Apollo 8: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia
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| launch_rocket = [[Saturn V]] SA-503<ref group=n name="serialnote">Serial numbers were initially assigned by the [[Marshall Space Flight Center]] in the format "SA-5xx" (for Saturn-Apollo). By the time the rockets achieved flight, the [[Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center|Manned Spacecraft Center]] started using the format "AS-5xx" (for Apollo-Saturn).</ref>
| launch_site = [[Kennedy Space Center|Kennedy]] [[Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A|LC-39A]]
| landing_date = {{end-date|December 27, 1968, 15:51:42|timezone=yes}} UTC<ref name="MissionReport">{{cite web |url=http://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a410/A08_MissionReport.pdf |title=Apollo 8 Mission Report |date=February 1969 |publisher=NASA |at=p. 3-2 |id=MSC-PA-R-69-1 |access-date=June 28, 2013 |archive-date=December 22, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222031006/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj//a410/A08_MissionReport.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| landing_site = North Pacific Ocean<br/>{{Coord|8|8|N|165|1|W|type:event|name=Apollo 8 landing}}<ref name="MissionReport"/>
| recovery_by = {{USS|Yorktown|CV-10|6}}
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|orbits = 10
|component = CSM
|arrival_date = December 24, 1968, 9:59:20 UTC<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a410/A08_MissionReport.pdf |title=Apollo 8 Mission Report |date=February 1969 |publisher=NASA |at=p. 3-1 |id=MSC-PA-R-69-1 |access-date=May 8, 2015 |archive-date=December 22, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222031006/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj//a410/A08_MissionReport.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|departure_date = December 25, 1968, 6:10:17 UTC<ref name="MissionReport"/>
<!--Orbit parameters, ONLY USE IF THE ABOVE ORBIT PARAMETERS SECTION DOESN'T APPLY TO THE TARGET-->
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'''Apollo 8''' (December 21–27, 1968) was the first crewed [[spacecraft]] to leave [[lowSphere of influence (astrodynamics)|Earth's orbitgravitational sphere of influence]], and the first [[human spaceflight]] to reach the [[Moon]]. The crew orbited the Moon ten times without landing, and then departed safely backreturned to [[Earth]].<ref name="NYT-20181221">{{cite news |last=Overbye |first=Dennis |author-link=Dennis Overbye |title=Apollo 8's Earthrise: The Shot Seen Round the World—Half a century ago today, a photograph from the moon helped humans rediscover Earth. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/21/science/earthrise-moon-apollo-nasa.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/21/science/earthrise-moon-apollo-nasa.html |archive-date=January 1, 2022 |url-access=limited |date=December 21, 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=December 24, 2018 }}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="NYT-20181224a">{{cite news |last1=Boulton |first1=Matthew Myer |last2=Heithaus |first2=Joseph |title=We Are All Riders on the Same Planet—Seen from space 50 years ago, Earth appeared as a gift to preserve and cherish. What happened? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/24/opinion/earth-space-christmas-eve-apollo-8.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/24/opinion/earth-space-christmas-eve-apollo-8.html |archive-date=January 1, 2022 |url-access=limited |date=December 24, 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=December 25, 2018 }}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="NYT-20181224b">{{cite news |last=Widmer |first=Ted |title=What Did Plato Think the Earth Looked Like?—For millenniums, humans have tried to imagine the world in space. Fifty years ago, we finally saw it. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/24/opinion/plato-earth-christmas-eve-apollo-8.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/24/opinion/plato-earth-christmas-eve-apollo-8.html |archive-date=January 1, 2022 |url-access=limited |date=December 24, 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=December 25, 2018 }}{{cbignore}}</ref> TheseThe three [[astronaut]]s—[[Frank Borman]], [[Jim Lovell|James Lovell]], and [[William Anders]]—were the first humans to witnesssee and photograph the [[far side of the Moon]] and an [[Earthrise]].
Apollo 8 launched on December 21, 1968, and was the second [[crewed spaceflight]] mission flown in the United States [[Apollo space program]] after(the first, [[Apollo 7|Apollo{{nbsp}}7]], which stayed in Earth orbit). Apollo{{nbsp}}8 was the third flight and the first crewed launch of the [[Saturn V]] rocket,. andIt was the first human spaceflight from the [[Kennedy Space Center]], located adjacent to [[Cape Canaveral Space Force Station|Cape Kennedy Air Force Station]] in Florida.
Originally planned as the second crewed [[Apollo Lunar Module]] and [[Apollo command and service module|command module]] test, to be flown in an elliptical [[medium Earth orbit]] in early 1969, the mission profile was changed in August 1968 to a more ambitious command-module-only lunar orbital flight to be flown in December, as the lunar module was not yet ready to make its first flight. Astronaut [[Jim McDivitt]]'s crew, who were training to fly the first lunar module flight in low Earth orbit, became the crew for the [[Apollo 9|Apollo{{nbsp}}9]] mission, and Borman's crew were moved to the Apollo{{nbsp}}8 mission. This left Borman's crew with two to three months' less training and preparation time than originally planned, and replaced the planned lunar module training with translunar navigation training.
Apollo 8 took 68 hours to travel the distance to the Moon. The crew orbited the Moon ten times over the course of twenty hours, during which they made a Christmas Eve [[Apollo TV camera|television broadcast]] in whichwhere they [[Apollo 8 Genesis reading|read the first ten verses from]] the [[Book of Genesis]]. At the time, the broadcast was the most watched TV program ever. Apollo{{nbsp}}8's successful mission paved the way for [[Apollo 10]] and, with [[Apollo 11|Apollo{{nbsp}}11]] in July 1969, the fulfillment of U.S. president [[John F. Kennedy]]'s goal of landing a man on the Moon before the end of the decade. The Apollo{{nbsp}}8 astronauts returned to Earth on December 27, 1968, when their spacecraft splashed down in the northern Pacific Ocean. The crew members were named [[Time (magazine)|''Time'' magazine]]'s [[Time Person of the Year|"Men of the Year"]] for 1968 upon their return.
==Background==
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|crew2_up = [[Jim Lovell|James A. Lovell Jr.]]
|flights2_up = Third
|position3 = Lunar Module Pilot {{refn | group = n |Lunar Module Pilot was the official title used for the third pilot position in Block II missions, regardless of whether the [[Apollo Lunar Module|LM spacecraft]] was present or not.}}
|crew3_up = [[William Anders|William A. Anders]]
|flights3_up = Only
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The initial crew assignment of [[Frank Borman]] as Commander, [[Michael Collins (astronaut)|Michael Collins]] as Command Module Pilot (CMP) and [[William Anders]] as Lunar Module Pilot (LMP) for the third crewed Apollo flight was officially announced on November 20, 1967.{{sfn|Brooks|Grimwood|Swenson|1979|p=374}}{{refn | group = n |On a lunar mission, the Command Module Pilot was assigned the role of [[Celestial navigation|navigator]], while the Lunar Module Pilot was assigned the role of [[flight engineer]], responsible for monitoring all spacecraft systems, even if the flight did not include a lunar module. The navigational systems console was in front of the center seat and the environmental and electrical systems console in front of the right hand seat. }} Collins was replaced by [[Jim Lovell]] in July 1968, after suffering a [[intervertebral disc|cervical]] [[Spinal disc herniation|disc herniation]] that required surgery to repair.{{sfn|Collins|2001|pp=288–294}} This crew was unique among pre-[[Space Shuttle]] era missions in that the commander was not the most experienced member of the crew: Lovell had flown twice before, on [[Gemini 7|Gemini VII]] and [[Gemini 12|Gemini XII]]. This would also be the first case of a commander of a previous mission (Lovell, Gemini XII) flying as a non-commander.{{sfn|Hacker|Grimwood|1977|p=533}}{{sfn|Orloff|2000|p=33}} This was also the first mission to reunite crewmates from a previous mission (Lovell and Borman, Gemini VII).
{{As of|April June 2024}}, twoJames ofLovell is the threelast surviving Apollo 8 astronauts remain aliveastronaut. Frank Borman and William Anders died on November 7, 2023.,<ref>[{{Cite news |last=Hagerty |first=James R. |date=2023-11-09 |title=Frank Borman, Who Led Historic Flight Around the Moon in 1968, Dies at Age 95 |url=https://www.wsj.com/business/airlines/frank-borman-who-led-historic-flight-around-the-moon-in-1968-dies-at-age-95-489afa09 Frank|access-date=2023-11-09 Borman|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]}}</ref> and on June 7, Who2024,<ref>{{Cite Lednews Historic|last=Goldstein Flight|first=Richard Around|date=2024-06-07 the|title=William MoonA. inAnders, 196890, Dies; atFlew Ageon 95]First Manned Orbit of the Moon |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/06/07/science/william-a-anders-dead.html |access-date=2024-06-07 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> respectively.
===Backup crew===
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Production of the LM fell behind schedule, and when Apollo{{nbsp}}8's LM-3 arrived at the [[Kennedy Space Center]] (KSC) in June 1968, more than a hundred significant defects were discovered, leading [[Bob Gilruth]], the director of the [[Manned Spacecraft Center]] (MSC), and others to conclude that there was no prospect of LM-3 being ready to fly in 1968.{{sfn|Brooks|Grimwood|Swenson|1979|p=256}} Indeed, it was possible that delivery would slip to February or March 1969. Following the original seven-step plan would have meant delaying the "D" and subsequent missions, and endangering the program's goal of a lunar landing before the end of 1969.{{sfn|Ertel|Newkirk|Brooks|1978|pp=237–238}} [[George Low]], the Manager of the Apollo Spacecraft Program Office, proposed a solution in August 1968 to keep the program on track despite the LM delay. Since the next CSM (designated as "CSM-103") would be ready three months before LM-3, a CSM-only mission could be flown in December 1968. Instead of repeating the "C" mission flight of Apollo{{nbsp}}7, this CSM could be sent all the way to the Moon, with the possibility of entering a lunar orbit and returning to Earth. The new mission would also allow NASA to test lunar landing procedures that would otherwise have had to wait until [[Apollo 10|Apollo{{nbsp}}10]], the scheduled "F" mission. This also meant that the medium Earth orbit "E" mission could be dispensed with. The net result was that only the "D" mission had to be delayed, and the plan for lunar landing in mid-1969 could remain on timeline.{{sfn|Brooks|Grimwood|Swenson|1979|p=257}}
On August 9, 1968, Low discussed the idea with Gilruth, Flight Director [[Chris Kraft]], and the Director of Flight Crew Operations, [[Donald Slayton]]. They then flew to the [[Marshall Space Flight Center]] (MSFC) in [[Huntsville, Alabama]], where they met with KSC Director [[Kurt Debus]], Apollo Program Director [[Samuel C. Phillips]], [[Rocco Petrone]], and [[Wernher von Braun]]. Jerry Wittenstein, deputy chief of flight mechanics, presented trajectories for the new mission.<ref>family history</ref> Kraft considered the proposal feasible from a flight control standpoint; Debus and Petrone agreed that the next Saturn V, AS-503, could be made ready by December 1; and von Braun was confident the [[pogo oscillation]] problems that had afflicted Apollo{{nbsp}}6 had been fixed. Almost every senior manager at NASA agreed with this new mission, citing confidence in both the hardware and the personnel, along with the potential for a circumlunar flight providing a significant morale boost. The only person who needed some convincing was [[James E. Webb]], the NASA administrator. Backed by the full support of his agency, Webb authorized the mission. Apollo{{nbsp}}8 was officially changed from a "D" mission to a "C-Prime" lunar-orbit mission.{{sfn|Brooks|Grimwood|Swenson|1979|pp=257–260}}
With the change in mission for Apollo 8, Slayton asked McDivitt if he still wanted to fly it. McDivitt turned it down; his crew had spent a great deal of time preparing to test the LM, and that was what he still wanted to do. Slayton then decided to swap the prime and backup crews of the D{{nbsp}}and E{{nbsp}}missions. This swap also meant a swap of spacecraft, requiring Borman's crew to use CSM-103, while McDivitt's crew would use CSM-104, since CM-104 could not be made ready by December. David Scott was not happy about giving up CM-103, the testing of which he had closely supervised, for CM-104, although the two were almost identical, and Anders was less than enthusiastic about being an LMP on a flight with no LM.{{sfn|Brooks|Grimwood|Swenson|1979|p=262}}{{sfn|Collins|2001|pp=296–298}} Instead, Apollo{{nbsp}}8 would carry the<!--LM is pronounced "LEM"--> LM test article, a [[Boilerplate (spaceflight)|boilerplate]] model that would simulate the correct weight and balance of LM-3.{{sfn|Brooks|Grimwood|Swenson|1979|pp=257–260}}
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===Saturn V redesign===
The Saturn V rocket used by Apollo{{nbsp}}8 was designated AS-503, or the "03rd" model of the Saturn{{nbsp}}V ("5") Rocketrocket to be used in the Apollo-Saturn ("AS") program. When it was erected in the [[Vehicle Assembly Building]] on December 20, 1967, it was thought that the rocket would be used for an uncrewed Earth-orbit test flight carrying a [[Boilerplate (spaceflight)|boilerplate]] command and service module. Apollo{{nbsp}}6 had suffered several major problems during its April 1968 flight, including severe [[pogo oscillation]] during its first stage, two second-stage engine failures, and a third stage that failed to reignite in orbit. Without assurances that these problems had been rectified, NASA administrators could not justify risking a crewed mission until additional uncrewed test flights proved the Saturn V was ready.{{sfn|Bilstein|1996|pp=360–370}}
Teams from the MSFC went to work on the problems. Of primary concern was the pogo oscillation, which would not only hamper engine performance, but could exert significant g-forces on a crew. A task force of contractors, NASA agency representatives, and MSFC researchers concluded that the engines vibrated at a frequency similar to the frequency at which the spacecraft itself vibrated, causing a resonance effect that induced oscillations in the rocket. A system that used helium gas to absorb some of these vibrations was installed.{{sfn|Bilstein|1996|pp=360–370}}
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After the S-IVB had placed the mission on course for the Moon, the command and service modules (CSM), the remaining Apollo{{nbsp}}8 spacecraft, separated from it. The crew then rotated the spacecraft to take photographs of the spent stage and then practiced flying in formation with it. As the crew rotated the spacecraft, they had their first views of the Earth as they moved away from it—this marked the first time humans had viewed the whole Earth at once. Borman became worried that the S-IVB was staying too close to the CSM and suggested to Mission Control that the crew perform a separation maneuver. Mission Control first suggested pointing the spacecraft towards Earth and using the small [[Apollo CSM#Reaction control system|reaction control system]] (RCS) thrusters on the [[Apollo command and service module#Service module (SM)|service module]] (SM) to add {{convert|1.1|ft/s|m/s|abbr=on|sp=us}} to their velocity away from the Earth, but Borman did not want to lose sight of the S-IVB. After discussion, the crew and Mission Control decided to burn in the Earth direction to increase speed, but at {{convert|7.7|ft/s|m/s|abbr=on}} instead. The time needed to prepare and perform the additional burn put the crew an hour behind their onboard tasks.{{sfn|Orloff|2000|p=35}}{{sfn|Brooks|Grimwood|Swenson|1979|pp=276–278}}
[[File:As8-16-2583.jpg|thumb|Apollo 8 [[S-IVB]] rocket stage shortly after separation. The LM test article, a circular boilerplate model of the LM, is visible with four triangular legs connecting it to the stage.]]
Five hours after launch, Mission Control sent a command to the S-IVB to vent its remaining fuel, changing its trajectory. The S-IVB, with the test article attached, posed no further hazard to Apollo{{nbsp}}8, passing the orbit of the Moon and going into a {{convert|0.99|by|0.92|AU|Gm|lk=on|adj=on}} solar orbit with an [[inclination]] of 23.47° from the Earth's equatorial plane, and an orbital period of 340.80 days.{{sfn|Orloff|2000|p=35}} It became a [[:Category:Derelict satellites in heliocentric orbit|derelict object]], and will continue to [[heliocentric orbit|orbit the Sun]] for many years, if not retrieved.<ref name=ha20130923>{{cite web|title=Saturn S-IVB-503N—Satellite Information |url=http://www.heavens-above.com/SatInfo.aspx?satid=3627&lat=0&lng=0&loc=Unspecified&alt=0&tz=UCT |work=Satellite database |publisher=Heavens-Above |access-date=September 23, 2013}}</ref>
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===Lunar trajectory===
Lovell's main job as Command Module Pilot was as [[flight officer|navigator]]. Although Mission Control normally performed all the actual navigation calculations, it was necessary to have a crew member adept at navigation so that the crew could return to Earth in case communication with Mission Control was lost. Lovell navigated by star sightings using a [[sextant]] built into the spacecraft, measuring the angle between a star and the Earth's (or the Moon's) [[horizon]]. This task was made difficult by a large cloud of debris around the spacecraft, which made it hard to distinguish the stars.<ref name="journal day 1 green">{{cite web |url=http://history.nasa.gov/ap08fj/03day1_green_sep.htm |title=Day 1: Green Team |last1=Woods |first1=W. David |last2=O'Brien |first2=Frank |date=April 22, 2006 |work=Apollo 8 Flight Journal |publisher=NASA |access-date=January 30, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080114013205/http://history.nasa.gov/ap08fj/03day1_green_sep.htm |archive-date=January 14, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
By seven hours into the mission, the crew was about 1{{nbsp}}hour and 40 minutes behind flight plan because of the problems in moving away from the S-IVB and Lovell's obscured star sightings. The crew placed the spacecraft into Passive Thermal Control (PTC), also called "barbecue roll", in which the spacecraft rotated about once per hour around its long axis to ensure even heat distribution across the surface of the spacecraft. In direct sunlight, parts of the spacecraft's outer surface could be heated to over {{convert|200|C|F}}, while the parts in shadow would be {{convert|-100|C|F}}. These temperatures could cause the [[atmospheric reentry#Thermal protection systems|heat shield]] to crack and propellant lines to burst. Because it was impossible to get a perfect roll, the spacecraft swept out a [[Conical surface|cone]] as it rotated. The crew had to make minor adjustments every half hour as the cone pattern got larger and larger.<ref name="journal day 1 Maroon">{{cite web|url=https://history.nasa.gov/ap08fj/04day1_maroon.htm |title=Day 1: Maroon Team |last1=Woods |first1=W. David |last2=O'Brien |first2=Frank |work=Apollo 8 Flight Journal |publisher=NASA |date=April 22, 2006 |access-date=February 4, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080107002315/https://history.nasa.gov/ap08fj/04day1_maroon.htm |archive-date=January 7, 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
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The last major event before Lunar Orbit Insertion (LOI) was a second mid-course correction. It was in [[Retrograde and direct motion|retrograde]] (against the direction of travel) and slowed the spacecraft down by {{convert|2.0|ft/s|m/s|abbr=on}}, effectively reducing the closest distance at which the spacecraft would pass the Moon. At exactly 61 hours after launch, about {{convert|24200|mi|km}} from the Moon, the crew burned the RCS for 11 seconds. They would now pass {{convert|71.7|mi|km}} from the [[Geology of the Moon#Lunar landscape|lunar surface]].{{sfn|Orloff|2000|p=46}}
At 64 hours into the flight, the crew began to prepare for Lunar Orbit Insertion{{nbsp}}1 (LOI-1). This maneuver had to be performed perfectly, and due to [[orbital mechanics]] had to be on the far side of the Moon, out of contact with the Earth. After Mission Control was polled for a "[[Launch status check|go/no go]]" decision, the crew was told at 68 hours that they were Go and "riding the best bird we can find".<ref name="journal day 3 LOI">{{cite web |url=https://history.nasa.gov/ap08fj/11day3_black_approach.htm |title=Day 3: The Black Team—Approaching the Moon |last1=Woods |first1=W. David |last2=O'Brien |first2=Frank |date=April 22, 2006 |work=Apollo{{nbsp}}8 Flight Journal |publisher=NASA |access-date=February 7, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080204015340/https://history.nasa.gov/ap08fj/11day3_black_approach.htm |archive-date=February 4, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Lovell replied, "We'll see you on the other side", and for the first time in history, humans travelled behind the Moon and out of radio contact with the Earth.<ref name="journal day 3 LOI"/> [[Frances Northcutt|Frances "Poppy" Northcutt]], who was the first woman in NASA's mission control and helped calculate the return to Earth trajectory for this mission, recounts what it was like when Apollo 8 went behind the Moon for the first time in an interview: "That was a very nerve-racking period on the team I was on, and I think it was a very nerve-racking period in general because of this thing with losing signal. You’ve got this big mystery going on there on the backside of the Moon. You do not know what’s happening and there’s not a darn thing anybody here can do about it until we hear from them"<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 14, 2018 |title=NASA Johnson Space Center Oral History Project – Edited Oral History Transcript |url=https://historycollection.jsc.nasa.gov/JSCHistoryPortal/history/oral_histories/NorthcuttFM/NorthcuttFM_11-14-18.pdf}}</ref>
With ten minutes remaining before LOI-1, the crew began one last check of the spacecraft systems and made sure that every switch was in its correct position. At that time, they finally got their first glimpses of the Moon. They had been flying over the unlit side, and it was Lovell who saw the first shafts of sunlight [[wiktionary:oblique|oblique]]ly illuminating the lunar surface. The LOI burn was only two minutes away, so the crew had little time to appreciate the view.{{sfn|Lovell|Kluger|1994|pp=48–49}}
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[[File:Scott 1371, Apollo 8.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Apollo 8 commemorative stamp]]
In 1969, the [[United States Post Office Department]] issued a postage stamp ([[Scott catalogue]] #1371) commemorating the Apollo{{nbsp}}8 flight around the Moon. The stamp featured a detail of the famous photograph of the Earthrise over the Moon taken by Anders on Christmas Eve, and the words, "In the beginning God{{nbsp}}...", the first words of the book of Genesis.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.1847usa.com/ByYear/1969.htm |title=1969 U.S. Postage Stamp Issues |publisher=1847usa |access-date=June 30, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121220060113/http://www.1847usa.com/ByYear/1969.htm |archive-date=December 20, 2012 }}</ref> In January 1969, just 18 days after the crew's return to Earth, they appeared in the [[Super Bowl III]] pre-game show, reciting the [[Pledge of Allegiance (United States)|Pledge of Allegiance]], before the [[The Star-Spangled Banner|national anthem]] was performed by trumpeter Lloyd Geisler of the [[National Symphony Orchestra|Washington National Symphony Orchestra]].<ref name=PaleyCenter>{{cite web|title=NBC Broadcast of Super Bowl III|publisher=[[Paley Center for Media]]|url=http://www.paleycenter.org/collection/item/?q=super+bowl+iii&p=1&item=T85:0029|access-date=January 3, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Superbowl 3 Anthem – with Apollo 8 with Pledge |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yOZbhmHtOTg| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211108/yOZbhmHtOTg| archive-date=November 8, 2021 | url-status=live|access-date=February 19, 2021|website=YouTube | date=January 25, 2015 }}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref group=n name="nationalanthem">NFL's website erroneously states that [[Anita Bryant]] performed the anthem, but [[NBC]]'s broadcast of game, available from the [[Paley Center for Media]]'s collection, shows that Geisler performed it.</ref>
===Spacecraft location===
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Apollo 8's historic mission has been depicted and referred to in several forms, both documentary and fiction. The various television transmissions and [[16 mm film|16 mm]] footage shot by the crew of Apollo{{nbsp}}8 were compiled and released by NASA in the 1969 documentary ''Debrief: Apollo{{nbsp}}8'', hosted by [[Burgess Meredith]].<ref>{{Cite AV media |year=2008 |title=[[When We Left Earth: The NASA Missions]] |medium=DVD |publisher=[[Discovery, Inc.]] |location=Silver Spring, MD |oclc=232161899}} ''Debrief: Apollo 8'' was released as a bonus feature for the [[Discovery Channel]]'s miniseries DVD release.</ref> In addition, Spacecraft Films released, in 2003, a three-disc DVD set containing all of NASA's TV and 16 mm film footage related to the mission, including all TV transmissions from space, training and launch footage, and motion pictures taken in flight.<ref>{{cite AV media |year=2003 |title=Apollo 8: Leaving the Cradle |url=http://www.collectspace.com/resources/reviews/dvd/apollo8_leaving_the_cradle.html |medium=DVD |publisher=Spacecraft Films/20th Century Fox Home Entertainment |access-date=June 23, 2010 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100703011003/http://www.collectspace.com/resources/reviews/dvd/apollo8_leaving_the_cradle.html |archive-date=July 3, 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> Other documentaries include "Race to the Moon" (2005) as part of [[American Experience (season 18)|season 18 of ''American Experience'']]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/moon/ |title=American Experience—Race to the Moon |publisher=PBS |date=October 31, 2005 |access-date=August 18, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803052046/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/moon/ |archive-date=August 3, 2016 }}</ref> and ''[[In the Shadow of the Moon (2007 film)|In the Shadow of the Moon]]'' (2007).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://history.sundance.org/films/3669/in_the_shadow_of_the_moon |title=In the Shadow of the Moon |publisher=[[Sundance Institute]] |access-date=June 30, 2013}}</ref> Apollo's Daring Mission aired on PBS' ''[[List of Nova episodes#Season 46: 2018–2019|Nova]]'' in December 2018, marking the flight's 50th anniversary.
The 1994 album ''[[The Songs of Distant Earth (album)|The Songs of Distant Earth]]'' by [[Mike Oldfield]] uses the Anders' reading for the cut "In The Beginning".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.discogs.com/master/108535-Mike-Oldfield-The-Songs-Of-Distant-Earth |title=Mike Oldfield – The Songs Of Distant Earth |work=Discogs |access-date=August 28, 2024}}</ref>
Apollo 8 serves as character development in the 1995 film ''[[Apollo 13 (film)|Apollo 13]]'', in which [[Jim Lovell]] is motivated to walk on the Moon by his Apollo 8 experience and later disappointed to be so near the surface twice without walking on it.
Parts of the mission are dramatized in the 1998 miniseries ''[[From the Earth to the Moon (miniseries)|From the Earth to the Moon]]'' episode "[[From the Earth to the Moon (miniseries)#Episodes|1968]]".<ref>{{cite episode |title=1968 |series=[[From the Earth to the Moon (miniseries)|From the Earth to the Moon]] |credits=[[Ron Howard]], [[Brian Grazer]], [[Tom Hanks]], and Michael Bostick—Producers |network=[[HBO]] |air-date=April 1998}}</ref> The S-IVB stage of Apollo{{nbsp}}8 was also portrayed as the location of an alien device in the 1970 ''[[UFO (British TV series)|UFO]]'' episode "Conflict".<ref>{{cite episode |title=Conflict |series=[[UFO (British TV series)|UFO]] |network=[[ITV (TV network)|ITV]] |number=1-05 |air-date=October 7, 1970}}</ref> Apollo{{nbsp}}8's lunar orbit insertion was chronicled with actual recordings in the song "The Other Side", on the 2015 album ''[[The Race for Space (album)|The Race for Space]]'', by the band [[Public Service Broadcasting (band)|Public Service Broadcasting]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2015/02/15/385549238/first-listen-public-service-broadcasting-the-race-for-space|title=Review: Public Service Broadcasting, 'The Race For Space'|last=Katzif|first=Mike|date=February 15, 2015|work=NPR|access-date=June 10, 2018}}</ref>
In the credits of the animated film ''[[Free Birds]]'' (2013) a newspaper front page about the Apollo 8 mission is doctored to read: "As one of the most turbulent, tragic years in American history drew to a close, millions around the world were watching and listening as the Apollo 8 astronauts – Frank Gobbler, Jim Snood, and Bill Wattles – became the first turkeys to orbit another world."
A documentary film, ''[[First to the Moon: The Journey of Apollo 8]]'' was released in 2018.
==See also==
The choral music piece ''Earthrise'' by Luke Byrne commemorates the mission. The piece was premièred on January 19, 2020, by [[Sydney Philharmonia Choirs]] at the [[Sydney Opera House]].
* [[Apollo 8 (book)|''Apollo 8'' (book)]]
* [[List of missions to the Moon]]
==Notes==