Bull Canyon Formation: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia

Article Images

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|Revuelto Creek''<ref name="carp97" />''

|Partial skeleton

|A very large "[[Coelophysoidea|coelophysoid]]" [[Theropoda|theropod]] [[dinosaur]].<ref name=":23">{{Cite book |last1=Parrish |first1=Michael |title=The Beginning of the Age of Dinosaurs |last2=Carpenter |first2=Kenneth |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1986 |isbn=0521303281 |editor-last=Padian |editor-first=Kevin |location=New York |pages=151–160 |chapter=A new vertebrate fauna from the Dockum Formation (Late Triassic) of eastern New Mexico |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/beginningofageof0000unse/page/150/mode/2up}}</ref>''<ref name="carp97" />'' One of the largest known Triassic theropods, though its validity as a distinct species is uncertain. Some (though not all) of its fossil material may belong to ''Shuvosaurus'', and other remains resemble ''[[Coelophysis]]'', albeit much larger and more robust.<ref name="nesbittetal2007">{{cite journal |last1=Nesbitt |first1=Sterling J. |last2=Irmis |first2=Randall B. |last3=Parker |first3=William G. |date=June 2007 |title=A critical re-evaluation of the Late Triassic dinosaur taxa of North America |url=http://www.dinochecker.com/papers/triassic_dinos_revisited_Nesbitt_et_al_2007.pdf |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=209–243 |bibcode=2007JSPal...5..209N |doi=10.1017/S1477201907002040 |s2cid=28782207}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Griffin |first=Christopher T. |date=September 2019 |title=Large neotheropods from the Upper Triassic of North America and the early evolution of large theropod body sizes |journal=Journal of Paleontology |language=en |volume=93 |issue=5 |pages=1010–1030 |bibcode=2019JPal...93.1010G |doi=10.1017/jpa.2019.13 |issn=0022-3360 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

|[[File:Gojirasaurus scale and skeletal.png|center|150x150px]]

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|Bull Canyon

|Partial skeleton and fibula

|Specimens NMMNH P-4569 ("''Comanchesaurus kuesi''") ~~and~~or ~~NMMNH~~"Herrerasaurid B"<ref name=":15">{{Cite journal |last1=Hunt |first1=Adrian P. |last2=Lucas |first2=Spencer G. |last3=Heckert |first3=Andrew B. |last4=Sullivan |first4=Robert M. |last5=Lockley |first5=Martin G. |date=1998 |title=Late Triassic dinosaurs from the western United States |url=http://www.miketaylor.org.uk/dino/nm/HuntEtAl1998-~~4563~~lt-dinosaurs-western-us.pdf (a|journal=Geobios ~~fibula~~|language=en ~~fragment~~|volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=511–531 |bibcode=1998Geobi..31..511H |doi=10.1016/S0016-6995(98)80123-X}}</ref>), ~~both~~and ofNMMNH ~~which~~P-4563, ~~belong~~belonging to ~~rather~~ large early ~~dinosaur~~neotheropods similar to ''Gojirasaurus''.<ref name="nesbittetal2007" /><ref name=":12" /><ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last1=Marsh |first1=Adam D. |last2=Parker |first2=William G. |date=2020-11-12 |title=New dinosauromorph specimens from Petrified Forest National Park and a global biostratigraphic review of Triassic dinosauromorph body fossils |url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt01w536hs/qt01w536hs.pdf |journal=PaleoBios |volume=37 |pages=1–56 |doi=10.5070/p9371050859 |issn=2373-8189}}</ref>

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|Bull Canyon, Revuelto Creek, Barranca Creek

|Teeth,<ref name=":8" /> partial skeletons including vertebrae and hindlimb material

|Various fragmentary fossils in the Bull Canyon Formation have been referred to specific saurischian dinosaur taxa (''Coelophysis'',<ref name=":8" /> ''[[Chindesaurus]]'',<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last1=Long |first1=Robert A. |last2=Murry |first2=Phillip A. |date=1995 |title=Late Triassic (Carnian and Norian) tetrapods from the Southwestern United States |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wbv9CQAAQBAJ |journal=New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin |volume=4 |pages=1–254}}</ref> [[Herrerasauridae|herrerasaurids]],<ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last=Hunt |first=Adrian P. |last2=Lucas |first2=Spencer G. |date=1993 |title=Triassic vertebrate paleontology and biochronology of New Mexico |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Vertebrate_Paleontology_in_New_Mexico/da79CQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA49&printsec=frontcover |journal=New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin |volume=2 |pages=49–60}}</ref><ref name=":15" /><ref name=":112">{{Cite journal |last=Hunt |first=Adrian P. |date=2001 |title=The vertebrate fauna, biostratigraphy and biochronology of the type Revultian land vertebrate faunachron, Bull Canyon Formation (Upper Triassic), east-central New Mexico |url=https://nmgs.nmt.edu/publications/guidebooks/downloads/52/52_p0123_p0151.pdf |journal=New Mexico Geological Society Guidebook, 52nd Field Conference, Geology of the Llano Estacado |language=en |publisher=New Mexico Geological Society |pages=123–151 |doi=10.56577/FFC-52.123 |isbn=978-1-58546-087-8}}</ref> "[[Prosauropod|prosauropods]]",<ref name=":02" /> etc.). These referrals are very tenuous and often contradictory.<ref name="nesbittetal2007" /> Some purported Bull Canyon dinosaur fossils, such as specimen NMMNH P-17375 ("''Cryptoraptor lockleyi''") are difficult to distinguish from ''Shuvosaurus''.<ref name="nesbittetal2007" />

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!Images

| rowspan="23" |''[[Machaeroprosopus]]''

|''M. andersoni''

|Bull Canyon

|Skulls and postcrania

|Previously known as ''Pseudopalatus andersoni''.<ref name=":112" /> A 2013 study established that all phytosaur species previously classified as "''Pseudopalatus''" would more validly be named as ''Machaeroprosopus''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Parker |first=William G. |last2=Hungerbühler |first2=Axel |last3=Martz |first3=Jeffrey W. |date=2012 |title=The taxonomic status of the phytosaurs (Archosauriformes) Machaeroprosopus and Pseudopalatus from the Late Triassic of the western United States |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258442651 |journal=Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh |language=en |volume=103 |issue=3-4 |pages=265–268 |doi=10.1017/S1755691013000339 |issn=1755-6910}}</ref> One specimen preserves stomach content of ''Vancleavea'' vertebrae and smaller phytosaur hip fragments.<ref name=":112" />

|[[File:Machaeroprosopus andersoni skull.jpg|center|150x150px]]

|-▼

|''M. mccauleyi''

|Bull Canyon, Revuelto Creek, Barranca Creek, Cosner Ranch,<ref name=":7" />

|Skulls and postcrania

|A brachyrostral (thick-snouted) [[Mystriosuchini|mystriosuchin]] phytosaur. American phytosaurs are prone to significant taxonomic controversy, and this holds true for fossils from the Bull Canyon Formation. At various times, ''[[Smilosuchus|"Rutiodon" gregorii]]'',<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal |last1=Carpenter |first1=Kenneth |last2=Parrish |first2=Michael |date=1985 |title=Late Triassic Vertebrates from Revuelto Creek, Quay County, New Mexico |url=https://nmgs.nmt.edu/publications/guidebooks/downloads/36/36_p0197_p0198.pdf |journal=New Mexico Geological Society Guidebook, 36th Field Conference, Santa Rosa |pages=197–198}}</ref><ref name=":23"~~>{{Cite~~ book |last1=Parrish |first1=Michael |title=The Beginning of the Age of Dinosaurs |last2=Carpenter |first2=Kenneth |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1986 |isbn=0521303281 |editor-last=Padian |editor-first=Kevin |location=New York |pages=151–160 |chapter=A new vertebrate fauna from the Dockum Formation (Late Triassic) of eastern New Mexico |chapter-url=https:/~~/archive.org/details/beginningofageof0000unse/page/150/mode/2up}}</ref~~> ''"Nicrosaurus" gregorii'',<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lucas |first=Spencer G. |last2=Hunt |first2=Adrian P. |last3=Bennett |first3=Christopher |date=1985 |title=Triassic vertebrates from east-central New Mexico in the Yale Peabody Museum |url=https://nmgs.nmt.edu/publications/guidebooks/downloads/36/36_p0199_p0203.pdf |journal=New Mexico Geological Society 36th Annual Fall Field Conference Guidebook |language=en |publisher=New Mexico Geological Society |pages=199–203 |doi=10.56577/FFC-36.199}}</ref> ''"Arribasuchus" buceros'',<ref name=":02" /> ''Pseudopalatus andersoni''<ref name=":112" /> and ''Pseudopalatus mccauleyi''<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hunt |first1=Adrian P. |last2=Lucas |first2=Spencer G. |last3=Spielmann |first3=Justin A. |date=2006 |title=Sexual dimorphism in a large brachyrostral phytosaur (Archosauria: Crurotarsi) from the Late Triassic of western North America |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281782930 |journal=New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin |volume=37 |pages=563–567}}</ref> have all been proposed as names for the most common Bull Canyon phytosaur species, a brachyrostral form. Many phytosaur fossils from the Bull Canyon Formation are indeterminate to the genus or species level.<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":112" />

|[[File:Phytosaurs cropped.jpg|center|150x150px]]

|▼

|''M. pristinus''

|Bull Canyon

|Skulls and postcrania

|An uncommon dolichorostral (slender-snouted) mystriosuchin phytosaur, previously known as ''Pseudopalatus pristinus''.<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":112" /> One specimen preserves stomach content of "''Apachesaurus''" vertebrae.<ref name=":112" />

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|▼

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|L-501<ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |last=Heckert |first=Andrew B. |last2=Lucas |first2=Spencer G. |date=1998 |title=First occurrence of Aetosaurus (Reptilia: Archosauria) in the Upper Triassic Chinle Group (USA) and its biochronological significance |url=https://www.academia.edu/917119 |journal=Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Monatshefte |volume=10 |pages=604–612 |doi=10.1127/njgpm/1998/1998/604}}</ref>

|Osteoderms<ref name=":13" />

|A small and rare [[Aetosaurinae|aetosaurine]] [[aetosaur]].<ref name=":13" /> The referral of these fossils to ''Aetosaurus'' is questionable, as they show few diagnostic features.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Parker |first=William G. |date=2016-01-21 |title=Revised phylogenetic analysis of the Aetosauria (Archosauria: Pseudosuchia); assessing the effects of incongruent morphological character sets |url=https://peerj.com/articles/1583 |journal=PeerJ |language=en |volume=4 |pages=e1583 |doi=10.7717/peerj.1583 |issn=2167-8359}}</ref>

~~|A small aetosaur.~~

|~~[[Crocodylomorpha]]~~"Sphenosuchidae" indet.

|Barranca Creek

|Partial skeleton and skull fragments<ref name=":14" />

|An unnamed "[[Sphenosuchia|sphenosuchian]]"-[[Evolutionary grade|grade]] [[Crocodylomorpha|crocodylomorph]] similar to ''[[Hesperosuchus]]''.<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last=Hunt |first=Adrian P. |last2=Spielmann |first2=Justin A. |last3=Lucas |first3=Spencer G. |date=2006 |title=A sphenosuchian (Archosauria, Crocodylomorpha) with a partial pelvis from the Upper Triassic Bull Canyon Formation (Norian: Revueltian), East-Central, New Mexico |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281782767 |journal=New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin |volume=37 |pages=571–574}}</ref> Indeterminate "~~Sphenosuchian~~sphenosuchian" fragments are common throughout the formation.<ref name=":112" />

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|''P. sp.''

|Bull Canyon, Revuelto Creek, Cosner Ranch<ref name=":7" />

|Osteoderms<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hunt |first=Adrian P. |last2=Lucas |first2=Spencer G. |date=1992 |title=The first occurrence of the aetosaur Paratypothorax andressi (Reptilia, Aetosauria) in the western United States and its biochronological significance |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF02989485 |journal=Paläontologische Zeitschrift |language=en |volume=66 |issue=1-2 |pages=147–157 |doi=10.1007/BF02989485 |issn=0031-0220}}</ref><ref name=":02" /><ref name=":7" />

~~|Osteoderms<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":7" />~~

|A rare [[Paratypothoracini|paratypothoracin]] aetosaur.

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|''P. kirkpatricki''

|Barranca Creek<ref name=":02" />

|~~Large~~Hip, ~~pelvis~~vertebrae, ~~femur~~and hindlimbs<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":112" />

|A large [[Rauisuchidae|rauisuchid]]. Indeterminate rauisuchid fossils are common throughout the formation, including teeth, vertebrae, and other postcranial fragments.<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":112" />

|[[File:Postosuchus kirkpatricki flipped.jpg|center|150x150px]]

~~|Rauisuchidae indet.~~

~~|Teeth, vertebrae, and other postcranial fragments<ref name=":112" />~~

|''[[Revueltosaurus]]<ref name=":122">{{Cite journal |last=Hunt |first=Adrian P. |date=1989 |editor-last=Lucas |editor-first=Spencer G. |editor2-last=Hunt |editor2-first=Adrian P. |title=A new ?ornithischian dinosaur from the Bull Canyon Formation (Upper Triassic) of east-central New Mexico |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ar1hCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA355 |journal=Dawn of the Age of Dinosaurs in the American Southwest |publisher=New Mexico Museum of Natural History |pages=355–388}}</ref>''

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|Revuelto Creek

|Teeth,<ref name=":122" /> partial skeleton<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hunt |first1=Adrian P. |last2=Lucas |first2=Spencer G. |last3=Spielmann |first3=Justin A. |date=2005 |title=The postcranial skeleton of Revueltosaurus callenderi (Archosauria: Crurotarsi) from the Upper Triassic of Arizona and New Mexico, USA |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dPj5CQAAQBAJ&pg=PA82-IA1 |journal=New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin |volume=29 |pages=66–75}}</ref>

|A small armored [[Aetosauriformes|aetosauriform]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Parker |first1=William G. |last2=Nesbitt |first2=Sterling J. |last3=Irmis |first3=Randall B. |last4=Martz |first4=Jeffrey W. |last5=Marsh |first5=Adam D. |last6=Brown |first6=Matthew A. |last7=Stocker |first7=Michelle R. |last8=Werning |first8=Sarah |date=2022 |title=Osteology and relationships of Revueltosaurus callenderi (Archosauria: Suchia) from the Upper Triassic (Norian) Chinle Formation of Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona, United States |journal=The Anatomical Record |language=en |volume=305 |issue=10 |pages=2353–2414 |doi=10.1002/ar.24757 |issn=1932-8486 |pmc=9544919 |pmid=34585850}}</ref> previously misidentified as an [[Ornithischia|ornithischian]] dinosaur based on its similar teeth.<ref name=":122" /><ref name=":02" /><ref name=":15" /><ref name=":112" />

|[[File:Revueltosaurus.jpg|center|150x150px]]

|''[[Rioarribasuchus]]''

Line 220 ⟶ 212:

|Premaxilla fragment,<ref name=":23" /> postcrania<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":112" />

|A common [[Shuvosauridae|shuvosaurid]] [[Poposauroidea|poposauroid]] with a bipedal stance and a toothless, beaked skull. Fossils of this species are frequently confused with those of dinosaurs<ref name="nesbittetal2007" /> and ''[[Poposaurus]]''.<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":02" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":112" /> Many postcranial fossils were previously described as a new genus, "''Chatterjeea''",<ref name=":02" /> until it was recognized that ''Shuvosaurus'' and "''Chatterjeea''" were synonyms.<ref name=":112" /><ref name="nesbittetal2007" />

|[[File:Shuvosaurus BW flipped.jpg|center|150x150px]]

|''[[Typothorax]]''

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|Bull Canyon, Revuelto Creek, Barranca Creek

|Complete skeletons, osteoderms

|A large [[Typothoracinae|typothoracine]] aetosaur. One of the most abundant reptiles in the formation, known from multiple complete skeletons.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hunt |first=Adrian P. |last2=Lucas |first2=Spencer G. |last3=Reser |first3=Peter K. |date=1993 |title=A complete skeleton of the stagonolepidid Typothorax coccinarum from the Upper Triassic Bull Canyon Formation of East-Central New Mexico, USA |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Nonmarine_Triassic/qbP9CQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA209&printsec=frontcover |journal=New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin |volume=3 |pages=209–212}}</ref><ref name=":02" /><ref name=":112" /><ref name="Hetal10">{{cite journal |last=Heckert |first=A.B. |author2=Lucas, S.G. |author3=Rinehart, L.F. |author4=Celesky, M.D. |author5=Spielmann, J.A. |author6=Hunt, A.P. |year=2010 |title=Articulated skeletons of the aetosaur ''Typothorax coccinarum'' Cope (Archosauria: Stagonolepididae) from the Upper Triassic Bull Canyon Formation (Revueltian: early-mid Norian), eastern New Mexico, USA |url=https://bioone.org/Journals/Journal-of-Vertebrate-Paleontology/volume-30/issue-3/02724631003763524/Articulated-Skeletons-of-the-Aetosaur-iTypothorax-coccinarum-i-Cope-Archosauria/10.1080/02724631003763524.full |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=619–642 |doi=10.1080/02724631003763524 |s2cid=140536594}}</ref>

|[[File:Typothorax coccinarum skeleton.jpg|center|150x150px]]

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|''[[Vancleavea]]''<ref name=":02" />

|''V. campi''

|Vertebrae,<ref name=":02" /> osteoderms, limb material<ref name=":112" />

|An armored semiaquatic archosauriform. Some vertebrae are preserved as gut contents in a phytosaur skeleton.<ref name=":112" />

|[[File:Vancleavea white background.jpg|center|150x150px]]

Line 309 ⟶ 301:

|[[Redfieldiidae]] indet.

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|''[[Reticulodus]]<ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Murry |first=Phillip A. |last2=Kirby |first2=Randy E. |date=2002 |title=A new hybodont shark from the Chinle and Bull Canyon formations, Arizona, Utah, and New Mexico |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Upper_Triassic_Stratigraphy_and_Paleonto/imIfCgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA87 |journal=New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin |volume=21 |pages=87–106}}</ref>''

|''R. synergus<ref name=":16" />''

|Bull Canyon,<ref name=":16" /> Mesa Redonda<ref name=":17">{{Cite journal |last=Voris |first=Jared T. |last2=Heckert |first2=Andrew B. |date=2017-07-04 |title=Ontogenetic heterodonty in Reticulodus synergus (Chondrichthyes, Hybodontiformes) from the Upper Triassic of the southwestern U.S.A., with a redescription of the genus |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02724634.2017.1351980 |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |language=en |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=e1351980 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2017.1351980 |issn=0272-4634}}</ref>

|Teeth

|A [[Hybodontiformes|hybodont]] shark with durophagous (crushing) dentition.<ref name=":16" /><ref name=":17" />