, Florida|Apalachicola]] and unroofed approximately twice as many, while also damaging about half of businesses and many vessels in the town. Damage in Apalachicola reached about $250,000.,<ref name="tbdg1008">{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-boston-globe/137044041/|title=Details of Recent Storm in Florida|date=October 8, 1873|newspaper=The Boston Daily Globe|page=5|accessdate=December 18, 2023|via=Newspapers.com}} {{free access}}</ref> Fartherand [[Taxodium|cypress]] trees nearby were shorn of their bark, as if "shaved by a knife". Many "substantial" buildings in town were leveled, including 15 brick stores. All the local [[orange (fruit)|orange]] trees were blown down.<ref name="ellis"/>{{rp|490}} The [[Dog Island Light]] was blown apart.<ref name="ellis"/>{{rp|488}} An {{convert|18|ft|m|adj=mid|-high}} [[Storm surge#Measuring surge|storm tide]] inundated St. Marks, and farther south, the hurricane destroyed 12 dwellings on [[Cedar Key, Florida|Cedar Key]].<ref name="ellis"/>{{rp|491}} Strong winds inAt [[TallahasseeSt. Teresa, Florida|TallahasseeSt. Teresa]] the storm felled large trees and destroyed boats.<ref name="ellis"/>{{rp|492}} Strong winds in Tallahassee unroofed several stores and demolished a number of gin houses. Additionally, the storm destroyed 30-4030–40 homes and substantially damaged many others.<ref name="nyt923"/> Among the many other structures suffering damage in Tallahassee was the [[Florida State Capitol]], with floodwaters reportednoted in several sections of the building. The Capitol grounds were littered with trees. Annexes, chimneys, and porches were ripped off homes.<ref name="ellis"/>{{rp|493}} [[Leon County, Florida|Leon County]] alone reportedrecorded $100,000 to $200,000 in damage.<ref name="ellis"/>{{rp|495}} ''[[The New York Times]]'' reported three or four deaths occurring in the area.<ref name="nyt923"/> Damage in neighboring [[Jefferson County, Florida|Jefferson County]] was estimated at $200,000.<ref name="tbdg1008"/> The eastern [[Florida Panhandle]] suffered a loss of about one-third of its cotton crops, and wind gusts were estimated to have reached {{convert|150|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}}. Many [[tornado]]es were suspected, their paths marked by sheared-off trees.<ref name="ellis"/>{{rp|495}} In Georgia, heavy rains fell as far north as [[Macon, Georgia|Macon]]. This caused agricultural damage across southern Georgia and washed out railroad tracks, leading to some fatal train accidents.<ref name="ellis"/>{{rp|489}} ▼
▲In Florida, only two homes remained standing at St. Marks, leaving twenty families homeless.<ref name="nyt923">{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-new-york-times/137055255/|title=Disastorous Storm in Florida|page=5|newspaper=The New York Times|date=September 23, 1873|accessdate=December 18, 2023|via=Newspapers.com}} {{free access}}</ref> The storm demolished about 20 residences in [[Apalachicola, Florida|Apalachicola]] and unroofed approximately twice as many, while also damaging about half of businesses and many vessels in the town. Damage in Apalachicola reached about $250,000.<ref name="tbdg1008">{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-boston-globe/137044041/|title=Details of Recent Storm in Florida|date=October 8, 1873|newspaper=The Boston Daily Globe|page=5|accessdate=December 18, 2023|via=Newspapers.com}} {{free access}}</ref> Farther south, the hurricane destroyed 12 dwellings on [[Cedar Key, Florida|Cedar Key]].<ref name="ellis"/>{{rp|491}} Strong winds in [[Tallahassee, Florida|Tallahassee]] unroofed several stores and demolished a number of gin houses. Additionally, the storm destroyed 30-40 homes and substantially damaged many others.<ref name="nyt923"/> Among the many other structures suffering damage in Tallahassee was the [[Florida State Capitol]], with floodwaters reported in several sections of the building.<ref name="ellis"/>{{rp|493}} [[Leon County, Florida|Leon County]] alone reported $100,000 to $200,000 in damage.<ref name="ellis"/>{{rp|495}} ''[[The New York Times]]'' reported three or four deaths occurring in the area.<ref name="nyt923"/> Damage in neighboring [[Jefferson County, Florida|Jefferson County]] was estimated at $200,000.<ref name="tbdg1008"/> The eastern [[Florida Panhandle]] suffered a loss of about one-third of its cotton crops.<ref name="ellis"/>{{rp|495}} In Georgia, heavy rains fell as far north as [[Macon, Georgia|Macon]]. This caused agricultural damage across southern Georgia and washed out railroad tracks, leading to some fatal train accidents.<ref name="ellis"/>{{rp|489}}
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A few days after the previous storm, another storm was observed in the eastern Gulf of Mexico just north of the [[Yucatán Channel]] on September 22. Tracking northeastward, the storm reached sustained winds of 60 mph (95 km/h) before making landfall near present-day [[Madeira Beach, Florida]], around 10:00 UTC on the following day.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} Little impact occurred, with the ''Tampa Guardian'' only reporting "beating showers and driving winds."<ref name="ellis">{{cite journal|title=North Florida and the Great Storm of 1873|url=https://palmm.digital.flvc.org/islandora/object/ucf%3A25467|jstor=30146596|author=Louise Ellis, Mary|date=April 1984|issn=0015-4113|volume=62|issue=4|journal=The Florida Historical Quarterly|pages=485–496 |accessdate=December 18, 2023}}</ref>{{rp|486}} The cyclone emerged into the Atlantic near [[Palm Coast, Florida|Palm Coast]] late on September 23 and continued rapidly northeastward.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} Presumably, the schooner ''H. Hulrburt'' made the last encounter with this storm on September 24,<ref name="PD1995b"/>{{rp|28}} with the official track ending about halfway between Bermuda and [[Long Island]], [[New York (state)|New York]], on that day.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} Chenoweth's reanalysis, published in 2014, proposes removing this cyclone from HURDAT, instead classifying it as a weak frontal boundary.<ref name="Chenoweth"/>
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|Pressure=959
}}
A tropical storm was first seen in the eastern [[Caribbean Sea]] near [[Martinique]] on September 26. The storm moved west-northwestward and likely intensified into a hurricane by the following day. It then moved northwestward, hitting [[Haiti]]'s [[Tiburon Peninsula]] just west of [[Jacmel]] on September 28 with winds of 115 mph (185 km/h). A [[weather station]] at Jacmel registered a barometric pressure of {{convert|28.60|inHg|mb|abbr=on}}, outside the eye. Briefly re-emerging into the Caribbean, the storm struck Cuba near [[Guantánamo Bay]] early the next day, possibly at a weaker intensity. The system then turned westward over southern [[Oriente Province]] and soon weakened to a tropical storm, before again re-entering the Caribbean early on September 30. By October 3, the cyclone re-strengthened into a hurricane over the northwest Caribbean. After curving northward a few days later, the system passed just offshore the [[Yucatán Peninsula]] as it entered the Gulf of Mexico on October 5. Thereafter, the hurricane accelerated northeastward and re-intensified to reach sustained winds of 115 mph (185 km/h) prior to making landfall near [[Punta Rassa, Florida]], early on October 7. The lowest pressure on land was estimated to be {{convert|959|mb|inHg|abbr=on}}, based on observations from Punta Rassa. The system emerged into the Atlantic near present-day [[Melbourne, Florida|Melbourne]] several hours later and continued northeastward until October 9, when it became an extratropical cyclone, which dissipated on the following day.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}}<ref name="Meta">{{cite report|author-first1=Chris|author-last1=Landsea|author-first2=Craig|author-last2=Anderson|author-first3=William|author-last3=Bredemeyer|author-first4=Noel|author-last4=Charles|author-first5=Michael|author-last5=Chenoweth|display-authors=3|author-link1=Christopher Landsea|url=https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/metadata_master.html#1873_5|title=Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT: 1873/05|website=[[Atlantic hurricane reanalysis project|Re-Analysis Project]]|publisher=[[Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory]], [[Hurricane Research Division]]|location=[[Miami]], [[Florida]]|accessdate={{date|{{date}}|mdy}}}}</ref><ref name="PD1995b" />{{rp|30}}▼
'''The Central Florida hurricane of 1873'''
In Haiti, severe damage occurred in the Jacmel area, while ''[[The New York Times]]'' reported a "considerable loss of life." The storm demolished some 200 homes, downed "immense" trees, and wrecked many vessels in the port. Additionally, Jacmel suffered the total loss of its prison and a church sustained major damage. Similar impacts occurred in the Guantánamo Bay area of Cuba, with a number of vessels beached and many homes being unroofed. The steamer ''Maisi'' capsized near [[Isla de la Juventud]], drowning 24 people. After the storm entered the Gulf of Mexico, the [[Havana]] area reported high tides and strong winds on October 6 and October 7. Waves caused extensive damage to the interior of homes along San Lazaro street and flooded many other roads, reportedly drowning several people. Telegraph lines were downed throughout the island. In Florida, [[Key West]] reported sustained winds of 80 mph (130 km/h), while Punta Rassa observed sustained winds of {{convert|90|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref name="PD1995b"/>{{rp|28-32}} The latter also recorded a {{convert|14|ft|m|abbradj=on}} storm tide and a barometric pressure of {{convert|959961.6|mbar|inHg|abbr=on}}.;<ref name="meta" /><ref name="Hotech">{{cite tech report |first=Francis P. |last=Ho |title=Extreme Hurricanes in The Nineteenth Century |number=Hydro 43 |url=https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/7224|institution=National Weather Service|date=March 1989 |pages=99–102|accessdate=June 28, 2024|location=Silver Spring, Maryland}}</ref>{{rp|101}} the high tide "completely inundated" and swept away the settlement.<ref name="Barnes">{{cite book|last=Barnes|first=Jay|year=1998|title=Florida's Hurricane History|publisher=[[University of North Carolina Press|UNC Press]]|location=[[Chapel Hill, North Carolina]]|edition=1st|url=https://archive.org/details/floridashurrican0000barn_g4v2/|url-access=registration|isbn=0-8078-2443-7|via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>{{rp|[https://archive.org/details/floridashurrican0000barn_g4v2/page/68/ 68]}} On [[Biscayne Bay]] storm tides ran {{convert|6|to|8|ft|m|abbr=on}} above normal, and hurricane-force winds badly damaged exposed vegetation.<ref name="Hotech" />{{rp|102}} Several vessels wrecked or became disabled by the storm,<ref name="PD1995b"/> including one along the then-isolated southeast coast of the state, with the crew not rescued for several days. This led to the establishment of the [[Houses of Refuge in Florida|Houses of Refuge]] at the behest of [[Sumner Increase Kimball]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Orange Grove House of Refuge No. 3|author=Voss, Gilbert L. Voss|date=1968|url=https://dpanther.fiu.edu/dpanther/items/itemdetail?bibid=FI18050900&vid=00028#dvFilePanel|journal=The Journal of the Historical Association of Southern Florida|volume=1|issue=28|page=5|accessdate=December 18, 2023}}</ref> The hurricane may have also caused the schooner ''Missouri'' to capsize in the Bahamas at a reef near [[Bimini]].<ref name="PD1995b"/>{{rp|33}} Overall, at least 26 deaths are attributed to the storm.<ref name="toll" />▼
▲A tropical storm was first seen in the eastern [[Caribbean Sea]] near [[Martinique]] on September 26. The storm moved west-northwestward and likely intensified into a hurricane by the following day. It then moved northwestward, hitting [[Haiti]]'s [[Tiburon Peninsula]] just west of [[Jacmel]] on September 28 with winds of 115 mph (185 km/h). Briefly re-emerging into the Caribbean, the storm struck Cuba near [[Guantánamo Bay]] early the next day, possibly at a weaker intensity. The system then turned westward over southern [[Oriente Province]] and soon weakened to a tropical storm, before again re-entering the Caribbean early on September 30. By October 3, the cyclone re-strengthened into a hurricane over the northwest Caribbean. After curving northward a few days later, the system passed just offshore the [[Yucatán Peninsula]] as it entered the Gulf of Mexico on October 5. Thereafter, the hurricane accelerated northeastward and re-intensified to reach sustained winds of 115 mph (185 km/h) prior to making landfall near [[Punta Rassa, Florida]], early on October 7. The system emerged into the Atlantic several hours later and continued northeastward until October 9, when it became an extratropical cyclone, which dissipated on the following day.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}}
In a reanalysis study published in 2014, Chenoweth extends both the beginning and end of the storm's duration by one day. Additionally, the proposed changes also suggest the cyclone remained much closer to the south coast of Cuba and did not weaken to a tropical storm after striking the island.<ref name="Chenoweth"/>
▲In Haiti, severe damage occurred in the Jacmel area, while ''[[The New York Times]]'' reported a "considerable loss of life." The storm demolished some 200 homes and wrecked many vessels in the port. Additionally, Jacmel suffered the total loss of its prison and a church sustained major damage. Similar impacts occurred in the Guantánamo Bay area of Cuba, with a number of vessels beached and many homes being unroofed. The steamer ''Maisi'' capsized near [[Isla de la Juventud]], drowning 24 people. After the storm entered the Gulf of Mexico, the [[Havana]] area reported high tides and strong winds on October 6 and October 7. Waves caused extensive damage to the interior of homes along San Lazaro street and flooded many other roads, reportedly drowning several people. Telegraph lines were downed throughout the island. In Florida, [[Key West]] reported sustained winds of 80 mph (130 km/h), while Punta Rassa observed sustained winds of {{convert|90|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref name="PD1995b"/> The latter also recorded a {{convert|14|ft|m|abbr=on}} storm tide and a barometric pressure of {{convert|959|mbar|inHg|abbr=on}}.<ref name="meta" /> Several vessels wrecked or became disabled by the storm,<ref name="PD1995b"/> including one along the then-isolated southeast coast of the state, with the crew not rescued for several days. This led to the establishment of the [[Houses of Refuge in Florida|Houses of Refuge]] at the behest of [[Sumner Increase Kimball]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Orange Grove House of Refuge No. 3|author=Gilbert L. Voss|date=1968|url=https://dpanther.fiu.edu/dpanther/items/itemdetail?bibid=FI18050900&vid=00028#dvFilePanel|journal=The Journal of the Historical Association of Southern Florida|volume=1|issue=28|page=5|accessdate=December 18, 2023}}</ref> The hurricane may have also caused the schooner ''Missouri'' to capsize in the Bahamas at a reef near [[Bimini]].<ref name="PD1995b"/> Overall, at least 26 deaths are attributed to the storm.<ref name="toll" />
{{clear}}
=== Other storms ===
Chenoweth proposed three new storms in his reanalysis study, published in 2014. The first unofficial storm formed over the central Atlantic well east-northeast of Bermuda on August 18. Moving generally northeastward, the system transitioned into an extratropical cyclone on August 25 to the east of Newfoundland. On October 1, another unofficial storm developed just east of the Cabo Verde Islands. The cyclone soon crossed through the islands and intensified into a hurricane by October 3. It curved northwestward and then northeastward over the central Atlantic, before weakening to a tropical storm on October 7 and being last noted on the next day. A third and final proposed storm formed about halfway between Bermuda and the [[Madeira]] archipelago on October 16. The system maintained hurricane status for 12 hours on October 17, before weakening to a tropical storm early the following day and transitioning into an extratropical storm northwest of the Azores several hours later.<ref name="Chenoweth"/>
==Season effects==
This is a table of all of the known storms that formed in the 1873 Atlantic hurricane season. It includes their known duration (within the basin), areas affected, damages, and death totals. Deaths in parentheses are additional and indirect (an example of an indirect death would be a traffic accident), but were still related to that storm. Damage and deaths include totals while the storm was extratropical, a wave, or a low, and all of the damage figures are in 1873 USD.
{{Saffir-Simpson small|align=center}}
{{TC stats table start3|year=1873|basin=North Atlantic tropical cyclone|align=center}}
{{TC stats cyclone3|cat=storm|name=One|dates=June 1–2|max-winds=45 (75)|min-press=Unknown|areas=[[Southeastern United States]] ([[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]])|damage=Unknown|deaths=None}}
{{TC stats cyclone3|cat=cat3|name=Two|dates=August 13–27|max-winds=115 (185)|min-press=962|areas=[[Maine]], [[Atlantic Canada]] ([[Newfoundland and Labrador|Newfoundland]])|damage=$3.5 million|deaths=223-600}}<ref name="toll" /><ref name="environment canada"/>
{{TC stats cyclone3|cat=cat1|name=Three|dates=September 18–20|max-winds=80 (130)|min-press=982|areas=Southeastern United States ([[Florida]])|damage=>$550,000|deaths=3-4}}<ref name="tbdg1008"/><ref name="ellis"/>{{rp|495}}<ref name="nyt923"/>
{{TC stats cyclone3|cat=storm|name=Four|dates=September 22–24|max-winds=60 (95)|min-press=Unknown|areas=Florida|damage=Unknown|deaths=None}}
{{TC stats cyclone3|cat=cat3|name=Five|dates=September 26 – October 9|max-winds=115 (185)|min-press=959|areas=[[Greater Antilles]] ([[Haiti]] and [[Cuba]]), Florida, [[The Bahamas|Bahamas]]|damage=Unknown|deaths=≥26}}<ref name="toll" />
{{TC stats table end3|num-cyclones=5|dates=June 1 – October 9 |max-winds=115 (185)|min-press=959|tot-areas=|tot-damage=>$4.055 million|tot-deaths=252-630}}
== See also ==
{{Portal|Tropical cyclones}}
* [[List of Florida hurricanes (pre-1900)]]
* [[Atlantic hurricane]]
* [[List of hurricanes in Canada]]
* [[Atlantic hurricane reanalysis project]]
* [[List of Newfoundland hurricanes]]
* [[Tropical cyclone observation]]
==Notes==
{{notelist}}
{{Reflist|group=nb}}
== References ==
{{reflist}}
== External links ==
*[https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/1873.html Re-Analysis Project meta and raw data for each storm in 1873]
{{TC Decades|Year=1870|basin=Atlantic|type=hurricane}}
{{Tropical cyclone season|1873}}