Academy: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia

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[[File:Archiginnasio-bologna02.png|thumb|[[Bologna University]], [[Italy]], established in AD 1088, is the [[List of oldest universities in continuous operation|world's oldest academic institution in continuous operation]].]]

An '''academy''' ([[Attic Greek]]: Ἀκαδήμεια; [[Koine Greek]] Ἀκαδημία) is an institution of [[secondary education|secondary]] or [[tertiary education|tertiary]] [[higher education|higher learning]] (and generally also [[research]] or honorary membership). The name traces back to [[Plato]]'s school of [[philosophy]], founded approximately 386 BC at [[Akademia]], a [[sanctuary]] of [[Athena]], the goddess of [[wisdom]] and [[Skills|skill]], north of [[Ancient Athens|Athens]], Greece.

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== Etymology ==

[[File:MANNapoli 124545 plato's academy mosaic.jpg|thumb|[[Plato's Academy mosaic]] from [[Pompeii]]]]

The word comes from the ''Academy'' in [[ancient Greece]], which derives from the [[Athenian]] [[hero]], ''[[Akademos]]''. Outside the city walls of [[Athens]], the [[Gymnasium (ancient Greece)|gymnasium]] was made famous by [[Plato]] as a center of learning. The sacred space, dedicated to the goddess of wisdom, [[Athena]], had formerly been an [[olive]] [[Grove (nature)|grove]], hence the expression "the groves of Academe".<ref>{{cite OED|academe}}</ref>

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====China====

In China a higher education institution [[Shang Xiang]] was founded by [[Shun (Chinese leader)|Shun]] in the [[Emperor Shun|Youyu]] era before the 21st century BC. The Imperial Central Academy at [[Nanjing]], founded in 258, was a result of the evolution of Shang Xiang and it became the first comprehensive institution combining education and research and was divided into five faculties in 470, which later became [[Nanjing University]].

In the 8th century another kind of institution of learning emerged, named [[Shuyuan]], which were generally privately owned. There were thousands of Shuyuan recorded in ancient times. The degrees from them varied from one to another and those advanced Shuyuan such as [[Bailudong Shuyuan]] and [[Yuelu Shuyuan]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Introduction of Hunan University|url=http://www-en.hnu.edu.cn/About_HNU/Introduction.htm|website=Hunan University}}</ref> (later become [[Hunan University]]) can be classified as higher institutions of learning.

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====Islamic world====

{{Main|Islamic Golden Age#Education}}

Founded in [[Fes]], [[University of Al-Karaouine]] in the 9th century and in [[Cairo]], [[Al-Azhar University]] in the 10th century, and in Mali, the [[University of Timbuktu]] in about 1100. [[Mustansiriya Madrasah]] in [[Baghdad]], Iraq was established in 1227 as a [[madrasah]] by the [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid Caliph]] [[Al-Mustansir (Baghdad)|al-Mustansir]]. Its library had an initial collection of 80,000 volumes, given by the Caliph. The collection was said to have grown to 400,000 volumes.

===Medieval Europe===

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===Academies of sciences===

{{main|Academy of Sciencessciences}}

After the short-lived [[Academia Secretorum Naturae]] of Naples, the first academy exclusively devoted to sciences was the [[Accademia dei Lincei]] founded in 1603 in Rome, particularly focused on natural sciences.

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==Modern use of the term ''academy''==

[[File:Athens academy.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|The modern [[Academy of Athens (modern)|Academy of Athens]], next to the [[University of Athens]] and the National Library forming 'the Trilogy', designed by [[Karl Friedrich Schinkel|Schinkel's]] Danish pupil [[Theophil Freiherr von Hansen|Theofil Hansen]], 1885, in [[Ionic order|Greek Ionic]], academically correct even to the polychrome sculpture]]

[[File:Univesidad Åbo Akademi.jpg|thumb|[[Åbo Akademi]], an academy building designed by [[Charles Bassi]], was built on 1833 in [[Turku]], [[Finland]].]]

The term is used widely today to refer to anything from schools to [[Learned society|learned societies]] to [[Funding agency|funding agencies]] to private industry associations.

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The Queen's Speech, which followed the [[2010 United Kingdom general election|2010 general election]], included proposals for a bill to allow the Secretary of State for Education to approve schools, both Primary and Secondary, that have been graded "outstanding" by [[Ofsted]], to become academies. This was to be through a simplified streamlined process not requiring sponsors to provide capital funding.<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Academies Act 2010|url=http://services.parliament.uk/bills/2010-11/academieshl.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217031235/http://services.parliament.uk/bills/2010-11/academieshl.html|archive-date=17 December 2014|access-date=17 December 2014|website=}}</ref>

In 2012, the UK government began forcing some schools which had been graded satisfactory or lower into becoming academies, unilaterally removing existing governing bodies and head teachers in some cases. An example was Downhills Primary School in Haringey, where the head teacher refused to turn the school into an academy. OFSTED were called in to assess the school, failed it, and both the head and the governing body were removed and replaced with a Government-appointed board despite opposition from the school and parents.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-17385311|title=BBC News – Academy row school governors sacked by Michael Gove|newspaper=BBC News|date=15 March 2012|access-date=17 December 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813033727/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-17385311|archive-date=13 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.haringeyindependent.co.uk/news/9592486.Protesting_parents__disgusted__with_Downhills_governors__removal/|title=Protesting parents 'disgusted' with Downhills governors' removal|author=David Hardiman|work=Haringey Independent|date=15 March 2012 |access-date=17 December 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723074454/http://www.haringeyindependent.co.uk/news/9592486.Protesting_parents__disgusted__with_Downhills_governors__removal/|archive-date=23 July 2013}}</ref>

===United States===

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==Academic personnel==

{{Main|Academic personnelstaff}}

{{Main listing|List of academic ranks}}

{{See also|Academic administration}}

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* [[Academic paper mill]]

* [[:Category:Academic terminology]]

* [[Academic conference]]

* [[Academic writing]]

* [[Academician]]

* [[Art school]]

* [[Bullying in academia]]

* [[Byzantine university]]

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[[Category:Academies| ]]

[[Category:Academia| ]]

[[Category:Academic terminology| ]]

[[Category:Platonism]]