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{{Conservatism in Russia|expanded=Ideologies}} The '''Black Hundred''' ({{lang-ru|Чёрная сотня|translit=Chornaya sotnya}}), also known as the '''black-hundredists''' ({{lang-ru|черносотенцы}}; '''chernosotentsy'''), were a reactionary, monarchist and [[ultra-nationalist]] movement in [[Russia]] in the early 20th century. It was a staunch supporter of the [[House of Romanov]] and opposed any retreat from the [[autocracy]] of the reigning monarch.<ref>{{Cite book |author=[[Norman Cohn]] |title=[[Warrant for Genocide]] |pages=61, 73, 89, 120–2, 134, 139, 251}}</ref> The name arose from the medieval concept of "black", or common (non-noble) people, organized into militias.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://languagehat.com/black-hundreds/ |title=languagehat.com : BLACK HUNDREDS.|website=languagehat.com}}</ref> The Black Hundreds were noted for extremism and incitement to [[pogrom]]s, [[nationalism|nationalistic]] [[Ethnocentrism|Russocentric]] doctrines, and different [[xenophobia|xenophobic]] beliefs, including [[anti-Ukrainian sentiment]]<ref>{{Cite book |author=Peter J. Potichnyj |title=Ukraine and Russia in Their Historical Encounter |publisher=University of Alberta, Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies Press |year=1992 |pages=576, 582, 665}}</ref> and [[Antisemitism in Russia|anti-semitism]].<ref>{{Cite book |author=David Vital |title=A People Apart: The Jews in Europe, 1789–1939 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1999 |pages=140, 141}}</ref> The ideology of the movement is based on a slogan formulated by Count [[Sergey Uvarov]] "[[Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality]]".<ref name=":0">{{Britannica|id=67962}}</ref> ==Terminology== Line 16 ⟶ 15: ==Pre-formation== *"''Svjashchjennaja druzhina''" (Священнaя дружинa, or The Holy Brigade){{Cn|date=March 2024}} and "[[Russkoye sobraniye]]" (Русское собрание, or Russian Assembly) in [[St. Petersburg]] are considered * "''Soyuz russkogo naroda''" (Союз русского народа, or [[Union of the Russian People]]) in [[St. Petersburg]], * "''Soyuz russkikh lyudey''" (Союз русских людей, or Union of the Russians) in [[Moscow]], * "''Russkaya monarkhicheskaya partiya''" (Русская монархическая партия, or Russian Monarchist Party) in Moscow and elsewhere, * "''Obshchestvo aktivnoy * "''Belyy dvuglavyy oryol''" (Белый двуглавый орёл, or White Two-headed Eagle) in [[Odesa]] and others.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Степанов |first=С. А. |url=http://read.virmk.ru/p/paty_rus/index.htm |title=Političeskie partii Rossii: istorija i sovremennostʹ ; učebnik dlja istoričeskich i gumanitarnych fakulʹtetov vysšich učebnych zavedenij |date=2000 |publisher=[[ROSSPEN]] |isbn=978-5-8243-0068-0 |editor-last=Zevelëv |editor-first=Aleksandr Izralʹevič |location=Moskva |language=ru |chapter=Гл. II. Черносотенные союзы и организации |chapter-url=http://read.virmk.ru/p/paty_rus/02.htm}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Черносотенцы |url=http://vseslova.com.ua/word/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B-120572 |access-date=2024-03-06 |website=VseslovA |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Черносотенцы |url=https://duma.tomsk.ru/document/view/977 |access-date=2024-03-06 |website=[[Legislative Duma of Tomsk Oblast]] |language=ru}}</ref>
==Predecessors== Members of the Black Hundreds organizations came from different [[social strata]]—such as landowners, clergymen, the [[Bourgeoisie|high]] and [[petty bourgeoisie]], [[merchant]]s, [[artisan]]s, workers and the so-called "declassed elements". The ''Postoyanny Sovyet Ob'yedinnyonnykh dvoryanskikh obshchshestv Rossii'' ([[:ru:Постоянный Совет Объединённых дворянских обществ России|United Gentry Council]]) guided the activities of the black-hundredists; the tsarist regime provided moral and financial support to the movement. The Black Hundreds were founded on a devotion to [[Tsar]], church and motherland, expressed previously by the motto of Tsar [[Nicholas I of Russia|Nicholas I]]: "[[Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality]]" (''Pravoslaviye, Samoderzhaviye i Narodnost ==Popularity and power== Line 47 ⟶ 46: Revolutionary organizations carried out many other terrorist acts, mainly against the chairmen of local departments of the Union of the Russian People. So, according to the police department, only in March 1908 in one Chernihiv province in the city of Bakhmach, a bomb was thrown at the house of the chairman of the local union of the RNC, in the city of Nizhyn the house of the chairman of the union was set on fire. The whole family died, in the village of Domyany the department's chairman was killed, two chairmen of departments were killed in Nizhyn.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Циркуляр Департамента полиции от 8 марта 1908 г. // Политическая полиция и политический терроризм в России (вторая половина XIX — начало XX вв.): Сборник документов. — М.: АИРО-XXI |year=2001 |trans-title=Circular of the Police Department dated March 8, 1908 // Political police and political terrorism in Russia (second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries): Collection of documents. — M.: AIRO-XXI}}</ref> The [[Socialist Revolutionary Party|Socialist-Revolutionaries]] also killed such prominent Black Hundreds as {{Not translated|Nikolai Bogdanovich|ru|Богданович, Николай Евгеньевич}} and ==Black Hundred and the Ukrainian question== Line 53 ⟶ 52: ==All-Russian congresses== The black-hundredists organized four all-Russian [[congress]]es to unite their forces. In October 1906, they elected the so-called ''glavnaya uprava'' (a kind of [[board of directors]]) of the new all-Russian black-hundredist organization ''"Ob’yedinyonniy russkiy narod"'' (Объединённый русский народ, or Russian People United). After 1907, however, this organization disintegrated, and the whole Black Hundreds movement became weaker as the membership rate steadily declined.<ref>{{статья|автор=Ивакин After emigrating abroad, many black-hundredists were among the main critics of the [[White movement]]. They blamed the movement for not only failing to stress monarchism as its key ideological foundation but also supposedly being run under the influence of [[classical liberal]]s and [[Freemasons]]. [[Boris Brasol]] (1885–1963), a former member of the Black Hundreds, was among those who later emigrated to the [[United States]]. There he befriended industrialist [[Henry Ford]], who gave Brasol a job on ''[[The Dearborn Independent]]'' newspaper. Brasol also helped in the production of anti-Jewish propaganda such as ''[[The International Jew]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |title=How Russia Shaped the Modern World |author=Steven G. Marks |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2003 |pages=172–4}}</ref> Line 59 ⟶ 58: ==Modern version== [[File:Flag of the Black Hundreds (modern).svg|200px|right|thumb|Modern flag of the Black Hundreds]] After the [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|fall of the Soviet Union]], the [[Russian nationalism|nationalist]] and [[Monarchism in Russia|monarchist]] movements were reborn in Russian society. In 1992, Alexander Shtilmark (former member of [[Pamyat]]) decided to found a modern Black Hundred movement.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Прибыловский |first=Владимир |title=Черная сотня |url=http://www.panorama.ru/works/vybory/party/shtil.html |access-date=2024-03-06 |website=ИИЦ «Панорама» |language=ru}}</ref> The movement maintains contacts with other Russian nationalist organizations (like the [[Russian Imperial Movement]] and the [[Union of Orthodox Banner-Bearers]]) and also participated in the early stages of the [[Russo-Ukrainian War]] on the side of pro-Russian separatists.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://euromaidanpress.com/2014/07/04/the-black-hundreds-the-most-important-russian-group-now-active-in-ukraine/ |title=The Black Hundreds: The most important Russian group now active in Ukraine |work=Euromaidan Press}}</ref> Line 78 ⟶ 77: ==Further reading==
* [[Walter Laqueur|Laqueur, Walter]]. ''Black Hundred: The Rise Of The Russian Extreme Right'' (1993) * Donald C. Rawson. ''Russian Rightists and the Revolution of 1905'' (1995) | |||