Bremen (state): Difference between revisions - Wikipedia
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{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
<!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions -->| official_name = Free Hanseatic City of Bremen
| native_name = <small>{{native name|de|Freie Hansestadt Bremen}}<br/>{{native name|nds|Free Hansestadt Bremen}}</small>▼
| official_name = Free Hanseatic City of Bremen
| native_name_lang = ▼
▲| native_name = <small>{{native name|de|Freie Hansestadt Bremen}}<br/>{{native name|nds|Free Hansestadt Bremen}}</small>
| settlement_type = [[States of Germany|State]]▼
▲| native_name_lang =
| image_skyline = Bremen Town Hall - 2019-07-24-1.jpg
▲| settlement_type = [[States of Germany|State]]
| image_skylineimagesize = Bremen Town Hall - 2019-07-24-1.jpg270px
| imagesizeimage_caption = [[Bremen City = 270pxHall]]
| image_caption image_flag = [[BremenFlag Cityof Hall]]Bremen.svg
| image_flag flag_size = Flag of Bremen.svg120px
| flag_sizeimage_shield = Bremen greater coat of = 120pxarms.svg
| image_shield shield_size = Bremen greater coat of arms.svg110
| shield_sizeanthem = 110
| image_map = {{maplink|frame=y|plain=yes|frame-align=center|zoom=5|type=shape<!--line-->|id=|stroke-color=|stroke-width=2|frame-lat=51.1|frame-long=10.5|frame-width=250|frame-height=300}}▼
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| mapsize map_caption = 155px
| coordinates = {{coord|53|20|50|N|8|35|29|E|display=inline}}▼
| map_caption =▼
| subdivision_type = Country▼
▲| coordinates = {{coord|53|20|50|N|8|35|29|E|display=inline}}
| subdivision_name = [[Germany]]
▲| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_nameseat_type = [[Germany]]Capital
| seat_typeseat = Capital[[Bremen]]
| seat governing_body = [[Bürgerschaft of Bremen]]
| governing_body leader_party = [[Bürgerschaft of BremenSPD]]
| leader_title = [[President of the Senate and Mayor of Bremen|Senate President and Mayor]]▼
| leader_party = [[SPD]]▼
| leader_name = [[Andreas Bovenschulte]]
▲| leader_title = [[President of the Senate and Mayor of Bremen|Senate President and Mayor]]
| leader_name leader_title1 = [[AndreasGoverning Bovenschulte]]parties
| leader_name1 = {{Polparty|Germany|SPD}} / {{Polparty|Germany|[[Alliance 90/The Greens]]}} / {{Polparty|Germany|[[The Left (Germany)|The Left]]}} ▼
| leader_title1 = Governing parties
| leader_title2 = [[Bundesrat of Germany|Bundesrat votes]]
▲| leader_name1 = {{Polparty|Germany|SPD}} / {{Polparty|Germany|[[Alliance 90/The Greens]]}} / {{Polparty|Germany|[[The Left (Germany)|The Left]]}}
| leader_title2 leader_name2 = [[Bundesrat3 (of Germany|Bundesrat votes]]69)
| leader_title3 = [[Bundestag|Bundestag seats]]▼
| leader_name2 = 3 (of 69)
| leader_name3 = [[Results of the 2021 German federal election#Bremen|5 (of 736)]]▼
▲| leader_title3 = [[Bundestag|Bundestag seats]]
| total_type = City
▲| leader_name3 = [[Results of the 2021 German federal election#Bremen|5 (of 736)]]
| total_type area_footnotes = City
| area_footnotesarea_total_km2 = =419.38
| area_total_km2 elevation_m = 419.38
| population_footnotes = =<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.statistik.bremen.de/sixcms/media.php/13/2017-12_AI1vj4_Bevoelkerungsentwicklung.xlsx|title=Bevölkerung, Gebiet – Aktuelle Statistische Berichte – Bevölkerungsentwicklung im Land Bremen|work=Statistisches Landesamt Bremen|date=September 2018|language=German}}{{Dead link|date=July 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>▼
| elevation_m =▼
| population_total = 680,130
▲| population_footnotes =<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.statistik.bremen.de/sixcms/media.php/13/2017-12_AI1vj4_Bevoelkerungsentwicklung.xlsx|title=Bevölkerung, Gebiet – Aktuelle Statistische Berichte – Bevölkerungsentwicklung im Land Bremen|work=Statistisches Landesamt Bremen|date=September 2018|language=German}}{{Dead link|date=July 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
| population_total population_as_of = 680,1302020-12
| population_as_of = 2020-12
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_urban = =
| population_metro = =
| population_demonym = =
| demographics_type1 = GDP
| timezone1 = [[Central European Time|CET]]▼
| demographics1_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bruttoinlandsprodukt, Bruttowertschöpfung {{!}} Statistikportal.de |url=http://www.statistikportal.de/de/vgrdl/ergebnisse-laenderebene/bruttoinlandsprodukt-bruttowertschoepfung |access-date=2023-07-31 |website=Statistische Ämter des Bundes und der Länder {{!}} Gemeinsames Statistikportal |language=de}}</ref>
▲| utc_offset1 = +1
| demographics1_title1 = Total
| timezone1_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
| demographics1_info1 = €38.698 billion (2022)
| utc_offset1_DST = +2▼
| demographics1_title2 = Per capita
| postal_code_type =▼
| demographics1_info2 = €56,901 (2022)
| postal_code =▼
| area_code_typetimezone1 = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| area_codeutc_offset1 = =+1
▲| timezone1 timezone1_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CETCEST]]
| registration_plate = {{plainlist|▼
▲| utc_offset1_DST = +2
▲| postal_code_type = =
▲| postal_code = =
| area_code_type =
▲| map_captionarea_code = =
▲| registration_plate = {{plainlist|
*HB <small>(1906–1947; again since 1956)</small>
*BM <small>(1947)</small>
*AE <small>(1947–1956)</small>}}
| blank2_name_sec2 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (20182021)▼
| blank2_info_sec2 = 0.959954<ref name="GlobalDataLab">{{Cite web|url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/|title=Sub-national HDI – Area Database – Global Data Lab|website=hdi.globaldatalab.org|language=en|access-date=2018-09-13}}</ref><br/>{{color|green|very high}} · [[List of German states by Human Development Index|4th of 16]]▼
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Gross regional product|GRP (nominal)]]
▲| leader_partyiso_code = [[SPD]]DE-HB
| blank_info_sec1 = €34 billion (2019)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.statistik-bw.de/VGRdL/tbls/tab.jsp |title=Bruttoinlandsprodukt – in jeweiligen Preisen – in Deutschland 1991 bis 2019 nach Bundesländern (WZ 2008) – VGR dL |access-date=23 June 2020 |archive-date=25 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625204722/https://www.statistik-bw.de/VGRdL/tbls/tab.jsp |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| blank_name_sec2 = [[First level NUTS of the European Union#Germany|NUTS Region]]▼
| blank1_name_sec1 = GRP per capita
| blank_info_sec2 = DE5▼
| blank1_info_sec1 = €49,000 (2019)
| website = [httphttps://www.bremen.de/ bremen.de]▼
▲| blank2_name_sec2 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2018)
▲| elevation_mfootnotes = =
▲| blank2_info_sec2 = 0.959<ref name="GlobalDataLab">{{Cite web|url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/|title=Sub-national HDI – Area Database – Global Data Lab|website=hdi.globaldatalab.org|language=en|access-date=2018-09-13}}</ref><br/>{{color|green|very high}} · [[List of German states by Human Development Index|4th of 16]]
| image_blank_emblem = Bremen Logo.svg
| iso_code = DE-HB
| blank_emblem_type = [[Brandmark]]
▲| blank_name_sec2 = [[First level NUTS of the European Union#Germany|NUTS Region]]
| blank_emblem_size = 120px
▲| blank_info_sec2 = DE5
▲| website = [http://www.bremen.de/ bremen.de]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Bremen''' ({{IPA-|de|ˈbʁeːmən|lang|de-Bremen.ogg}}), officially the '''Free [[Hanseatic League#Lists of former Hansa cities|Hanseatic]] City of Bremen''' ({{lang-de|Freie Hansestadt Bremen}}; {{lang-nds|Free Hansestadt Bremen}}), is the smallest and least populous of [[States of Germany|Germany's 16 states]]. It is informally called {{lang|de|Land Bremen}} ("'State of Bremen"'), although the term is sometimes used in official contexts. The state consists of the city of [[Bremen]] and its seaport [[exclave]], [[Bremerhaven]], surrounded by the larger state of [[Lower Saxony]] in northern Germany.
==Geography==
The state of Bremen consists of two non-contiguous territories. These enclaves contain [[Bremen]], officially the 'City' (''Stadtgemeinde Bremen'') which is the state capital, and the city of [[Bremerhaven]] (''Stadt Bremerhaven''). Both are located on the River [[Weser]]; Bremerhaven ("Bremen's harbour") is further downstream on the mouth of the Weser with open access to the [[North Sea]]. Both enclaves are completely surrounded by the neighbouring State of [[Lower Saxony]] (''Niedersachsen''). The highest point in the state is in [[Friedehorst Park]] (32.5m5 metres; 107').
[[File:Landgebiete der Freien Stadt Bremen.png|thumb|left|upright=1.3|The territory of Bremen in the 14th and 18th centuries]]
[[File:Bremer Staatsgebiet seit 1800.png|thumb|left|upright=1.3|The territory of Bremen since 1800]]
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{{Main article|History of Bremen (city)|Timeline of Bremen}}
When the [[Holy Roman Empire]] was dissolved in 1806, thewhat [[Freehad Imperialbeen City]]since of Bremen1646 (as of 1646, after earlier privileges of autonomy of 1186) the [[Free Imperial City]] of Bremen was not [[German mediatisation|mediatised]]. Rather than being (incorporated into the enlarged territory of one of the surrounding monarchies), butit becamewas arecognised sovereign(along statewith officially[[Hamburg]]) titledas thea sovereign ''[[Hanseatic League|Free Hanseatic City]] of Bremen''. HerIts currency until 1873 was the [[Bremen thaler]] (until 1873). In 1811, the [[First French Empire]] annexed the [[city-state]] in an effort to enforce [[Napoleon]]'s [[Berlin Decree]], closing the European continent to British trade.
AtIn 1811, in an effort to enforce [[Napoleon]]'s [[Berlin Decree]] embargoing Britain, the [[First French Empire]] had annexed the [[city-state]]. But at the [[Congress of Vienna|Congress of Vienna of 1815]], Bremen's emissary, and later [[burgomaster]], [[Johann Smidt]], lobbied successfully to have the city's independence confirmedrestored as one of the 39 sovereign states within the new [[German Confederation]].
In 1827, Bremen bought land at the mouth of the Weser from the [[Kingdom of Hanover]], in order to build a new seaport, [[Bremerhaven]]. This ensured that Bremen remained Germany's main port of embarkation for emigrants to the Americas, and later that it developed as an entrepôt for Germany's late developing colonial trade.
In 1867, the year following [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]]'s defeat of [[Austrian Empire|Austria]] and its annexation of Hanover, Bremen joined the [[North German Confederation]]. thatIn 1871, following [[Franco-Prussian War|victory over the French]], this became the [[German Empire]] inwith 1871,Bremen as one of itsthe [[Reich]]'s 26 constituent states.
As an international port and industrial centre, Bremen had a strong left and liberal tradition. In January 1913, at the last elections to the [[Reichstag (German Empire)|Imperial Reichstag]] in Berlin, the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|Social Democrats (SPD)]] secured over half the vote, or 53.4%. Left Liberals (Linksliberale) took another 41.4%. Only 5.1% went to the Conservatives.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Reichstag 1867-1918 – Bremen|url=https://www.wahlen-in-deutschland.de/kuStBremen.htm|access-date=2021-05-17|website=wahlen-in-deutschland.de}}</ref> During the [[Weimar Republic]], there were seven [[Bremen state elections in the Weimar Republic|elections to the ''Burgerschaft'']], the Bremen parliament. At the [[November 1932 German federal election]], the last broadly free election during this time, the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|Social Democrats]] won 31.2% of the vote, and the [[Communist Party of Germany|Communists (KPD)]] 16.8%, compared to 20.8% for the [[Nazi Party|Nazis]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Reichstagswahlen 1919-1933 – Bremen|url=https://wahlen-in-deutschland.de/wubremen.htm|access-date=2021-05-17|website=wahlen-in-deutschland.de}}</ref><ref>Herbert Schwarzwälder (1983) ''Bremen in der Weimarer Republik (1918–1933)'' (Geschichte der Freien Hansestadt Bremen, Vol. 3), Christians, 1983, p. 609.</ref>
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Following the heavily compromised national elections of March 1933, the Nazis still achieved only a third of the popular vote in Bremen (32.7%).<ref name=":0" /> Bremen, like all the German states, then underwent the process of ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'' (coordination) whereby the Nazi regime, through a campaign of violent demonstrations and intimidation, first forced the resignation of the executive Senate and later dissolved the ''Bürgerschaft''. Bremen remained for the next twelve years under the direct authority of a ''[[Reichsstatthalter]]'' (Reich Governor) who simultaneously held the post of Nazi Party ''[[Gauleiter]]'' of [[Gau Weser-Ems]]. During these years, Bremen's small Jewish community (1,438 people registered at the beginning of 1933)<ref>[[Herbert Schwarzwälder]] (2003), ''Das Große Bremen-Lexikon''. Edition Temmen, {{ISBN|3-86108-693-X}}, p. 442.</ref> was destroyed through coerced emigration and [[The Holocaust|deportation to death camps in the occupied east]].
[[Bombing of Bremen in World War II|Allied bombing]] destroyedduring theWorld majorityWar ofII the historical Hanseatic citydestroyed asor wellseverely asdamaged 60% of the city's built-up areafabric, ofincluding Bremenmuch duringof Worldits Warhistoric IIcentre. TheFollowing [[3rda Infantryfurther Divisionbombardment, (United Kingdom)|British 3rd Infantry Division]] under [[General (United Kingdom)|General]] [[Lashmer Whistler]]troops capturedentered Bremen in late April 1945. The British handed it overTransferred to the Americans;, Bremen became anthe American-controlledsupply port for the supply of the US [[Allied-occupied Germany|zones of occupation]] in [[west Berlin]] and southern Germany.
BremenThe city was reestablished as a state in 1947 and, from 1949, was again known as the ''Free Hanseatic City of Bremen'', becoming a Land or state of the new [[West Germany|Federal Republic of Germany]], informally referred to as "[[West Germany]]" until 1990.
{{bar box
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|bars=
{{bar percent| Others or [[Irreligion|none]]|SlateGray|57.2}}
{{bar percent|[[EvangelicalProtestant Church in Germany|EKD Protestants]]|DodgerBlue|32.7}}
{{bar percent|[[Catholic Church|Roman Catholics]]|DarkOrchid|10.1}}
}}
==Politics==
{{See also|State Office for the Protection of the Constitution of Bremen}}
===Political system===
{{Expand section|date=November 2009}}
The legislature of the state of Bremen is the 8387-member [[Bürgerschaft of Bremen|Bürgerschaft]] (citizens' assembly), elected by the citizens in the two cities of [[Bremen (city)|Bremen]] and [[Bremerhaven]].
The executive is constituted by the [[Senate of Bremen]], elected by the Bürgerschaft. The Senate is chaired by the President of the senate (''Senatspräsident''), who is also one of the [[Mayor of Bremen|mayors of the city of Bremen]] (''Bürgermeister'') and is elected directly by the Bürgerschaft. The Senate selects of its members as a second mayor who serves as deputy of the president. In contrast to the Federal Chancellor of Germany or other German states, the President of the Senate has no authority to override senators on policy, which is decided upon by the senate collectively. Since 1945, the Senate has continuously been dominated by the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|Social Democratic Party]].
On a municipal level, the two cities in the state are administered separately:
* The administration of the [[Bremen (city)|city of Bremen]] is headed by the two mayors and controlled by the portion of the [[Bürgerschaft of Bremen|Bürgerschaft]] elected in the city of Bremen (6872 members).
* [[Bremerhaven]], on the other hand, has a municipal assembly distinct from the state legislature and an administration under a distinct head mayor (''Oberbürgermeister'') and a distinct second mayor.
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Some of the city's heavier industries failed to recover from the [[1973 oil crisis|oil-price-shock]] recession of the early 1970s. Specialist construction yards, ship outfitters and parts suppliers remain, but [[AG Weser]] (which employed 16,000 workers at its peak) and [[Bremer Vulkan|Bremer Vulcan]], Bremen's major shipbuilders, closed in 1983 and 1997 respectively. Further job losses were caused by the restructuring and increasing mechanisation of harbour-related activities and other industrial sectors. Semi and unskilled harbour workers found it very difficult to re-enter the labour market, and unemployment—for a period in the 1980s almost double the West German average—remained comparatively high.
At a time when structural change in the economy has forced Bremen to spend more on social services., [[Suburbanization|Suburbanisationsuburbanisation]] has reduced population and tax revenue, namely due to 1969 federal tax reform - before that, income taxes would be collected by the municipality of the workplace, but after that, by the municipality of the residency. Incorporating surrounding suburban municipalities, is not an option for Bremen as these belong to the state of Lower Saxony.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Plöger|first=Jörg|url=http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/3623/1/Bremen_city_report_(final).pdf|title=Bremen: City Report|publisher=Centre for the Analysis of Social Exclusion, LSE|year=2007|location=London}}</ref>
With financial assistance from the [[European Union]], and from the Federal Government, economic policy has focussedfocused on supporting those established economic sectors that are based on advanced technology, such as aerospace and aircraft production, automobile production, maritime and logistics services, and on developing the education and business-park infrastructure for new science-based and digital enterprises. In this an important tolerole is accorded to the growing university sector. Further investment went into the revitalisation of the city centre but a culture-driven regeneration around entertainment and tourism was not very successful. Several experts described Bremen's service sector as underdeveloped, due to a lack of major company headquarters.<ref name=":1" />
=== Unemployment ===
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==External links==
{{Commons category|Bremen (state)}}
* [httphttps://www.bremen.de/ Official state portal]
* [httphttps://www.rathaus-.bremen.de/ Official governmental portal]
* [http://www.buergerschaft.bremen.de/index.php?area=1&np=3,25,111,0,0,0,0,0 Constitution of the state, German only]
* {{Osmrelation-inline|62718}}
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[[Category:History of Bremen (city)]]
[[Category:History of Bremen (state)]]
[[Category:NUTS 12 statistical regions of the European Union]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1646]]
[[Category:1646 establishments in the Holy Roman Empire]]