Armenians: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia

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| region9 = Iran

| pop9 = 120,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.noravank.am/arm/issues/detail.php?ELEMENT_ID=2376|script-title=hy:Իրանահայ համայնք. ճամպրուկային տրամադրություններ|trans-title=The Iranian-Armenian community|last=Vardanyan|first=Tamara|date=21 June 2007|publisher=[[Noravank Foundation]]|access-date=5 January 2013|language=hy|archive-date=19 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200519010713/http://www.noravank.am/arm/issues/detail.php?ELEMENT_ID=2376|url-status=live}}</ref>

| region10 = Germany

| pop10 = 90,000–110,000<ref>{{cite news|title=Գերմանիաիի հայ համայնքը [Armenian community of Germany]|first=Babken|last=Sargsyan|url=http://www.armenialiberty.org/content/article/2279357.html|date=8 December 2012|access-date=10 January 2015|language=hy|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303220846/http://www.armenialiberty.org/content/article/2279357.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

| region11 = Ukraine{{Efn|The number of [[Armenians in Ukraine|Ukrainian Armenians]] is estimated to be far lower due to the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]], as these are pre-war figures.}}

| pop11 = 100,000 (2001)<ref name="Ukraine 2001 Census">{{citation |url=http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/nationality_population/nationality_1/s5/?botton=cens_db&box=5.1W&k_t=00&p=20&rz=1_1&rz_b=2_1%20&n_page=2 |title=The distribution of the population by nationality and mother tongue |year=2001 |publisher=State Statistics Committee of Ukraine |location=Kiev |access-date=5 January 2013 }}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

| region12 = Brazil

| pop12 = 100,000<ref>[http://oglobo.globo.com/mundo/comunidade-armenia-prospera-no-brasil-mas-nao-abandona-luta-pela-memoria-do-massacre-15908325 Comunidade armênia prospera no Brasil, mas não abandona luta pela memória do massacre] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610033244/http://oglobo.globo.com/mundo/comunidade-armenia-prospera-no-brasil-mas-nao-abandona-luta-pela-memoria-do-massacre-15908325 |date=10 June 2016 }}. By Breno Salvador. ''[[O Globo]]'', 24 April 2015</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Federal Senate of Brazil Recognizes Armenian Genocide|url=http://armenianweekly.com/2015/06/03/federal-senate-of-brazil-recognizes-armenian-genocide/|agency=Armenian Weekly|date=3 June 2015|access-date=12 May 2016|archive-date=14 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714132430/http://armenianweekly.com/2015/06/03/federal-senate-of-brazil-recognizes-armenian-genocide/|url-status=live}}</ref>

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| pop19 = 40,000<ref>{{cite web|title=Բելգիայում հայերի ներկայությունն անփոխարինելի է. Բրյուսելի քաղաքապետ|url=https://www.1lurer.am/hy/2020/02/22/|work=1lurer|date=22 February 2020|access-date=17 October 2020}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

| region20 = Spain

| pop20 = 40,000<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://spain.mfa.am/en/community-overview/|title=Armenian Diaspora in Spain|website=Embassy ~~of the Republic~~ of Armenia to Spain|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs ~~of the Republic~~ of Armenia|access-date=7 April 2016|archive-date=31 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331221826/http://spain.mfa.am/en/community-overview/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

| region21 = Bulgaria

| pop21 = 30,000<ref>{{cite web |title=Bulgaria |url=http://diaspora.gov.am/en/pages/54/bulgaria |website=Office of the High Commissioner for Diaspora Affairs |access-date=2023-06-20 |archive-date=21 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621022151/http://diaspora.gov.am/en/pages/54/bulgaria |url-status=live }}</ref>

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| pop26 = 8,000–10,000<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://diaspora.gov.am/en/pages/41/uae| title=Diaspora – United Arab Emirates }}</ref>

| region27 = Netherlands

| pop27 = 5,~~689{{Cref|n}}–8~~689–8,374~~{{Cref|m}}~~ (2021)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://opendata.cbs.nl/statline/#/CBS/en/dataset/37325eng/table?ts=1570590894624|title=CBS Statline|access-date=16 January 2022|archive-date=28 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528100807/https://statline.cbs.nl/StatWeb/publication/?DM=SLNL&PA=37230ned&D1=0,17&D2=39,66,88,121&D3=(l-4)-l&VW=T#/CBS/en/dataset/37325eng/table?ts=1570590894624|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Bevolking; geslacht, leeftijd, generatie en migratieachtergrond, 1 januari|url=https://opendata.cbs.nl/statline/#/CBS/nl/dataset/37325/table?ts=1584306247468|publisher=Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS)|language=nl|date=22 July 2021|access-date=16 January 2022|archive-date=28 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528100807/https://statline.cbs.nl/StatWeb/publication/?DM=SLNL&PA=37230ned&D1=0,17&D2=39,66,88,121&D3=(l-4)-l&VW=T#/CBS/nl/dataset/37325/table?ts=1584306247468|url-status=live}}</ref>

| region28 = Israel and Palestine

| pop28 = 2,000–10,000<ref name="Jewish Virtual Library" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Israel |url=http://diaspora.gov.am/en/pages/45/israel |website=The Office of the High Commissioner for Diaspora Affairs |access-date=2023-05-05 |archive-date=5 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505065029/http://diaspora.gov.am/en/pages/45/israel |url-status=live }}</ref>

| region29 = ''see [[Armenian diaspora#Population by country|Armenian population by country]] for other regions''

| languages = [[Armenian language|Armenian]]{{·}}[[Armenian Sign Language|Armenian Sign]]

| religions = Mostly [[Christianity]]<br>([[Armenian Apostolic Church|Apostolic]]{{·}}[[Armenian Catholic Church|Catholic]]{{·}}[[Armenian Evangelical Church|Evangelical]]{{·}}[[Hayhurum|Orthodox]])▼

~~| religions =~~

▲Mostly [[Christianity]]<br>([[Armenian Apostolic Church|Apostolic]]{{·}}[[Armenian Catholic Church|Catholic]]{{·}}[[Armenian Evangelical Church|Evangelical]]{{·}}[[Hayhurum|Orthodox]])

<br>Minorities:<br>[[Irreligion|Non-religious]]{{·}}[[Hemshin people|Sunni Islam]]{{·}}[[Armenian mythology|Armenian paganism]] ([[Hetanism|neopaganism]])

| related = [[Hemshin people|Hemshin]]{{·}}[[Hayhurum]]{{·}}[[Lom people|Lom]]

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}}

'''Armenians''' ({{lang-hy|հայեր|hayer}}, {{IPA-hy|hɑˈjɛɾ|}}) are an [[ethnic group]] and nation native to the [[Armenian highlands]] of West Asia.<ref name="Hewsen">[[Robert Hewsen|Hewsen, Robert H.]] "The Geography of Armenia" in ''The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern Times Volume I: The Dynastic Periods: From Antiquity to the Fourteenth Century''. [[Richard G. Hovannisian]] (ed.) New York: St. Martin's Press, 1997, pp. 1–17</ref><ref name="loc.gov">{{cite web |author= |date=2020 |title=Armenian Rarities Collection |url=https://www.loc.gov/collections/armenian-rarities/about-this-collection/ |url-status=live |website=www.loc.gov |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=[[Library of Congress]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307021523/https://www.loc.gov/collections/armenian-rarities/about-this-collection/ |archive-date=7 March 2023 |access-date=27 March 2023 |quote=The lands of the Armenians were for millennia located in [[Eastern Anatolia]], on the [[Armenian Highlands]], and into the [[Caucasus Mountains|Caucasus Mountain range]]. First mentioned almost contemporaneously by a Greek and Persian source in the 6th century BC, modern DNA studies have shown that [[Origin of the Armenians|the people themselves had already been in place for many millennia]]. Those people the world know as Armenians call themselves ''Hay'' and [[Armenia|their country]] ''Hayots' ashkharh''–the land of the Armenians, today known as Hayastan. Their language, ''[[Armenian language|Hayeren]]'' (Armenian) constitutes a separate and unique branch of the [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European linguistic family tree]]. A spoken language until [[Christianization of Armenia|Christianity became the state religion]] in 314 AD, [[Armenian alphabet|a unique alphabet was created]] for it in 407, both for the propagation of the new faith and to avoid assimilation into the [[Persian literature|Persian literary world]].}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Armenia: Ancient and premodern Armenia |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica Online]] |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Armenia/Administration-and-social-conditions#ref481320 |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] |access-date=17 July 2018 |quote=The Armenians, an Indo-European people, first appear in history shortly after the end of the 7th century BCE[, d]riving some of the ancient population to the east of Mount Ararat [...] |archive-date=26 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426135102/https://www.britannica.com/place/Armenia/Administration-and-social-conditions#ref481320 |url-status=live }}</ref> Armenians constitute the main population of ~~the~~ [[~~Armenia|Republic of~~ Armenia]] and constituted the main population of the breakaway [[Republic of Artsakh]] until the [[2023 Azerbaijani offensive in Nagorno-Karabakh]] and the subsequent [[flight of Nagorno-Karabakh Armenians]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Press |first=Associated |date=2023-09-30 |title=Almost all ethnic Armenians have left Nagorno-Karabakh |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/sep/30/almost-all-ethnic-armenians-have-left-nagorno-karabakh-azerbaijan |access-date=2024-03-04 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> There is a wide-ranging [[Armenian diaspora|diaspora]] of around five million people of full or partial Armenian ancestry living outside modern Armenia. The largest Armenian populations today exist in [[Armenians in Russia|Russia]], the [[Armenian American|United States]], [[Armenians in France|France]], [[Armenians in Georgia|Georgia]], [[Armenians in Iran|Iran]], [[Armenians in Germany|Germany]], [[Armenians in Ukraine|Ukraine]], [[Armenians in Lebanon|Lebanon]], [[Armenians in Brazil|Brazil]], [[Armenians in Argentina|Argentina]], [[Armenians in Syria|Syria]], and [[Turkey]]. The present-day [[Armenian diaspora]] was formed mainly as a result of the [[Armenian genocide]] with the exceptions of Iran, [[Post-Soviet states|former Soviet states]], and parts of the [[Levant]].<ref name="Hovannisian">[[Richard G. Hovannisian]], ''The Armenian people from ancient to modern times: the fifteenth century to the twentieth century'', Volume 2, p. 421, Palgrave Macmillan, 1997.</ref>

[[Armenian language|Armenian]] is an [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European language]].<ref name="loc.gov"/><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Armenian-people | title=Armenian (people) | Description, Culture, History, & Facts | access-date=5 September 2018 | archive-date=26 April 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426130529/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Armenian-people | url-status=live }}</ref> It has two [[Mutual intelligibility|mutually intelligible]] spoken and written forms: [[Eastern Armenian]], today spoken mainly in Armenia, Artsakh, [[Iran]], and the former Soviet republics; and [[Western Armenian]], used in the historical [[Western Armenia]] and, after the Armenian genocide, primarily in the Armenian diasporan communities. The unique [[Armenian alphabet]] was invented in 405 AD by [[Mesrop Mashtots]].

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== History ==

{{Main|History of Armenia}}▼

=== Origin ===

[[File:Hay pers.jpg|thumb|left|An Armenian tribute bearer carrying a metal vessel with griffin handles. [[Persepolis]], 5th century BC.]]

[[File:Persepolis stairs of the Apadana relief.jpg|thumb|right|A bas-relief at the [[Apadana]] in [[Persepolis]], depicting Armenians bringing their famous wine to the [[Shah]].]]

While the [[Armenian language]] is classified as an [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European language]], its placement within the broader Indo-European language family is a matter of debate. Until fairly recently, scholars believed Armenian to be most closely related to [[Greek language|Greek]] and [[Ancient Macedonian language|Ancient Macedonian]]. [[Eric P. Hamp]] placed Armenian in the "Pontic Indo-European" (also called [[Graeco-Armenian]] or Helleno-Armenian) subgroup of Indo-European languages in his 2012 Indo-European family tree.<ref name="hamp">{{cite journal|last=Hamp|first=Eric P.|title=The Expansion of the Indo-European Languages: An Indo-Europeanist's Evolving View |journal=Sino-Platonic Papers|date=August 2013|volume=239|pages=8, 10, 13|url=http://sino-platonic.org/complete/spp239_indo_european_languages.pdf |access-date=8 February 2014|url-status=live |archive-date=2 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190802070158/http://sino-platonic.org/complete/spp239_indo_european_languages.pdf}}</ref> There are two possible explanations, not mutually exclusive, for a common origin of the Armenian and Greek languages.

* In Hamp's view, the homeland of the proposed Graeco-Armenian subgroup is the northeast coast of the Black Sea and its hinterlands.<ref name="hamp" /> He assumes that they migrated from there southeast through the Caucasus with the Armenians remaining after [[Batumi]] while the pre-Greeks proceeded westward along the southern coast of the Black Sea.<ref name="hamp" />

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=== Middle Ages ===

[[File:~~Ani-Cathedral, Ruine~~MadridSkylitzesFol12vDetail.~~jpeg~~jpg|thumb|left|~~The~~Proclamation of [[~~Cathedral~~Leo ofthe ~~Ani~~Armenian]], ~~completed~~as in[[Byzantine]] ~~1001~~emperor]]

[[Image:Queen Keran Gospel, 1272.jpg|thumb|[[Leo II, King of Armenia|Leo II]] and Queen [[Queen Keran of Armenia|Guerane]]. Armenian manuscript of Queen Keran gospel, 1272]]

[[File:Ptolemy Cosmographia 1467 - Central Europe.jpg|thumb|[[Ptolemy]], ''Cosmographia'' (1467)]]

In 885 CE the Armenians reestablished themselves as a sovereign kingdom under the leadership of [[Ashot I of Armenia|Ashot I]] of the [[Bagratuni Dynasty|Bagratid Dynasty]]. A considerable portion of the Armenian nobility and peasantry fled the Byzantine occupation of Bagratid Armenia in 1045, and the subsequent invasion of the region by [[Seljuk Turks]] in 1064. They settled in large numbers in [[Cilicia]], an Anatolian region where Armenians were already established as a minority since Roman times. In 1080, they founded an independent [[Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia|Armenian Principality then Kingdom of Cilicia]], which became the focus of Armenian nationalism. The Armenians developed close social, cultural, military, and religious ties with nearby [[Crusader States]],<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hodgson|first1=Natasha|editor1-last=Kostick|editor1-first=Conor|title=The Crusades and the Near East: Cultural Histories|date=2010 |publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1136902475|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HAPGBQAAQBAJ|access-date=14 September 2015|url-status=live|archive-date=18 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018194514/https://books.google.com/books?id=HAPGBQAAQBAJ}}</ref> but eventually succumbed to [[Mamluk]] invasions. In the next few centuries, [[Djenghis Khan]], [[Timurids]], and the tribal Turkic federations of the [[Ak Koyunlu]] and the [[Kara Koyunlu]] ruled over the Armenians.

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The [[Nagorno-Karabakh]] region in [[Azerbaijan]] had an absolute Armenian majority until 2023. From 1991 to 2023, the region was governed by the Armenia-backed [[Republic of Artsakh]], a largely unrecognized breakway state. [[2023 Azerbaijani offensive in Nagorno-Karabakh|After Azerbaijan defeated Artsakh in 2023]] after [[Nagorno-Karabakh conflict|decades of conflict]], nearly the entire population [[Flight of Nagorno-Karabakh Armenians|fled into Armenia]].

Within the diasporan Armenian community, there is an unofficial classification of the different ''kinds'' of Armenians. For example, Armenians who originate from Iran are referred to as [[Iranian Armenians|''Parskahay'']] ({{lang-hy|պարսկահայ}}), while Armenians from Lebanon are usually referred to as [[Armenians in Lebanon|''Lipananahay'']] ({{lang-hy|լիբանանահայ}}). Armenians of the Diaspora are the primary speakers of the [[Western Armenian|Western dialect]] of the Armenian language. This dialect has considerable differences with Eastern Armenian, but speakers of either of the two variations can usually understand each other. Eastern Armenian in the diaspora is primarily spoken in Iran and European countries such as Ukraine, Russia, and [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] (where they form a majority in the [[Samtskhe-Javakheti]] province). In diverse communities (such as in the United States and [[Armenian Canadians|Canada]]) where many different kinds of Armenians live together, there is a tendency for the different groups to cluster together.

== Culture ==

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Before Christianity, Armenians adhered to [[Armenian paganism|Armenian Indo-European native religion]]: a type of indigenous polytheism that pre-dated the [[Urartu]] period but which subsequently adopted several Greco-Roman and Iranian religious characteristics.<ref>The Cambridge Ancient History. vol. 12, p. 486. London: Cambridge University Press, 2005.</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Terzian|first1=Shelley|editor1-last=Wolhuter|editor1-first=Charl|editor2-last=de Wet|editor2-first=Corene|title=International Comparative Perspectives on Religion and Education|date=2014|publisher=African Sun Media|isbn=978-1920382377|page=29|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y4_4AwAAQBAJ|access-date=20 July 2015|archive-date=15 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160615132252/https://books.google.com/books?id=y4_4AwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Head and left hand from a bronze cult statue of Anahita, a local goddess shown here in the guide of Aphrodite, 200-100 BC, British Museum (8167370318).jpg|thumb|[[Satala Aphrodite|Bronze head]] of goodness [[Anahit]] found from [[Armenia Minor]], today in [[British Museum]].]]

[[File:Ejmiadzin Cathedral2.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Etchmiadzin Cathedral]], the mother church of the [[Armenian Apostolic Church]], was established in 301 AD.]]▼

In 301 AD, Armenia adopted Christianity as a state religion, becoming the first state to do so.<ref name="HistofChrist"/> The claim is primarily based on the fifth-century work of [[Agathangelos]] titled "The History of the Armenians." [[Agathangelos]] witnessed at first hand the baptism of the Armenian King [[Trdat III]] (c. 301/314 A.D.) by St. [[Gregory the Illuminator]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.vehi.net/istoriya/armenia/agathangelos/en/AGATHANGELOS.html |title='''Agathangelos''', History of St. Gregory and the Conversion of Armenia |access-date=13 June 2014 |archive-date=30 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930174742/http://www.vehi.net/istoriya/armenia/agathangelos/en/AGATHANGELOS.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Trdat III decreed Christianity was the state religion.<ref>Agathangelos, History of the Armenians, Robert W. Thomson, State University of New York Press, 1974</ref>

▲[[File:~~Ejmiadzin~~Էջմիածնի ~~Cathedral2~~Մայր Տաճար.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Etchmiadzin Cathedral]], the mother church of the [[Armenian Apostolic Church]], was established in 301 AD.]]

Armenia established a Church that still exists independently of both the [[Roman Catholicism|Catholic]] and the [[Eastern Orthodox]] churches, having become so in 451 AD as a result of its stance regarding the [[Council of Chalcedon]].<ref name="HistofChrist"/> Today this church is known as the [[Armenian Apostolic Church]], which is a part of the [[Oriental Orthodox]] communion, not to be confused with the [[Eastern Orthodox]] communion. During its later political eclipses, Armenia depended on the church to preserve and protect its unique identity. The original location of the Armenian Catholicosate is Echmiadzin. However, the continuous upheavals, which characterized the political scenes of Armenia, made the political power move to safer places. The Church center moved as well to different locations together with the political authority. Therefore, it eventually moved to [[Cilicia]] as the [[Holy See of Cilicia]].<ref name="Prelacy">{{cite web | url= http://www.armenianprelacy.ca/history2.htm | title= A Migrating Catholicosate | access-date= 2007-02-27 | url-status= dead | archive-date= 3 April 2008 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080403151557/http://www.armenianprelacy.ca/history2.htm }}</ref>

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[[File:Tatev Monastery from a distance.jpg|right|thumb|Ancient [[Tatev Monastery]]]]

While the Armenian Apostolic Church remains the most prominent church in the Armenian community throughout the world, Armenians (especially in the diaspora) subscribe to any number of other Christian denominations. These include the [[Armenian Catholic Church]] (which follows its own liturgy but recognizes the [[Roman Catholicism|Roman Catholic]] Pope), the [[Armenian Evangelical Church]], which started as a reformation in the Mother church but later broke away, and the [[Armenian Brotherhood Church]], which was born in the Armenian Evangelical Church, but later broke apart from it. There are other numerous Armenian churches belonging to Protestant denominations of all kinds.

[[File:Grigor Narekatsi 1.jpg|thumb|[[Gregory of Narek]], one of the [[Doctor of the Church|Doctors of the Church]], venerated as a saint in the [[Armenian Apostolic Church|Armenian Apostolic]] and [[Catholic Church]]es]]

Through the ages many Armenians have collectively belonged to other faiths or Christian movements, including the [[Paulicians]] which is a form of Gnostic and Manichaean Christianity. Paulicians sought to restore the pure Christianity of Paul and in c.660 founded the first congregation in Kibossa, Armenia.

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=== Language and literature ===

{{multiple image

|direction=vertecal

|image1= Mesrop Mashtots 1882 painting.jpg|caption1= [[Mesrop Mashtots]], creator of modern Armenian alphabet|image2=St.Movses Khorenatsi.jpg |caption2=[[Movses of Khoren]], called the "father of Armenian history"

}}

Armenian is a sub-branch of the [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] family, and with some 8 million speakers one of the smallest surviving branches, comparable to [[Albanian language|Albanian]] or the somewhat more widely spoken [[Greek language|Greek]], with which it may be connected (see [[Graeco-Armenian]]). Today, that branch has just one language – Armenian.

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=== Architecture ===

[[File:Ani-Cathedral, Ruine.jpeg|thumb|left|The [[Cathedral of Ani]], completed in 1001]]

[[File:Khatchkar at Goshavank Monastery in Armenia.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|The famous [[Khachkar]] at [[Goshavank]], carved in 1291 by the artist Poghos]]

The first Armenian churches were built on the orders of [[St. Gregory the Illuminator]], and were often built on top of pagan temples, and imitated some aspects of Armenian pre-Christian architecture.<ref name="tacentral">{{Cite web |url=http://www.tacentral.com/architecture.asp?story_no=2 |title=Sacred Geometry and Armenian Architecture {{!}} Armenia Travel, History, Archeology & Ecology {{!}} TourArmenia {{!}} Travel Guide to Armenia |access-date=24 May 2009 |archive-date=24 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724015710/http://www.tacentral.com/architecture.asp?story_no=2 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Zvartnots img 6965.jpg|thumb|[[Zvartnots Cathedral]], ~~One~~one of the most well-known cathedrals in Armenia]]

Classical and Medieval Armenian Architecture is divided into four separate periods.

The first Armenian churches were built between the 4th and 7th century, beginning when Armenia converted to Christianity, and ending with the Arab invasion of Armenia. The early churches were mostly simple [[basilica]]s, but some with side apses. By the fifth century the typical cupola cone in the center had become widely used. By the seventh century, centrally planned churches had been built and a more complicated ''niched buttress'' and radiating ''Hrip'simé'' style had formed. By the time of the Arab invasion, most of what we now know as classical Armenian architecture had formed.

From the 9th to 11th century, Armenian architecture underwent a revival under the patronage of the [[Bagratuni dynasty|Bagratid]] Dynasty with a great deal of building done in the area of [[Lake Van]], this included both traditional styles and new innovations. Ornately carved Armenian [[Khachkars]] were developed during this time.<ref name="past">Armenia, Past and Present; Elisabeth Bauer, Jacob Schmidheiny, Frederick Leist, 1981</ref> Many new cities and churches were built during this time, including a new capital at [[Lake Van]] and a new Cathedral on [[Akdamar Island]] to match. The [[Cathedral of Ani]] was also completed during this dynasty. It was during this time that the first major monasteries, such as [[Haghpat Monastery|Haghpat]] and [[Haritchavank Monastery|Haritchavank]] were built. This period was ended by the [[Great Seljuq Empire|Seljuk]] invasion.

=== Dress ===

=== Theater ===

▲{{Main article|~~History~~Theater of Armenia}}

=== Sports ===

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Instruments like the duduk, the [[dhol]], the [[zurna]] and the [[Qanun (instrument)|kanun]] are commonly found in Armenian folk music. Artists such as [[Sayat Nova]] are famous due to their influence in the development of Armenian folk music. One of the oldest types of Armenian music is the [[Armenian chant]] which is the most common kind of religious music in Armenia. Many of these chants are ancient in origin, extending to pre-Christian times, while others are relatively modern, including several composed by Saint Mesrop Mashtots, the inventor of the Armenian alphabet. While under [[Soviet Union|Soviet rule]], Armenian classical music composer [[Aram Khatchaturian]] became internationally well known for his music, for various ballets and the [[Sabre Dance]] from his composition for the ballet [[Gayane (ballet)|Gayane]].

[[File:Armenian musician.jpg|thumb|160px|[[Matenadaran]], manuscript no. 346, p., 280a. Armenian musician with [[Bağlama|saz]] in hand from Ancient Armenia]]

The Armenian genocide caused widespread emigration that led to the settlement of Armenians in various countries in the world. Armenians kept to their traditions and certain diasporans rose to fame with their music. In the post-Genocide Armenian community of the United States, the so-called "kef" style Armenian dance music, using Armenian and Middle Eastern folk instruments (often electrified/amplified) and some western instruments, was popular. This style preserved the folk songs and dances of [[Western Armenia]], and many artists also played the contemporary popular songs of Turkey and other Middle Eastern countries from which the Armenians emigrated. [[Richard Hagopian]] is perhaps the most famous artist of the traditional "kef" style and the Vosbikian Band was notable in the 40s and 50s for developing their own style of "kef music" heavily influenced by the popular American [[Big Band]] Jazz of the time. Later, stemming from the Middle Eastern Armenian diaspora and influenced by Continental European (especially French) pop music, the Armenian pop music genre grew to fame in the 60s and 70s with artists such as [[Adiss Harmandian]] and [[Harout Pamboukjian]] performing to the Armenian diaspora and Armenia. Also with artists such as [[Sirusho]], performing pop music combined with Armenian folk music in today's entertainment industry. Other Armenian diasporans that rose to fame in classical or international music circles are world-renowned [[List of French-Armenians|French-Armenian]] singer and composer [[Charles Aznavour]], pianist [[Sahan Arzruni]], prominent opera sopranos such as [[Hasmik Papian]] and more recently [[Isabel Bayrakdarian]] and [[Anna Kasyan]]. Certain Armenians settled to sing non-Armenian tunes such as the heavy metal band [[System of a Down]] (which nonetheless often incorporates traditional Armenian instrumentals and styling into their songs) or pop star [[Cher]] (whose father was Armenian). Ruben Hakobyan (Ruben Sasuntsi) is a well recognized Armenian ethnographic and patriotic folk singer who has achieved widespread national recognition due to his devotion to Armenian folk music and exceptional talent. In the Armenian diaspora, [[Armenian Revolutionary Songs]] are popular with the youth.{{citation needed|date=August 2013}} These songs encourage Armenian patriotism and are generally about Armenian history and national heroes.

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==Genetics==

[[File:Армянская семья из села Ванк (Арцах-Карабах).jpeg|thumb|Armenian family from [[Karabakh]], first half of 20th century]]

===Y-DNA===

A 2012 study found that haplogroups R1b, J2, and T were the most notable haplogroups among Armenians.<ref name=Kristian2012>{{cite journal | vauthors = Herrera KJ, Lowery RK, Hadden L, Calderon S, Chiou C, Yepiskoposyan L, Regueiro M, Underhill PA, Herrera RJ | title = Neolithic patrilineal signals indicate that the Armenian plateau was repopulated by agriculturalists | journal = European Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 20 | issue = 3 | pages = 313–20 | date = March 2012 | pmid = 22085901 | pmc = 3286660 | doi = 10.1038/ejhg.2011.192 }}</ref>

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==Note==

== See also ==

* [[Armenian diaspora]]