Ashkenazi Jews: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia

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|rels = [[Judaism]], some [[secular]], [[irreligious]]

|related = Other [[Levant]]ines,<ref name="nytimes.com">{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/10/science/10jews.html|title=Studies Show Jews’ Genetic Similarity|last=Wade|first=Nicholas|authorlink=Nicholas Wade|date=9 June 2010|work=The New York Times|accessdate=2013-08-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ucl.ac.uk/tcga/tcgapdf/Nebel-HG-00-IPArabs.pdf |title=High-resolution Y chromosome haplotypes of Israeli and Palestinian Arabs reveal geographic substructure and substantial overlap with haplotypes of Jews |format=PDF |accessdate=2013-08-15}}</ref><ref name="evolutsioon.ut.ee">{{cite web|url=http://evolutsioon.ut.ee/publications/Shen2004.pdf |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20130508024921/http://evolutsioon.ut.ee/publications/Shen2004.pdf |title=Reconstruction of Patrilineages and Matrilineages of Samaritans and Other Israeli Populations From Y-Chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Variation |format=PDF |archivedate=8 May 2013 |accessdate=2013-08-15}}</ref><ref name="sciencedaily.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2000/05/000509003653.htm |title=Jews Are The Genetic Brothers Of Palestinians, Syrians, And Lebanese |publisher=Sciencedaily.com |date=2000-05-09 |accessdate=2013-07-19}}</ref> [[Samaritans]],<ref name="evolutsioon.ut.ee"/> [[Assyrians]],<ref name="evolutsioon.ut.ee"/><ref name="sciencedaily.com"/> [[Italians]] and other [[Ethnic groups in Europe|Europeans]]<ref name=Costa>{{cite journal | author = M. D. Costa and 16 others | title = A substantial prehistoric European ancestry amongst Ashkenazi maternal lineages | journal = Nature Communications | year = 2013 | doi = 10.1038/ncomms3543 | volume = 4 | url = http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/131008/ncomms3543/full/ncomms3543.html }}</ref><ref name="forward.com">[http://forward.com/articles/185399/jewish-womens-genes-traced-mostly-to-europe-not/# Jewish Daily Forward: "Jewish Women's Genes Traced Mostly to Europe — Not Israel - Study Hits Claim Ashkenazi Jews Migrated From Holy Land"] October 12, 2013</ref>

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[[File:Juden 1881.JPG|thumb|300px|right|The Jews in [[Central Europe]] (1881)]]

'''Ashkenazi Jews''', also known as '''Ashkenazic Jews''' or simply '''Ashkenazim''' ({{lang-he-n|אַשְׁכְּנַזִּים}}, Ashkenazi Hebrew pronunciation: {{IPA-he|ˌaʃkəˈnazim|}}, singular: {{IPA-he|ˌaʃkəˈnazi|}}, Modern Hebrew: {{IPA-he|aʃkenaˈzim|}}, {{IPA-he|aʃkenaˈzi|}}; also {{Hebrew|יְהוּדֵי אַשְׁכֲּנַז}} ''{{transl|he|Y'hudey Ashkenaz}}'', "The Jews of Germania"), are a [[Jewish ethnic divisions|Jewish ethnic division]]. ~~Scientific~~who ~~studies differ on~~trace their origins, ~~with some DNA tests suggesting an origin in~~to the [[Israelite]] tribes of the Middle East,.<ref name=WhoAreTheJews>{{cite web|url=http://ftp.beitberl.ac.il/~bbsite/misc/ezer_anglit/klali/05_123.pdf|title=Who are the Jews?|author=Jared Diamond|year=1993|accessdate=November 8, 2010}} Natural History 102:11 (November 1993): 12-19.</ref><ref name=pnas.org>{{cite web|url=http://www.pnas.org/content/97/12/6769.full|title=Jewish and Middle Eastern non-Jewish populations share a common pool of Y-chromosome biallelic haplotypes|accessdate=11 October 2012}}</ref><ref name=nytimes-chromosome-study>{{cite news|title=Y Chromosome Bears Witness to Story of the Jewish Diaspora|first=Nicholas|last=Wade|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2000/05/09/science/y-chromosome-bears-witness-to-story-of-the-jewish-diaspora.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=9 May 2000|accessdate=10 October 2012}}</ref><ref name=tony-frudakis-book>{{cite book|last=Shriver|first=Tony N. Frudakis ; with a chapter 1 introduction by Mark D.|title=Molecular photofitting : predicting ancestry and phenotype using DNA|year=2008|publisher=Elsevier/Academic Press|location=Amsterdam|isbn=9780120884926|url=http://books.google.rs/books?id=9vXeydpj7VkC&pg=PA383&dq=ashkenazi+jews+middle+eastern+origin+bronze+age&hl=en#v=onepage&q=ashkenazi%20jews%20middle%20eastern%20origin%20bronze%20age&f=false}}</ref><ref>"The Jewish far flung communities have genetic ties to each other with their origins in Middle East. [[Sephardi Jews]] are virtually indistinguishable from Iraqi Jews and share lesser but still great degree of similarity with Ashkenazi Jews. Jews also resemble to a greater or lesser degree the non Jewish populations among whom they lived and especially the Palestinians Arabs who inhabit the region which they originally came" Blood: Reality and metaphor in history, religion and culture edited by Mitchell Hart page: 25 "The Jews, far-flung communities have genetic ties to each other, with their origin in Middle East"{{full|date=November 2013}}</ref><ref>Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East Jamie Stokes P:337" In 135 CE when Israel was under Romans, the Jewish people were expelled again from their homeland and scattered across the countries of Middle East and North Africa. From ninth century CE many Jews from this scattered communities began to arrive in Europe. Over the centuries large Jewish communities grew up in several European countries, especially in Central and Eastern Europe and around Mediterranean, Subsequently, the Jews who lived in central and eastern European communities came to be known as Ashkenazi Jews".</ref><ref name=nyt-studies-on-jews>{{cite news|last=Wade|first=Nicholas|title=Studies Show Jews’ Genetic Similarity|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/10/science/10jews.html?_r=0|accessdate=8 November 2013|newspaper=New York Times|date=June 9, 2010}}</ref> ~~Some DNA tests suggest that Ashkenazi Jews are mainly of European origin.~~<ref name=Costa>{{cite journal | author = M. D. Costa and 16 others | title = A substantial prehistoric European ancestry amongst Ashkenazi maternal lineages | journal = Nature Communications | year = 2013 | doi = 10.1038/ncomms3543 | volume = 4 | url = http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/131008/ncomms3543/full/ncomms3543.html }}</ref><ref name="forward.com"/><ref name="haaretz.com">[http://www.haaretz.com/jewish-world/jewish-world-news/.premium-1.551825 Haaretz: "Study traces Ashkenazi roots to European women who probably converted to Judaism - The genetic analysis traced the lineage of many Ashkenazi Jews to four maternal founders in Europe" By Ofer Aderet] October 11, 2013</ref><ref name="bbc.co.uk">[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-24442352 BBC: "European link to Jewish maternal ancestry" By Melissa Hogenboom] October 9, 2013</ref><ref name="news.sciencemag.org">[http://news.sciencemag.org/biology/2013/10/did-modern-jews-originate-italy Science Magazine: "Did Modern Jews Originate in Italy?' by Michael Balter] October 8, 2013</ref><ref name="nbcnews.com">[http://www.nbcnews.com/science/most-ashkenazi-jews-are-genetically-europeans-surprising-study-finds-8C11358210 NBC News: "Most Ashkenazi Jews are genetically Europeans, surprising study finds" by Tia Ghose] October 8, 2013</ref> The forefathers of Ashkenazi Jews are thought to have begun settling along the Rhine in Germany in the year [[321]]<ref name=Frankenstein>{{cite book|author=[[W. D. Davies]], Louis Frankenstein|title=The Cambridge History of Judaism|publisher=Cambridge University Press

|year=1984|ISBN=1-397-80521-8|page=1042}}</ref><ref name=Frankenstein>{{cite book|author=[[W. D. Davies]], Louis Frankenstein|title=The Cambridge History of Judaism|publisher=Cambridge University Press

|year=1984|ISBN=1-397-80521-8|page=1042}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Already during Roman times, Jews resided in Cologne|url=http://www.museenkoeln.de/archaeologische-zone/default.asp?s=4303#top|work=Archäologische Zone Jüdisches Museum|accessdate=9 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Judith Lieu, John North, Tessa Rajak|title=The Jews Among Pagans and Christians in the Roman Empire|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|page=117|url=http://books.google.co.il/books?id=CZKt1Y5cT5AC&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Jews+Among+Pagans+and+Christians+in+the+Roman+Empire&hl=en&sa=X&ei=3od-Uq7zKOiL0AXdkYG4Dw&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA#v=snippet&q=AD%20321&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=A Jewish beginnings|url=http://www.juedischesfrankfurtvirtuell.de/en/en_A.php|work=juedischesfrankfurtvirtuell.de|accessdate=9 November 2013}}</ref> and in Rome in 139 B.C.<ref>{{cite web|title=Early Settlement in Rome|url=http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/12816-rome#1005|work=[[Jewish Encyclopedia]]|accessdate=9 November 2013}}</ref> before the Middle Ages from the river [[Loire]] in the center of [[France]] to the Rhineland in the north-thus the term also includes the [[history of the Jews in France|original Jews of France]] From the medieval period .<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/300-800-laws-jews.html |title=Medieval Source book Legislation Affecting the Jews from 300 to 800 CE |accessdate=February 29, 2008}}</ref> Today, "Ashkenazi Jews" is a descriptive term for descendants of these immigrants, including those who established communities in [[Central and Eastern Europe]] centuries later. With them, they took [[Yiddish dialects|diversified]] [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]],{{citation needed|date=October 2013}} a [[High German languages|High German language]] <ref>Introduction to Old Yiddish Literature by Jean Baumgarten P:72</ref> written using the [[Hebrew alphabet]], and heavily influenced by [[Hebrew language|classical Hebrew]] and [[Aramaic]].