Apollo 8: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia

m

Line 72:

}}

'''Apollo 8''' (December 21–27, 1968) was the first crewed [[spacecraft]] to leave [[Sphere of influence (astrodynamics)|Earth's gravitational sphere of influence]], and the first [[human spaceflight]] to reach the [[Moon]]. The crew orbited the Moon ten times without landing and then returned to [[Earth]].<ref name="NYT-20181221">{{cite news |last=Overbye |first=Dennis |author-link=Dennis Overbye |title=Apollo 8's Earthrise: The Shot Seen Round the World—Half a century ago today, a photograph from the moon helped humans rediscover Earth. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/21/science/earthrise-moon-apollo-nasa.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/21/science/earthrise-moon-apollo-nasa.html |archive-date=January 1, 2022 |url-access=limited |date=December 21, 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=December 24, 2018 }}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="NYT-20181224a">{{cite news |last1=Boulton |first1=Matthew Myer |last2=Heithaus |first2=Joseph |title=We Are All Riders on the Same Planet—Seen from space 50 years ago, Earth appeared as a gift to preserve and cherish. What happened? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/24/opinion/earth-space-christmas-eve-apollo-8.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/24/opinion/earth-space-christmas-eve-apollo-8.html |archive-date=January 1, 2022 |url-access=limited |date=December 24, 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=December 25, 2018 }}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="NYT-20181224b">{{cite news |last=Widmer |first=Ted |title=What Did Plato Think the Earth Looked Like?—For millenniums, humans have tried to imagine the world in space. Fifty years ago, we finally saw it. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/24/opinion/plato-earth-christmas-eve-apollo-8.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/24/opinion/plato-earth-christmas-eve-apollo-8.html |archive-date=January 1, 2022 |url-access=limited |date=December 24, 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=December 25, 2018 }}{{cbignore}}</ref> TheseThe three [[astronaut]]s—[[Frank Borman]], [[Jim Lovell|James Lovell]], and [[William Anders]]—were the first humans to see and photograph the [[far side of the Moon]] and an [[Earthrise]].

Apollo 8 launched on December 21, 1968, and was the second [[crewed spaceflight]] mission flown in the United States [[Apollo space program]] (the first, [[Apollo 7|Apollo{{nbsp}}7]], stayed in Earth orbit). Apollo{{nbsp}}8 was the third flight and the first crewed launch of the [[Saturn V]] rocket. It was the first human spaceflight from the [[Kennedy Space Center]], adjacent to [[Cape Canaveral Space Force Station|Cape Kennedy Air Force Station]] in Florida.

Line 333:

Apollo 8's historic mission has been depicted and referred to in several forms, both documentary and fiction. The various television transmissions and [[16 mm film|16 mm]] footage shot by the crew of Apollo{{nbsp}}8 were compiled and released by NASA in the 1969 documentary ''Debrief: Apollo{{nbsp}}8'', hosted by [[Burgess Meredith]].<ref>{{Cite AV media |year=2008 |title=[[When We Left Earth: The NASA Missions]] |medium=DVD |publisher=[[Discovery, Inc.]] |location=Silver Spring, MD |oclc=232161899}} ''Debrief: Apollo 8'' was released as a bonus feature for the [[Discovery Channel]]'s miniseries DVD release.</ref> In addition, Spacecraft Films released, in 2003, a three-disc DVD set containing all of NASA's TV and 16&nbsp;mm film footage related to the mission, including all TV transmissions from space, training and launch footage, and motion pictures taken in flight.<ref>{{cite AV media |year=2003 |title=Apollo 8: Leaving the Cradle |url=http://www.collectspace.com/resources/reviews/dvd/apollo8_leaving_the_cradle.html |medium=DVD |publisher=Spacecraft Films/20th Century Fox Home Entertainment |access-date=June 23, 2010 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100703011003/http://www.collectspace.com/resources/reviews/dvd/apollo8_leaving_the_cradle.html |archive-date=July 3, 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> Other documentaries include "Race to the Moon" (2005) as part of [[American Experience (season 18)|season 18 of ''American Experience'']]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/moon/ |title=American Experience—Race to the Moon |publisher=PBS |date=October 31, 2005 |access-date=August 18, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803052046/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/moon/ |archive-date=August 3, 2016 }}</ref> and ''[[In the Shadow of the Moon (2007 film)|In the Shadow of the Moon]]'' (2007).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://history.sundance.org/films/3669/in_the_shadow_of_the_moon |title=In the Shadow of the Moon |publisher=[[Sundance Institute]] |access-date=June 30, 2013}}</ref> Apollo's Daring Mission aired on PBS' ''[[List of Nova episodes#Season 46: 2018–2019|Nova]]'' in December 2018, marking the flight's 50th anniversary.

The 1994 album ''[[The Songs of Distant Earth (album)|The Songs of Distant Earth]]'' by [[Mike Oldfield]] uses the Anders' reading for the cut "In The Beginning".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.discogs.com/master/108535-Mike-Oldfield-The-Songs-Of-Distant-Earth {{Bare|title=Mike URLOldfield – The Songs Of Distant Earth inline|work=Discogs |access-date=August 28, 2024}}</ref>

Apollo 8 serves as character development in the 1995 film ''[[Apollo 13 (film)|Apollo 13]]'', in which [[Jim Lovell]] is motivated to walk on the Moon by his Apollo 8 experience and later disappointed to be so near the surface twice without walking on it.

Parts of the mission are dramatized in the 1998 miniseries ''[[From the Earth to the Moon (miniseries)|From the Earth to the Moon]]'' episode "[[From the Earth to the Moon (miniseries)#Episodes|1968]]".<ref>{{cite episode |title=1968 |series=[[From the Earth to the Moon (miniseries)|From the Earth to the Moon]] |credits=[[Ron Howard]], [[Brian Grazer]], [[Tom Hanks]], and Michael Bostick—Producers |network=[[HBO]] |air-date=April 1998}}</ref> The S-IVB stage of Apollo{{nbsp}}8 was also portrayed as the location of an alien device in the 1970 ''[[UFO (British TV series)|UFO]]'' episode "Conflict".<ref>{{cite episode |title=Conflict |series=[[UFO (British TV series)|UFO]] |network=[[ITV (TV network)|ITV]] |number=1-05 |air-date=October 7, 1970}}</ref> Apollo{{nbsp}}8's lunar orbit insertion was chronicled with actual recordings in the song "The Other Side", on the 2015 album ''[[The Race for Space (album)|The Race for Space]]'', by the band [[Public Service Broadcasting (band)|Public Service Broadcasting]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2015/02/15/385549238/first-listen-public-service-broadcasting-the-race-for-space|title=Review: Public Service Broadcasting, 'The Race For Space'|last=Katzif|first=Mike|date=February 15, 2015|work=NPR|access-date=June 10, 2018}}</ref>

In the credits of the animated film ''[[Free Birds]]'' (2013) a newspaper front page about the Apollo 8 mission is doctored to read: "As one of the most turbulent, tragic years in American history drew to a close, millions around the world were watching and listening as the Apollo 8 astronauts – Frank Gobbler, Jim Snood, and Bill Wattles – became the first turkeys to orbit another world."

A documentary film, ''[[First to the Moon: The Journey of Apollo 8]]'' was released in 2018.

The choral music piece ''Earthrise'' by Luke Byrne commemorates the mission. The piece was premièred on January 19, 2020, by [[Sydney Philharmonia Choirs]] at the [[Sydney Opera House]].{{cn|date=August 2024}}

==See also==

* [[Apollo 8 (book)|''Apollo 8'' (book)]]

* [[List of missions to the Moon]]