Bolivia: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia

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The country's population, estimated at 12&nbsp;million,<ref name="ReferenceB">{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Bolivia|access-date=24 September 2022|year=2022}}</ref> is [[Multinational state|multiethnic]], including [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Amerindians]], [[Mestizo]]s, [[Ethnic groups in Europe|Europeans]], [[Asian people|Asians]], [[Demographics of Africa|Africans]], [[Arabs]], [[Jews]] and some other mixtures throughout. Spanish is the official and predominant language, although 36 [[Languages of Bolivia|indigenous language]]s also have official status, of which the most commonly spoken are [[Guarani dialects|Guaraní]], [[Aymara language|Aymara]], and [[Quechuan languages|Quechua]].

Well before [[Spanish colonization]], The third part of the high region of Bolivia was Andean part of the great [[Inca Empire]], among them was born the most important culture of America the [[Tiwanaku|Tihuanaco]] culture in [[La Paz, Bolivia|La Paz-Bolivia]] that converges the ruins of [[Pumapunku|Pumapunko]] that had a great commercial influence in the Andes of South America reaching Ecuador, Chile and Peru, while the largest territory of Bolivia on the eastern side of the lowlands of the north and east of the country were inhabited by independent non-Andean Amazonian tribes with their own civilization and language, cultures and ethnicities that prevail to this day. One of the best known archaeologies of the [[Chané|Chané-Guaraní]] culture is found in [[Samaipata, Bolivia|Samaipata]], Bolivia. The largest carved stone in the world was later populated by the Incas and the Spanish, who found the carved archaeology known in Quechua as [[El Fuerte de Samaipata|"El Fuerte."]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Fuerte de Samaipata |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/883/ |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref> This intervention by different ethnic groups outside their territories was a dispute between Amazonian and Andean cultures, and the Incas were later expelled by the Guaraní tribes in defense of their territories in the eastern plains of Bolivia. Spanish ''[[conquistador]]es'', arriving from [[Cusco]], Peru, and [[Asunción]], Paraguay, forcibly took control of the region in the 16th century. During the subsequent [[Spanish Empire|Spanish colonial period]], Bolivia was administered by the [[Real Audiencia of Charcas]]. Spain built its empire, in large part, upon the silver that was extracted from [[Potosí]] [[Mining in Bolivia|Bolivia's mines]], from there, the globalization of the world arose by creating the first silver coins, which were then stamped with the "[[$]]" sign, inspired by [[Potosí]] <ref>{{Cite web |last=Thoughts |first=Bolivian |date=2023-09-17 |title=The origin of the dollar sign came from Potosi! $ ¡El origen del signo del dólar vino de Potosí! |url=https://bolivianthoughts.com/2023/09/17/the-origin-of-the-dollar-sign-came-from-potosi-el-origen-del-signo-del-dolar-vino-de-potosi/ |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=Bolivian Thoughts |language=en}}</ref>and [[Spanish colonization of the Americas|Spanish]] royalty. There, the saying was born: "You are worth a Potosí"<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-06 |title=¿De dónde viene la expresión "valer un Potosí"? |url=https://historia.nationalgeographic.com.es/a/de-donde-viene-expresion-valer-potosi_15128 |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=historia.nationalgeographic.com.es |language=es}}</ref>, which means innumerable wealth. After the first call for independence in 1809. In fact, Bolivia was the first territory where the First Libertarian Cry of [[Latin America]] arose in the city of [[Real Audiencia of Charcas|Charcas]] or city of the four names, now known as the city of [[Sucre|Sucre - Bolivia]] on May 25, 1809, being the first region of rebellion against the Spanish empire of an entire continent based on the Creole law students of the [[University of San Francisco Xavier|University San Francisco Xavier de Chuquisaca]] who inspired by the French revolution arose the first uprising of America, which thanks to this revolution in Sucre, the other Ibero-American countries (Latin Americans) were able to revolt and become independent of the Spanish empire. Likewise Bolivia was born as a nation in the city of Sucre, considered by its history the constitutional and historical capital of the country since August 6, 1825 sixteen years of fighting would follow before the establishment of the Republic, named for [[Simón Bolívar]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=25 August 2013|title=Salem Press|url=https://salempress.com/store/samples/great_lives_from_history_19th/great_lives_from_history_19th_bolivar.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130825121538/https://salempress.com/store/samples/great_lives_from_history_19th/great_lives_from_history_19th_bolivar.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 August 2013|access-date=23 November 2020}}</ref> Over the course of the 19th and early 20th centuries, Bolivia lost control of several peripheral territories to neighboring countries, such as Brazil's of the [[Republic of Acre|Acre]] territory, and the [[War of the Pacific]] (1879), in which Chile seized the country's Pacific coastal region.

Bolivia experienced a succession of military and civilian governments until [[Hugo Banzer]] led a [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]]-supported [[History of Bolivia (1964–1982)#The Banzer regime|coup d'état]] in 1971, replacing the [[socialist]] government of [[Juan José Torres]] with a [[military dictatorship]]. Banzer's regime cracked-down on left-wing and [[Socialism|socialist]] opposition parties, and other perceived forms of dissent, resulting in the torturing and murders of countless Bolivian citizens. Banzer was ousted in 1978 and, twenty years later, returned as the democratically elected President of Bolivia (1997–2001). Under the 2006–2019 presidency of [[Evo Morales]], the country saw significant economic growth and political stability, but was also widely accused of democratic backsliding<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Velasco Guachalla|first1=V. Ximena|last2=Hummel|first2=Calla|last3=Handlin|first3=Sam|author4-link=Amy Erica Smith|last4=Smith|first4=Amy Erica|date=2021|title=Latin America Erupts: When Does Competitive Authoritarianism Take Root?|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/797786|journal=Journal of Democracy|volume=32|issue=3|pages=63–77|doi=10.1353/jod.2021.0034|issn=1086-3214|doi-access=|s2cid=242488702|access-date=17 May 2024|archive-date=18 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018072257/https://muse.jhu.edu/article/797786|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Weyland|first=Kurt|date=2013|title=Latin America's Authoritarian Drift: The Threat from the Populist Left|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/512750|journal=Journal of Democracy|volume=24|issue=3|pages=18–32|doi=10.1353/jod.2013.0045|s2cid=154433853|issn=1086-3214|access-date=17 May 2024|archive-date=27 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027143941/https://muse.jhu.edu/article/512750|url-status=live}}</ref> and was described as a [[competitive authoritarian]] regime.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cameron|first=Maxwell A.|date=2018|title=Making Sense of Competitive Authoritarianism: Lessons from the Andes|journal=Latin American Politics and Society|language=en|volume=60|issue=2|pages=1–22|doi=10.1017/lap.2018.3|issn=1531-426X|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Levitsky|first1=Steven|last2=Loxton|first2=James|date=2013|title=Populism and competitive authoritarianism in the Andes|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2013.738864|journal=Democratization|volume=20|issue=1|pages=107–136|doi=10.1080/13510347.2013.738864|s2cid=145185278|issn=1351-0347}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sánchez-Sibony|first=Omar|date=2021|title=Competitive Authoritarianism in Morales's Bolivia: Skewing Arenas of Competition|journal=Latin American Politics and Society|language=en|volume=63|issue=1|pages=118–144|doi=10.1017/lap.2020.35|issn=1531-426X|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Freedom House]] classifies Bolivia as a partly-free democracy as of 2023, with a 66/100 score.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bolivia: Freedom in the World 2023 Country Report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/bolivia/freedom-world/2023 |access-date=2023-08-02 |website=Freedom House |language=en |archive-date=28 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428184805/https://freedomhouse.org/country/bolivia/freedom-world/2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>