Afrasiab
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Article ImagesThis article is about an Iranian mythical hero. For the village in Iran, see Afrasiab, Iran. For the ancient site of northern Samarkand, see Afrasiyab (Samarkand). For other uses, see Afrasiyab.
Afrasiab (Persian: افراسياب afrāsiyāb; Avestan: Fraŋrasyan; Middle-Persian: Frāsiyāv, Frāsiyāk, and Freangrāsyāk) is the name of the mythical king and hero of Turan. He is the main antagonist of the Persian epic Shahnameh, written by Ferdowsi.
Afrasiab | |
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Painting of Afrasiab in the Shahnama of Shah Tahmasp | |
Shahnameh Mens | |
Name | Afrasiab |
Posts | Prince, Commander, King |
His secretary | Piran |
Other Information | |
Well known | Enemy of the Iranians |
killed | Kay Khosrow |
Wars | Iran-Turan war Iran-Turan Second war Great Kay Khosrow War |
Historical similarity | Ashurnasirpal |
Religion | Unknown |
Family members | |
Father Name | Zadashm |
grandfather | Tur |
Children | Farangis, Shideh |
Brothers | Garsivaz, Aghrirat Jahn, Surkha |
The mythical king and hero
According to the Shahnameh (Book of Kings), by the Persian epic poet Ferdowsi, Afrasiab was the king and hero of Turan and an archenemy of Iran. In Iranian mythology, Afrasiab is considered by far the most prominent of all Turanian kings; he is a formidable warrior, a skilful general, and an agent of Ahriman, who is endowed with magical powers of deception to destroy Iranian civilization.[1]
According to Islamic sources, Afrasiab was a descendant of Tūr (Avestan: Tūriya-), one of the three sons of the Iranian mythical King Fereydun (the other two sons being Salm and Iraj). In Bundahishn, he is named as the seventh grandson of Tūr. In Avestan traditions, his common epithet mairya- (deceitful, villainous[2]) can be interpreted as meaning 'an evil man'. He lived in a subterranean fortress made of metal, called Hanakana.
According to Avestan sources, Afrasiab was killed by Haoma near the Čīčhast (possibly either referring to Lake Hamun in Sistan or some unknown lake in today's Central Asia), and according to Shahnameh he met his death in a cave known as the Hang-e Afrasiab, or the dying place of Afrasiab, on a mountaintop in Azerbaijan. The fugitive Afrasiab, having been repeatedly defeated by the armies of his adversary, the mythical King of Iran Kay Khosrow (who happened to be his own grandson, through his daughter Farangis), wandered wretchedly and fearfully around, and eventually took refuge in this cave and died[3].
Gallery
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Afrasiyab invites Siyâvash to hunt
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Rostam First Encounter with Afrasiyab
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Scene from the Shahnameh. Afrasiyab (standing figure) executes Nowzar (lying down). Wellcome Library
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The Iranians Capture Afrasiyab
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Afrasiyab on the Iranian Throne After the Iran-Turan war
See also
References
- ^ Yarshater, E., "Afrasiab", Encyclopædia Iranica - digital library; accessed January 18, 2007.
- ^ Nyberg H. S., Die Religionen des Alten Iran, Berlin (1938), p. 257
- ^ The names of the people or myths in the Shahnameh such as Afrasiab or Rostam and others should not be considered a specific name. These are nicknames, such as colonel, captain or soldier. Ferdowsi may have included these titles separately in lists and categories for lack of names. For example, Afrasiab of Nowzar era may not be Kay Khosrow Afrasiab time, but if Afrasiab is a military nickname, it will be everywhere in the Shahnameh story.
Sources
- Ferdowsi Shahnameh. From the Moscow version. Mohammed Publishing. ISBN 964-5566-35-5
- Ehsan Yarshater, "Afrāsiāb", Encyclopædia Iranica
- Afrasiab featured in Rostam Comic Book
- The battle of Rustam and Afrasiab on Asian miniature