Ashkenazi Jews: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia

Line 70:

[[File:Juden 1881.JPG|thumb|300px|right|The Jews in [[Central Europe]] (1881)]]

'''Ashkenazi Jews''', also known as '''Ashkenazic Jews''' or simply '''Ashkenazim''' ({{lang-he-n|אַשְׁכְּנַזִּים}}, <small>Ashkenazi Hebrew pronunciation:</small> {{IPA-he|ˌaʃkəˈnazim|}}, singular: {{IPA-he|ˌaʃkəˈnazi|}}, <small>Modern Hebrew:</small> {{IPA-he|aʃkenaˈzim|}}, {{IPA-he|aʃkenaˈzi|}}; also {{Hebrew|יְהוּדֵי אַשְׁכֲּנַז}} ''{{transl|he|Y'hudey Ashkenaz}}'', "The Jews of Germania"), are a [[Jewish ethnic divisions|Jewish ethnic division]] who trace their origins to the [[Israelite]] tribes of the Middle East.<ref Thename=WhoAreTheJews>{{cite forefathersweb|url=http://ftp.beitberl.ac.il/~bbsite/misc/ezer_anglit/klali/05_123.pdf|title=Who ofare Ashkenazithe Jews?|author=Jared areDiamond|year=1993|accessdate=November thought8, 2010}} Natural History 102:11 (November 1993): 12-19.</ref><ref name=pnas.org>{{cite web|url=http://www.pnas.org/content/97/12/6769.full|title=Jewish and Middle Eastern non-Jewish populations share a common pool of Y-chromosome biallelic haplotypes|accessdate=11 October 2012}}</ref><ref name=nytimes-chromosome-study>{{cite news|title=Y Chromosome Bears Witness to haveStory begunof settlingthe alongJewish Diaspora|first=Nicholas|last=Wade|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2000/05/09/science/y-chromosome-bears-witness-to-story-of-the-jewish-diaspora.html|newspaper=The RhineNew inYork GermanyTimes|date=9 inMay the2000|accessdate=10 yearOctober [[321]]2012}}</ref><ref name=Frankensteintony-frudakis-book>{{cite book|authorlast=[[W.Shriver|first=Tony DN. Davies]],Frudakis Louis; Frankensteinwith a chapter 1 introduction by Mark D.|title=TheMolecular Cambridgephotofitting History: ofpredicting Judaismancestry and phenotype using DNA|year=2008|publisher=Cambridge UniversityElsevier/Academic Press|location=Amsterdam|isbn=9780120884926|url=http://books.google.rs/books?id=9vXeydpj7VkC&pg=PA383&dq=ashkenazi+jews+middle+eastern+origin+bronze+age&hl=en#v=onepage&q=ashkenazi%20jews%20middle%20eastern%20origin%20bronze%20age&f=false}}</ref><ref>"The Jewish far flung communities have genetic ties to each other with their origins in Middle East. [[Sephardi Jews]] are virtually indistinguishable from Iraqi Jews and share lesser but still great degree of similarity with Ashkenazi Jews. Jews also resemble to a greater or lesser degree the non Jewish populations among whom they lived and especially the Palestinians Arabs who inhabit the region which they originally came" Blood: Reality and metaphor in history, religion and culture edited by Mitchell Hart page: 25 "The Jews, far-flung communities have genetic ties to each other, with their origin in Middle East"{{full|date=November 2013}}</ref>

<ref>Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East Jamie Stokes P:337" In 135 CE when Israel was under Romans, the Jewish people were expelled again from their homeland and scattered across the countries of Middle East and North Africa. From ninth century CE many Jews from this scattered communities began to arrive in Europe. Over the centuries large Jewish communities grew up in several European countries, especially in Central and Eastern Europe and around Mediterranean, Subsequently, the Jews who lived in central and eastern European communities came to be known as Ashkenazi Jews".</ref><ref name=nyt-studies-on-jews>{{cite news|last=Wade|first=Nicholas|title=Studies Show Jews’ Genetic Similarity|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/10/science/10jews.html?_r=0|accessdate=8 November 2013|newspaper=New York Times|date=June 9, 2010}}</ref><ref name=Costa>{{cite journal | author = M. D. Costa and 16 others | title = A substantial prehistoric European ancestry amongst Ashkenazi maternal lineages | journal = Nature Communications | year = 2013 | doi = 10.1038/ncomms3543 | volume = 4 | url = http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/131008/ncomms3543/full/ncomms3543.html }}</ref><ref name="forward.com"/> The forefathers of Ashkenazi Jews are thought to have begun settling along the Rhine in Germany in the year [[321]]<ref name=Frankenstein>{{cite book|author=[[W. D. Davies]], Louis Frankenstein|title=The Cambridge History of Judaism|publisher=Cambridge University Press

|year=1984|ISBN=1-397-80521-8|page=1042}}</ref><ref name=Frankenstein>{{cite book|author=[[W. D. Davies]], Louis Frankenstein|title=The Cambridge History of Judaism|publisher=Cambridge University Press

|year=1984|ISBN=1-397-80521-8|page=1042}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Already during Roman times, Jews resided in Cologne|url=http://www.museenkoeln.de/archaeologische-zone/default.asp?s=4303#top|work=Archäologische Zone Jüdisches Museum|accessdate=9 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Judith Lieu, John North, Tessa Rajak|title=The Jews Among Pagans and Christians in the Roman Empire|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|page=117|url=http://books.google.co.il/books?id=CZKt1Y5cT5AC&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Jews+Among+Pagans+and+Christians+in+the+Roman+Empire&hl=en&sa=X&ei=3od-Uq7zKOiL0AXdkYG4Dw&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA#v=snippet&q=AD%20321&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=A Jewish beginnings|url=http://www.juedischesfrankfurtvirtuell.de/en/en_A.php|work=juedischesfrankfurtvirtuell.de|accessdate=9 November 2013}}</ref> and in Rome in 139 B.C.<ref>{{cite web|title=Early Settlement in Rome|url=http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/12816-rome#1005|work=[[Jewish Encyclopedia]]|accessdate=9 November 2013}}</ref> before the Middle Ages from the river [[Loire]] in the center of [[France]] to the Rhineland in the north-thus the term also includes the [[history of the Jews in France|original Jews of France]] From the medieval period .<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/300-800-laws-jews.html |title=Medieval Source book Legislation Affecting the Jews from 300 to 800 CE |accessdate=February 29, 2008}}</ref> Today, "Ashkenazi Jews" is a descriptive term for descendants of these immigrants, including those who established communities in [[Central and Eastern Europe]] centuries later. With them, they took [[Yiddish dialects|diversified]] [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]],{{citation needed|date=October 2013}} a [[High German languages|High German language]] <ref>Introduction to Old Yiddish Literature by Jean Baumgarten P:72</ref> written using the [[Hebrew alphabet]], and heavily influenced by [[Hebrew language|classical Hebrew]] and [[Aramaic]].