Afro-Arabs: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia

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| caption = A group of folk singers and dancers outside a barasti house in [[Al Satwa]], [[Dubai]].

| native_name = {{lang|ar|عرب أفارقة}}

| popplace = [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf|Gulf States]], {{·}}[[Levant]], {{·}}[[Yemen]], {{·}}[[East Africa]], {{·}}[[Swahili CoastMauritania]], {{·}}[[Sahel]]{{·}}[[North Africa]]

| region1 = {{Flag|SudanSaudi Arabia}}

| pop1 = 303,800600,000

| ref1 = <ref name="cia">{{Cite webCIA World Factbook|urlcountry=https://geneticliteracyproject.org/2020/12/04/areSaudi-sudanese-arabs/Arabia|title access-date=25 AreMarch Sudanese2017 Arabs?|fechayear=2020-12-042017}}</ref>

| region2 = {{Flag|Saudi ArabiaYemen}}

| pop2 = 3,600500,000

| ref3ref2 = <ref name="Yfbo">{{Cite web|url=http://ireport.cnn.com/docs/DOC-999239|title=Yemen's Al-Akhdam face brutal oppression|access-date=2013-11-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129084527/http://ireport.cnn.com/docs/DOC-999239|archive-date=2014-11-29}}</ref>▼

| ref2 = <ref name="cia">{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Saudi-Arabia| access-date=25 March 2017 |year=2017}}</ref>

| region3 = {{Flag|YemenIraq}}

| pop3 = 32,500000,000

| ref4ref3 = <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/5a53600d7.html | title=Refworld &#124; World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - Iraq : Black Iraqis }}</ref>▼

▲| ref3 = <ref name="Yfbo">{{Cite web|url=http://ireport.cnn.com/docs/DOC-999239|title=Yemen's Al-Akhdam face brutal oppression|access-date=2013-11-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129084527/http://ireport.cnn.com/docs/DOC-999239|archive-date=2014-11-29}}</ref>

| region4 = {{Flag|IraqMauritania}}

| pop4 = 21,000500,000{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}

| ref5ref4 = ▼

▲| ref4 = <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/5a53600d7.html | title=Refworld &#124; World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - Iraq : Black Iraqis }}</ref>

| region5 = {{Flag|MauritaniaJordan}}

| pop5 = 1,50060,000

| ref7ref5 = <ref>http://www.africanviews.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=105 Jordan</ref> ▼

▲| ref5 =

| langs = Majority: [[Arabic language|Arabic]]<br>Minority: [[Teda language|Teda]]{{·}}[[Hausa language|Hausa]]{{·}}[[Fula language|Fula]]{{·}}[[Swahili language|Swahili]]{{·}}[[Comorian language|Comorian]]{{·}}[[Wolof language|Wolof]]{{·}}[[Somali language|Somali]]▼

| region6 = {{Flag|Oman}}

| pop6 = 750,000

| ref6 =

| region7 = {{Flag|Jordan}}

| pop7 = 60,000

▲| ref7 = <ref>http://www.africanviews.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=105 Jordan</ref>

▲| langs = Majority: [[Arabic language|Arabic]]<br>Minority: [[Teda language|Teda]]{{·}}[[Hausa language|Hausa]]{{·}}[[Fula language|Fula]]{{·}}[[Swahili language|Swahili]]{{·}}[[Comorian language|Comorian]]{{·}}[[Wolof language|Wolof]]{{·}}[[Somali language|Somali]]

| religions = Majority: [[Islam]]<br>Minority: [[Traditional African religions|Traditional]]

| related = [[List of ethnic groups of Africa|Ethnic groups of Africa]]<br>[[Afro-Saudis]]{{·}}[[Afro-Palestinians]]{{·}}[[Afro-Jordanians]]{{·}}[[Al-Muhamashīn]]{{·}}[[Afro-Iraqis]]{{·}}[[Afro-Syrians]]{{·}}[[Afro-Omanis]]{{·}}[[Afro-Emiratis]]

}}

'''Afro-Arabs''', '''African Arabs''', or '''Black Arabs''' are [[Arabs]] who have predominantly or total [[Sub-Saharan Africa]]n ancestry. These include primarily minority groups in the [[Afro-Emiratis|United Arab Emirates]], [[Al-Akhdam|Yemen]], [[Afro-Saudis|Saudi Arabia]], [[Afro-Omanis|Oman]], [[Demographics of Kuwait|Kuwait]], [[Demographics of Qatar|Qatar]], and [[Demographics of Bahrain|Bahrain]], as well[[Demographics asof [[Afro-IraqisLebanon|IraqLebanon]] and Levant:, [[Afro-Syrians|Syria]], [[Afro-Palestinians|Palestine]], and [[Afro-Jordanians|Jordan]], [[Afro-Iraqis|Iraq]], [[Demographics of Egypt|Egypt]], [[Demographics of Libya|Libya]], [[Demographics of Tunisia|Tunisia]], [[Demographics of Algeria|Algeria]], and [[Demographics of Morocco|Morocco]]. The term may also refer to various Arab groups in certain African regions.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The multiple roots of Emiratiness: the cosmopolitan history of Emirati society|url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/beyond-trafficking-and-slavery/the-multiple-roots-of-emiratiness/|access-date=2020-08-18|website=openDemocracy|language=en}}</ref>

==Overview==

[[File:Arab resident of the Belgian Congo.jpg|thumb|Afro-Arab man of the Congo (ca. 1942).]]

===History===

[[South Arabia|Southern Arabian]] and African civilizations have been in contact since the obsidian-exchange networks of the seventh millennium BC. These networks were strengthened by the rise of the [[Egyptian dynasties]] of the fourth millennium BC. Researchers have indicated the possible settlement of people from Arabia in the Horn of Africa as early as the 3rd and 2nd millennia BC.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal|last1=Richards|first1=Martin |last2=Rengo|first2=Chiara|last3=Cruciani|first3=Fulvio|last4=Gratrix|first4=Fiona|last5=Wilson|first5=James F.|last6=Scozzari|first6=Rosaria|last7=Macaulay|first7=Vincent|last8=Torroni|first8=Antonio|title=Extensive Female-Mediated Gene Flow from Sub-Saharan Africa into Near Eastern Arab Populations|journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics|date=April 2003|volume=72|issue=4|pages=1058–1064|doi=10.1086/374384|pmid=12629598|pmc=1180338}}</ref>

The Afro-Arabian [[Tihamah|Tihama]] culture, which may have originated in Africa, began in the second millennium BC. This cultural complex is found in Africa, in countries such as [[Djibouti]], [[Eritrea]], [[Ethiopia]], [[Somalia]] and [[Sudan]], as well as in neighbouring [[Yemen]] and the Saudi coastal plains.<ref name=":0"/>

In the first millennium BC, Southern Arabians gained control of the [[Red Sea]] trade-routes and established the [[Ancient history of Yemen|first kingdom of Yemen]], [[Sabaeans|Saba]], in around 800 BC. As a result of Saba's influence, Eritrea and the north of Ethiopia were gradually incorporated into an area of Arabian influence. By 600 BC, the formation of the state of [[D'mt|Daamat]] arose in Eritrea and in the [[Tigray Region|Tigray]] region of Ethiopia. Many inscriptions in the Sabaean script have been found.

Although the script is clearly identical to that in southern Arabia, most of the inscriptions reveal few elements, in language and its key features, or in custom, that were known in the origin area. Evidence of a pre-Sabaean [[Semitic languages|Semitic]] language or a group of languages in Ethiopia during this period is apparent from lexical and morphological peculiarities found in its Sabaic inscriptions. These are not present in ancient inscriptions from southern Arabia. Despite initial interpretations suggesting a colonization of the highlands of Tigray and Eritrea by Sabaeans from the western side of the Red Sea, due to similarities in script, language, pantheon, and monuments with the South Arabian civilization, there is no factual indication of domination. There is no mention of control, dependency, or outposts identified on either side. The idea was dismissed in the 1950s and 1960s by some scholars who proposed that Sabaean presence was limited to the settlement of small groups, particularly stonemasons, as monumental inscriptions primarily mention stonework. The local features revealed in the inscriptions imply either an adaptation to local traditions or some form of influence. It appears that, if the Sabaeans did move to Ethiopia, they were integrated by the local population in the 8th century BC, and likely even earlier,.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dugast |first1=Fabienne |last2=Gajda |first2=Iwona |date=2012-10-29 |title=Reconsidering contacts between southern Arabia and the highlands of Tigrai in the 1st millennium BC according to epigraphic data |url=https://shs.hal.science/halshs-00865945 |language=en}}</ref>