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Line 51: According to historian [[Thomas Pakenham (historian)|Thomas Pakenham]], "In practice, the farms of Boer collaborators got burnt too – burnt by mistake by [[Tommy Atkins|Tommies]] or in reprisal by the commandos. So Kitchener added a new twist to farm-burning. He decided that his soldiers should not only strip the farms of stock, but should take the families, too. Women and children would be concentrated in 'camps of refuge' along the railway line. In fact, these camps consisted of two kinds of civilians: genuine refugees – that is, the families of Boers who were helping the British, or at least keeping their oath of neutrality – and internees, the families of men who were still out on commando. The difference was crucial, for at first there were two different scales of rations: little enough in practice for the refugees, and a recklessly low scale for the internees."<ref name="Packenham 1991, page 577">Packenham (1991), page 577.</ref> Of the 107,000 people interned in the camps, 27,927 Boer women and children died<ref>{{cite book |first=T. R. H. |last=Davenport |year=2000 |orig-year=1977 |title=South Africa: A Modern History |isbn=0-8020-2261-8 |page=228|publisher=University of Toronto Press }}</ref> as well as more than 14,000 Black Africans.<ref>Thomas Pakenham (1991), ''The Scramble for Africa, 1876–1912'', Random House, New York. Pages 580-581.</ref> ===The Pietersburg War Crimes Trials=== Line 220: {{Incomplete list|date=November 2021}} The British violated the neutrality of several countries on a number of occasions, including: *[[Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beaumont |first=Joan |date=1981 |title=Great Britain and the Rights of Neutral Countries: The Case of Iran, 1941 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/260624 |journal=Journal of Contemporary History |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=213–228 |doi=10.1177/002200948101600112 |jstor=260624 |s2cid=159929729 |issn=0022-0094}}</ref> *[[British invasion of Iceland]]<ref>{{Cite book |author=Walling, Michael G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CTnDCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA29 |title=Forgotten Sacrifice: The Arctic Convoys of World War II |date=20 October 2012 |isbn=978-1-4728-1110-3 |pages=29 | publisher=Bloomsbury |oclc=1026826446}}</ref> *[[Psilander affair]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=English |first=Adrian |date=2014 |title=The Faeroes incident – The Irish connection |url=https://www.histarmar.com.ar/InfGral/Faeores.htm |access-date=2022-09-03 |website=www.histarmar.com.ar |publisher=Royal Swedish Academy}}</ref> *[[Altmark incident]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Waldock |first=C. H. M. |date=1947 |title=The Release of the Altmark's Prisoners |url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/byrint24&id=230&div=&collection= |journal=British Year Book of International Law |volume=24 |pages=216}}</ref> Line 324: {{Main|Hola massacre}} [[File:Monument Hola Massacre, Kenya.jpg|thumb|120px|Hola Massacre monument]] The [[Hola massacre]] was an incident at a detention camp in [[Hola, Kenya]]. By January 1959 the camp had a population of 506 detainees of whom 127 were held in a secluded "closed camp". This more remote camp near Garissa, eastern Kenya, was reserved for the most uncooperative of the detainees. They often refused, even when threats of force were made, to join in the colonial "rehabilitation process" or perform manual labour or obey colonial orders. The camp commandant outlined a plan that would force 88 of the detainees to bend to work. On 3 March 1959, the camp commandant put this plan into action – as a result, 11 detainees were clubbed to death by guards.<ref>Maloba, Wunyabari O. Mau Mau and Kenya: An Analysis of a Peasant Revolt.(Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN: 1993) pp. 142–43.</ref> All of the surviving detainees sustained serious permanent injuries.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ogiek.org/indepth/special-report-3.htm ==The Troubles== | |||