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Line 45: ==Origin== {{see also|Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah}} The Bahmani Sultanate was founded by [[Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah|Zafar Khan]], who was of either [[Afghan (ethnonym)|Afghan]] or [[Turkic peoples|Turk]] origin.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jenkins|first=Everett|title=The Muslim Diaspora (Volume 1, 570–1500): A Comprehensive Chronology of the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas, Volume 1 |publisher=McFarland |year=2015 |isbn=9781476608884 |pages=257 |language=English|quote=Zafar Khan alias Alauddin Hasan Gangu ('Ala al-Din Hasan Bahman Shah), an Afghan or a Turk soldier, revolted against Delhi and established the Muslim Kingdom of Bahmani on August 3 in the South (Madura) and ruled as Sultan Alauddin Bahman Shah.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kulke|first1=Hermann|title=A History of India |last2=Rothermund|first2=Dietmar|publisher=Psychology Press|year=2004|isbn=9780415329200 |pages=181 |language=English|quote=The Bahmani sultanate of the Deccan Soon after Muhammad Tughluq left Daulatabad, the city was conquered by Zafar Khan, a Turkish or Afghan officer of unknown descent, had earlier participated in a mutiny of troops in Gujarat.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Wink |first=André |title=The Making of the Indo-Islamic World C.700–1800 CE |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2020 |isbn=9781108417747 |pages=87 |language=English|quote=Finally, and more importantly, the independent Bahmani dynasty of the Deccan was founded in 1348 by Zafar Khan, probably an Afghan who broke away from Delhi with the support of Afghan and Mongol "New Muslims"}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kerr|first=Gordon|title=A Short History of India: From the Earliest Civilisations to Today's Economic Powerhouse |publisher=Oldcastle Books Ltd|year=2017|isbn=9781843449232|pages=160|language=English|quote=In the early fourteenth century, the Muslim Bahmani kingdom of the Deccan emerged following Alauddin's conquest of the south. Zafar Khan, an Afghan general and governor appointed by Sultan Muhammad bin Tughluq, was victorious against the troops of the Delhi Sultanate, establishing the Bahmani kingdom with its capital at Ahsanabad (modern-day Gulbarga).}}</ref> [[Encyclopedia Iranica]] states him to be a [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasani]] adventurer, who claimed descent from [[Bahram Gur|Bahrām Gōr]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=ḤASAN GĀNGU |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hasan-gangu|website=Encyclopædia Iranica}}</ref> According to the medieval historian [[Ferishta]], his obscurity makes it difficult to track his origin, but he is nonetheless stated as of Afghan birth.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wink|first=Andre|title=Indo-Islamic society: 14th – 15th centuries |publisher=BRILL|year=1991|isbn=9781843449232|pages=144|language=English}}</ref> Ferishta further writes, Zafar Khan had earlier been a servant of a [[Brahmin]] astrologer at Delhi named [[Gangu (ruler)|Gangu]], giving him the name Hasan Gangu,<ref>Bhattacharya, Sachchidananada. ''A Dictionary of Indian History'' (Westport: Greenwood Press, 1972) p. 100</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Cathal J. Nolan|title=The Age of Wars of Religion, 1000–1650: An Encyclopedia of Global ..., Volym 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdQWAQAAIAAJ|date=2006|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=vdQWAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA437 437]|publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=978-0-313-33733-8 }}</ref> and says that he was from North India.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=03lDAAAAYAAJ&q=hasan+gangu+inhabitant+of+delhi+native+of+delhi |title= The History and Culture of the Indian People: The Delhi sultanate |author= Chopdar |page=248 |date= 1951 }}</ref> Historians have not found any corroboration for the legend,{{sfn|Chandra|2004|p=177}}{{sfn|Majumdar|1967|p=248}} but [[Ziauddin Barani|Barani]], who was the court chronicler of Sultan [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq|Firuz Shah]], as well as some other scholars have also called him Hasan Gangu.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://archive.org/details/delhisultanate00bhar/page/248/mode/2up?q=gangu |title= History and Culture of the Indian People, Volume 06,The Delhi Sultanate |author= Chopdar |date= 27 February 1967 |publisher= Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |page=248 }}</ref> Another theory of origin for Zafar Khan is that he was of Brahmin origin,<ref name="Jayanta Gadakari-2000"/> and that Bahman (his given name following the establishment of the Sultanate) is a corrupted personalized form of Brahman,<ref>{{Cite book |last=McCann |first=Michael W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WtoAayu603kC&dq=his+name+derives+from+corruption+of+word+Brahman&pg=RA1-PA253 |title=Rights at Work: Pay Equity Reform and the Politics of Legal Mobilization |date=1994-07-15 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-55571-3 |language=en}}</ref> with Hasan Gangu being a Hindu Brahman who became Muslim.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=rRxkAAAAMAAJ&q=hasan+gangu+hindu+convert |page=3 |author=Suvorova |title= Masnavi: A Study of Urdu|publisher= [[Oxford University Press]] |date=2000|isbn=978-0-19-579148-8 }}</ref><ref name="Jayanta Gadakari-2000">{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=NRluAAAAMAAJ&q=hasan+gangu+brahmin+convert |title= Hindu Muslim Communalism |page=140 |author= Jayanta Gaḍakarī |date=2000 }}</ref> However this view has been discredited by S.A.Q. Husaini, who considers the idea of a Brahmin origin or Zafar Khan originally being a Hindu convert to Islam == History == | |||