Ascomycota: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia
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Line 1: {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}▼ {{Short description|Division or phylum of fungi}} ▲{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}} {{Automatic taxobox |fossil_range = Early [[Devonian]]-present{{fossil range|400|0|<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.mycologia.org/content/97/1/269.full.pdf|journal=Mycologia |volume=97|issue=1|year=2005|pages= 269–285 |title=Perithecial ascomycetes from the 400 million year old Rhynie chert: an example of ancestral polymorphism|doi=10.3852/mycologia.97.1.269|pmid=16389979|last1=Taylor|first1=TN|last2=Hass|first2=H|last3=Kerp|first3=H|last4=Krings|first4=M|last5=Hanlin|first5=RT|hdl=1808/16786|hdl-access=free}}</ref>}} | image = Scarlet elf cap cadnant dingle.jpg | image_caption = ''[[Sarcoscypha coccinea]]'' Line 37 ⟶ 40: }} '''Ascomycota''' or '''Endomycopsis''', is a [[phylum]] of the kingdom [[Fungi]] that, together with the [[Basidiomycota]], forms the subkingdom [[Dikarya]]. Its members are commonly known as the '''sac fungi''' or '''ascomycetes'''. It is the largest phylum of Fungi, with over 64,000 [[species]].<ref>Kirk ''et al''., p. 55.</ref> The defining feature of this fungal group is the "[[ascus]]" ({{etymology|grc|''{{wikt-lang|grc|ἀσκός}}'' ({{grc-transl|ἀσκός}})|sac, wineskin}}), a microscopic [[sexual reproduction|sexual structure]] in which nonmotile [[spore]]s, called [[ascospore]]s, are formed. However, some species of Ascomycota are [[Asexual reproduction|asexual]] and thus do not form asci or ascospores. Familiar examples of sac fungi include [[morels]], [[truffle]]s, [[yeast#Beer|brewers']] and [[bakers' yeast]], [[Xylaria|dead man's fingers]], and [[cup fungi]]. The fungal [[symbionts]] in the majority of [[lichen]]s (loosely termed "ascolichens") such as ''[[Cladonia]]'' belong to the Ascomycota. Ascomycota is a [[monophyletic]] group (containing all of the descendants of a common ancestor). Previously placed in the [[Basidiomycota]] along with asexual species from other fungal taxa, asexual (or [[Teleomorph, anamorph and holomorph|anamorph]]ic) ascomycetes are now identified and classified based on [[morphology (biology)|morphological]] or [[physiological]] similarities to ascus-bearing [[Taxon|taxa]], and by [[phylogenetic]] analyses of [[DNA]] sequences.<ref name=Lutzoni_2004>{{cite journal|author=Lutzoni F|title= Assembling the fungal tree of life: progress, classification, and evolution of subcellular traits|journal=American Journal of Botany|year=2004|pages=1446–80|volume=91|doi=10.3732/ajb.91.10.1446|issue=10|pmid=21652303|display-authors=etal|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=James_2006>{{cite journal|author=James TY|s2cid=4302864|title=Reconstructing the early evolution of Fungi using a six-gene phylogeny|journal=Nature|year=2006|pages=818–22|volume=443|pmid=17051209|doi=10.1038/nature05110|issue=7113|display-authors=etal|bibcode=2006Natur.443..818J}}</ref> Line 54 ⟶ 57: === Conidia formation === Asexual reproduction may occur through vegetative reproductive spores, the [[conidia]]. The asexual, non-motile haploid spores of a fungus, which are named after the Greek word for dust (conia), are hence also known as {{Em|conidiospores}}. The conidiospores commonly contain one nucleus and are products of mitotic cell divisions and thus are sometimes [[File:Conidia Formation Redraw.svg|thumb|424x424px]] The hypha that creates the sporing (conidiating) tip can be very similar to the normal hyphal tip, or it can be differentiated. The most common differentiation is the formation of a bottle shaped cell called a {{Em|[[phialide]]}}, from which the spores are produced. Not all of these asexual structures are a single hypha. In some groups, the conidiophores (the structures that bear the conidia) are aggregated to form a thick structure. Line 71 ⟶ 74: * Ascomycota are morphologically diverse. The group includes organisms from unicellular yeasts to complex cup fungi. * 98% of [[lichens]] have an Ascomycota as the fungal part of the lichen.<ref>{{cite book | last = McCoy | first = Peter | title = Radical Mycology | year = 2016 | publisher = Chthaeus Press | language = en | * There are 2000 identified genera and 30,000 species of Ascomycota. * The unifying characteristic among these diverse groups is the presence of a reproductive structure known as the {{Em|ascus}}, though in some cases it has a reduced role in the life cycle. Line 134 ⟶ 137: Different types of asexual spores can be identified by colour, shape, and how they are released as individual spores. Spore types can be used as taxonomic characters in the classification within the Ascomycota. The most frequent types are the single-celled spores, which are designated ''amerospores''. If the spore is divided into two by a cross-wall ([[septum#In mycology|septum]]), it is called a ''didymospore''. {| align="right" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" |[[File:Trichoderma aggressivum.jpeg|thumb|right|250px|Conidiospores of ''Trichoderma aggressivum'', |- |[[File:Aspergillus.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Conidiophores of molds of the genus ''Aspergillus'' |- |[[File:Trichoderma harzianum.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Conidiophores of ''[[Trichoderma harzianum]]'' |- |[[File:Trichoderma fertile.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Conidiophores of ''Trichoderma fertile'' with vase-shaped phialides and newly formed conidia on their ends (bright points)]] Line 161 ⟶ 164: Sometimes the conidia are produced in structures visible to the naked eye, which help to distribute the spores. These structures are called "conidiomata" (singular: [[Conidium|conidioma]]), and may take the form of ''[[Pycnidium|pycnidia]]'' (which are flask-shaped and arise in the fungal tissue) or ''acervuli'' (which are cushion-shaped and arise in host tissue). Dehiscence happens in two ways. In ''schizolytic'' dehiscence, a double-dividing wall with a central lamella (layer) forms between the cells; the central layer then breaks down thereby releasing the spores. In ''[[rhexolytic]]'' dehiscence, the cell wall that joins the spores on the outside degenerates and releases the conidia. === Heterokaryosis and parasexuality === Line 233 ⟶ 236: * Blue-green, red and brown [[Mold (fungus)|mold]]s attack and spoil foodstuffs – for instance ''[[Penicillium italicum]]'' rots oranges. * Cereals infected with ''[[Fusarium graminearum]]'' contain [[mycotoxin]]s like [[deoxynivalenol]] (DON), which causes [[Fusarium ear blight]] and skin and mucous membrane lesions when eaten by pigs. {{Further|Cyclaneusma needle cast}} === Human disease interactions === * ''[[Aspergillus fumigatus]]'', the most common cause of fungal infection in the lungs of immune * ''[[Candida albicans]]'', a yeast that attacks the mucous membranes, can cause an infection of the mouth or vagina called thrush or [[candidiasis]], and is also blamed for "yeast allergies". * Fungi like ''[[Epidermophyton]]'' cause skin infections but are not very dangerous for people with healthy immune systems. However, if the immune system is damaged they can be life-threatening; for instance, ''[[Pneumocystis jirovecii]]'' is responsible for severe lung infections that occur in [[AIDS]] patients. Line 258 ⟶ 262: * In Asia, ''[[Aspergillus oryzae]]'' is added to a pulp of soaked soya beans to make [[soy sauce]], and is used to break down starch in rice and other grains into simple sugars for fermentation into East Asian alcoholic beverages such as [[huangjiu]] and [[sake]]. * Finally, some members of the Ascomycota are choice edibles; [[Morchella|morel]]s (''Morchella spp.''), [[truffle]]s (''Tuber spp.''), and [[Hypomyces lactifluorum|lobster mushroom]] (''Hypomyces lactifluorum'') are some of the most sought-after fungal delicacies. * [[Cordyceps militaris]] is known for its numerous medicinal benefits, including supporting the immune system, reducing inflammation, providing antioxidant effects, enhancing metabolic health, improving athletic performance, and promoting respiratory health. It contains bioactive compounds such as [[cordycepin]], cordycepic acid, [[adenosine]], and [[Polysaccharide|polysaccharides]], [[Beta-glucan|beta-glucans]], and [[ergosterol]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Abdullah |first1=Salik |last2=Kumar |first2=Abhinandan |title=A brief review on the medicinal uses of Cordyceps militaris |journal=Pharmacological Research ==See also== | |||