Canada: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia

Article Images

Line 5:

{{Infobox country

| conventional_long_name = Canada

Line 43:

| established_event3 = [[Patriation]]

| established_date3 = April 17, 1982

| area_km2 = ~~9,984,670~~{{formatnum:9984670}}

| area_label = Total area

| area_rank = 2nd

| area_sq_mi = ~~3,854,085~~{{formatnum:3854085}}

| percent_water = 11.76 (2015)<ref>{{cite web |title=Surface water and surface water change |url=https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SURFACE_WATER# |access-date=October 11, 2020 |publisher=[[OECD]] |archive-date=December 9, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209191004/https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SURFACE_WATER |url-status=live}}</ref>

| area_label2 = Total land area

| area_data2 = {{convert|9093507|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}

| population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}} ~~41,012,563~~{{formatnum:41288599}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=~~June~~September 1925, 2024 |title=Population estimates, quarterly |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=1710000901 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/~~20240622155329~~20240925184234/https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=1710000901 |archive-date=~~June~~September 2225, 2024 |access-date=~~June~~September 2425, 2024 |publisher=Statistics Canada}}</ref>

| population_estimate_year = 2024 Q2Q3

| population_census = {{IncreaseNeutral}} ~~36,991,981~~{{formatnum:36991981}}<ref>{{cite web |date=February 9, 2022 |title=Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&DGUIDList=2021A000011124&GENDERList=1&STATISTICList=1&HEADERList=0&SearchText=Canada |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209165904/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&DGUIDList=2021A000011124&GENDERList=1&STATISTICList=1&HEADERList=0&SearchText=Canada |archive-date=February 9, 2022}}</ref>

| population_census_year = [[2021 Canadian census|2021]]

| population_estimate_rank = 36th

Line 75:

| HDI_year = 2022

| HDI_change = increase

| HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite web |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf |title=Human Development Report 2023/24 |language=en |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |date=13 March 13, 2024 |access-date=13 March 13, 2024|archive-date=March 13, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313164319/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>

| HDI_rank = 18th

| currency = [[Canadian dollar]] ($)

Line 113:

The [[Settlement of the Americas|first inhabitants of North America]] are generally hypothesized to have migrated from [[Siberia]] by way of the [[Beringia|Bering land bridge]] and arrived at least 14,000 years ago.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dillehay |first=Thomas D. |title=The Settlement of the Americas: A New Prehistory |publisher=Basic Books |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-7867-2543-4 |page=61}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fagan |first1=Brian M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fMneCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA124 |title=World Prehistory: A Brief Introduction |last2=Durrani |first2=Nadia |publisher=Routledge |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-317-34244-1 |page=124}}</ref> The [[Paleo-Indian]] archeological sites at [[Old Crow Flats]] and [[Bluefish Caves]] are two of the oldest sites of human habitation in Canada.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rawat |first=Rajiv |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AwlYiuPAX-UC&pg=PT58 |title=Circumpolar Health Atlas |publisher=University of Toronto Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-4426-4456-4 |page=58}}</ref> The [[Technological and industrial history of Canada#The Stone Age: Fire (14,000 BC – AD 1600)|characteristics of Indigenous societies]] included permanent settlements, agriculture, complex societal hierarchies, and trading networks.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hayes |first=Derek |title=Canada: An Illustrated History |publisher=Douglas & Mcintyre |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-55365-259-5 |pages=7, 13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Macklem |first=Patrick |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=quM1xyFyfhQC&pg=PA170 |title=Indigenous Difference and the Constitution of Canada |publisher=University of Toronto Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-8020-4195-1 |page=170}}</ref> Some of these cultures had collapsed by the time European explorers arrived in the late 15th and early 16th centuries and have only been discovered through archeological investigations.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sonneborn |first=Liz |title=Chronology of American Indian History |date=January 2007 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-0-8160-6770-1 |pages=2–12}}</ref> [[Indigenous peoples in Canada|Indigenous peoples in present-day Canada]] include the [[First Nations in Canada|First Nations]], [[Inuit]], and [[Métis people in Canada|Métis]],<ref name="GraberKuprecht2012">{{Cite book |last1=Graber |first1=Christoph Beat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5dv2d57n52MC&pg=PA366 |title=International Trade in Indigenous Cultural Heritage: Legal and Policy Issues |last2=Kuprecht |first2=Karolina |last3=Lai |first3=Jessica C. |author-link3=Jessica Lai |publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-85793-831-2 |page=366}}</ref> the last being of [[mixed-blood|mixed descent]] who originated in the mid-17th century when First Nations people married European settlers and subsequently developed their own identity.<ref name="GraberKuprecht2012" />[[File:Indigenous population by census division.svg|upright=1.3|thumb|A map of Canada showing the percent of [[Population of Canada#Indigenous peoples|self-reported indigenous identity]] (First Nations, Inuit, Métis) by census division, according to the [[2021 Canadian census]]<ref name="Statistics Canada 2022 u867">{{cite web |title=Census Program Data Viewer dashboard |website=Statistics Canada |date=February 9, 2022 |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/dv-vd/cpdv-vdpr/index-eng.cfm |access-date=February 3, 2024|archive-date=January 25, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125123112/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/dv-vd/cpdv-vdpr/index-eng.cfm |url-status=live}}</ref>]]

The [[Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas|Indigenous population]] at the time of the first European settlements is estimated to have been between 200,000<ref name="dying">{{Cite book |last1=Wilson |first1=Donna M |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p_pMVs53mzQC&pg=PA25 |title=Dying and Death in Canada |last2=Northcott |first2=Herbert C |publisher=University of Toronto Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-55111-873-4 |pages=25–27}}</ref> and two million,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thornton |first=Russell |title=A population history of North America |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-521-49666-7 |editor-last=Haines |editor-first=Michael R |pages=13, 380 |chapter=Population history of Native North Americans |editor-last2=Steckel |editor-first2=Richard Hall}}</ref> with a figure of 500,000 accepted by Canada's [[Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=O'Donnell |first=C. Vivian |title=Indians in Contemporary Society |publisher=Government Printing Office |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-16-080388-8 |editor-last=Bailey |editor-first=Garrick Alan |series=Handbook of North American Indians |volume=2 |page=285 |chapter=Native Populations of Canada |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z1IwUbZqjTUC&pg=PA285}}</ref> As a consequence of European colonization, the Indigenous population declined by forty to eighty percent ~~and several First Nations, such as the [[Beothuk]], disappeared~~.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Marshall |first=Ingeborg |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ckOav3Szu7oC&pg=PA442 |title=A History and Ethnography of the Beothuk |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-7735-1774-5 |page=442}}</ref> The decline is attributed to several causes, including the [[Columbian exchange|transfer of European diseases~~]], such as [[influenza]], [[measles]], and [[smallpox~~]], to which they had no natural immunity,<ref name="dying" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=True Peters |first=Stephanie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v0zEiM_hijsC&pg=PA39 |title=Smallpox in the New World |publisher=Marshall Cavendish |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7614-1637-1 |page=39}}</ref> conflicts over the fur trade, conflicts with the colonial authorities and settlers, and the loss of Indigenous lands to settlers and the subsequent collapse of several nations' self-sufficiency.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Laidlaw |first1=Z. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ec-_BwAAQBAJ&pg=PT150 |title=Indigenous Communities and Settler Colonialism: Land Holding, Loss and Survival in an Interconnected World |last2=Lester |first2=Alan |publisher=Springer |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-137-45236-8 |page=150}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ray |first=Arthur J. |url=https://archive.org/details/ihavelivedheresi0000raya/page/244 |title=I Have Lived Here Since The World Began |publisher=Key Porter Books |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-55263-633-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/ihavelivedheresi0000raya/page/244 244]}}</ref>

Although not without conflict, [[European Canadians]]' early interactions with First Nations and Inuit populations were relatively peaceful.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Preston |first=David L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L-9N6-6UCnoC&pg=PA43 |title=The Texture of Contact: European and Indian Settler Communities on the Frontiers of Iroquoia, 1667–1783 |publisher=[[University of Nebraska Press]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-8032-2549-7 |pages=43–44}}</ref> First Nations and Métis peoples played a critical part in the development of [[Former colonies and territories in Canada|European colonies in Canada]], particularly for their role in assisting European [[coureur des bois|coureurs des bois]] and [[voyageurs]] in their explorations of the continent during the [[North American fur trade]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Miller |first=J.R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TcPckf7snr8C&pg=PT34 |title=Compact, Contract, Covenant: Aboriginal Treaty-Making in Canada |publisher=University of Toronto Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4426-9227-5 |page=34}}</ref> These early European interactions with First Nations would change from [[Peace and Friendship Treaties|friendship and peace treaties]] to the dispossession of Indigenous lands through treaties.<ref name="Williams 2021 p. 51">{{cite book |last=Williams |first=L. |title=Indigenous Intergenerational Resilience: Confronting Cultural and Ecological Crisis |publisher=Taylor & Francis |series=Routledge Studies in Indigenous Peoples and Policy |year=2021 |isbn=978-1-000-47233-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HehEEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT51 |page=51}}</ref><ref name="Turner 2020 p. 14">{{cite book |last=Turner |first=N.J. |title=Plants, People, and Places: The Roles of Ethnobotany and Ethnoecology in Indigenous Peoples' Land Rights in Canada and Beyond |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |series=McGill-Queen's Indigenous and Northern Studies |year=2020 |isbn=978-0-2280-0317-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JVjZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA14 |page=14}}</ref> From the late 18th century, European Canadians forced Indigenous peoples to assimilate into a western Canadian society.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Asch |first=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9Uae4mTTyYYC&pg=PA28 |title=Aboriginal and Treaty Rights in Canada: Essays on Law, Equity, and Respect for Difference |publisher=UBC Press |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-7748-0581-0 |page=28}}</ref> ~~These~~[[Settler ~~attempts~~colonialism in Canada|Settler colonialism]] reached a climax in the late 19th and early 20th centuries ~~with [[Canadian Indian residential school system|forced integration through state-funded boarding schools]],~~.<ref name="Truth">{{cite book |author=Commission de vérité et réconciliation du Canada |title=Canada's Residential Schools: The History, Part 1, Origins to 1939: The Final Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Volume I |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7gWQCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA3 |date=January 1, 2016 |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |isbn=978-0-7735-9818-8 |pages=3–7}}</ref> ~~[[Indian hospital|health-care segregation]],~~<ref name="Lux 2016 p. 7">{{cite book |last=Lux |first=M.K. |title=Separate Beds: A History of Indian Hospitals in Canada, 1920s-1980s |publisher=University of Toronto Press |series=G - Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-4426-1386-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o9gQDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA7 |page=7}}</ref> ~~and [[High Arctic relocation|displacement]].~~<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kirmayer |first1=Laurence J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AXYDxvx3zSAC&pg=PA9 |title=Healing Traditions: The Mental Health of Aboriginal Peoples in Canada |last2=Guthrie |first2=Gail Valaskakis |publisher=UBC Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-7748-5863-2 |page=9}}</ref> A period of redress began with the formation of ~~the~~a [[Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada|reconciliation commission]] by the [[Government of Canada]] in 2008.<ref name="trc">{{cite web |year=2015 |title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada: Calls to Action |url=http://www.trc.ca/websites/trcinstitution/File/2015/Findings/Calls_to_Action_English2.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615202024/http://www.trc.ca/websites/trcinstitution/File/2015/Findings/Calls_to_Action_English2.pdf |archive-date=June 15, 2015 |publisher=National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation |page=5}}</ref> This included ~~recognition~~acknowledgment of ~~past~~ [[~~Genocide~~Canadian genocide of ~~indigenous~~Indigenous peoples~~#Canada~~|cultural genocide]],<ref name="TRCSummary">{{cite web |title=Honouring the Truth, Reconciling for the Future: Summary of the Final Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada |url=https://nctr.ca/assets/reports/Final%20Reports/Executive_Summary_English_Web.pdf |website=National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation |publisher=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada |access-date=January 6, 2019 |date=May 31, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160706170855/http://www.trc.ca/websites/trcinstitution/File/2015/Findings/Exec_Summary_2015_05_31_web_o.pdf |archive-date=July 6, 2016}}</ref> [[Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement|settlement agreements]],<ref name="trc" /> and betterment of racial discrimination issues, such as addressing the plight of [[missing and murdered Indigenous women]].<ref name="Ministère de la Justice 2017">{{cite web |title=Principles respecting the Government of Canada's relationship with Indigenous peoples |website=Ministère de la Justice |date=July 14, 2017 |url=https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/csj-sjc/principles-principes.html |archive-date=June 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610052703/https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/csj-sjc/principles-principes.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

===European colonization===

Line 133:

[[File:Laura Secord warns Fitzgibbons, 1813.jpg|thumb|alt=Painting of Laura Secord warning British commander James FitzGibbon of an impending American attack at Beaver Dams|[[War of 1812]] heroine [[Laura Secord]] warning British commander [[James FitzGibbon]] of an [[Battle of Beaver Dams|impending American attack at Beaver Dams]]<ref name="Collection Search 2023 k800">{{cite web |title=Meeting Between Laura Secord and Lieut. Fitzgibbon, June 1813 |website=Collection Search |date=July 13, 2023 |url=https://recherche-collection-search.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/home/record?app=fonandcol&IdNumber=2837234 |archive-date=October 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009191745/https://recherche-collection-search.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/home/record?app=fonandcol&IdNumber=2837234 | url-status=live}}</ref>]]

The Canadas were the main front in the [[War of 1812]] between the United States and the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]]. Peace came in 1815; no boundaries were changed.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Harrison |first1=Trevor |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EVGDUAP3LjAC&pg=PA97 |title=Canadian Society in the Twenty-first Century: An Historical Sociological Approach |last2=Friesen |first2=John W. |publisher=Canadian Scholars' Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-55130-371-0 |pages=97–99}}</ref> Immigration resumed at a higher level, with over ~~960,000~~{{formatnum:960000}} arrivals from Britain between 1815 and 1850.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Harris |first=Richard Colebrook |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tWkxht1Oa8EC&pg=PA21 |title=Historical Atlas of Canada: The land transformed, 1800–1891 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-8020-3447-2 |page=21 |display-authors=etal}}</ref> New arrivals included refugees escaping the [[Great Irish Famine]] as well as [[Scottish Gaelic|Gaelic]]-speaking Scots displaced by the [[Highland Clearances]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gallagher |first=John A. |year=1936 |title=The Irish Emigration of 1847 and Its Canadian Consequences |url=http://www.cchahistory.ca/journal/CCHA1935-36/Gallagher.html |url-status=live |pages=43–57 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707141525/http://www.cchahistory.ca/journal/CCHA1935-36/Gallagher.html |archive-date=July 7, 2014 |journal=CCHA Report}}</ref> Infectious diseases killed between 25 and 33 percent of Europeans who immigrated to Canada before 1891.<ref name="dying" />

The desire for [[responsible government]] resulted in the abortive [[Rebellions of 1837]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Read |first=Colin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OWhXHCXuVvcC&pg=PR99 |title=Rebellion of 1837 in Upper Canada |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |year=1985 |isbn=978-0-7735-8406-8 |page=99}}</ref> The [[Durham Report]] subsequently recommended responsible government and the assimilation of French Canadians into English culture.<ref name="buckner" /> The [[Act of Union 1840]] merged the Canadas into a united Province of Canada and responsible government was established for all provinces of British North America east of Lake Superior by 1855.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Romney |first=Paul |date=Spring 1989 |title=From Constitutionalism to Legalism: Trial by Jury, Responsible Government, and the Rule of Law in the Canadian Political Culture |journal=Law and History Review |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=121–174 |doi=10.2307/743779 |jstor=743779 }}</ref> The signing of the [[Oregon Treaty]] by Britain and the United States in 1846 ended the [[Oregon boundary dispute]], extending the border westward along the [[49th parallel north|49th parallel]]. This paved the way for British colonies on [[Colony of Vancouver Island|Vancouver Island (1849)]] and in [[Colony of British Columbia (1858–1866)|British Columbia (1858)]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Evenden |first1=Leonard J |title=Geographical Snapshots of North America |last2=Turbeville |first2=Daniel E |publisher=Guilford Press |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-89862-030-6 |editor-last=Janelle |editor-first=Donald G |page=[https://archive.org/details/geographicalsnap0000unse/page/52 52] |chapter=The Pacific Coast Borderland and Frontier |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/geographicalsnap0000unse/page/52}}</ref> The Anglo-Russian [[Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1825)]] established the border along the Pacific coast, but, even after the US [[Alaska Purchase]] of 1867, disputes continued about the exact demarcation of the Alaska–Yukon and Alaska–BC border.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Farr |first1=DML |last2=Block |first2=Niko |date=August 9, 2016 |title=The Alaska Boundary Dispute |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/alaska-boundary-dispute |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215092859/http://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/alaska-boundary-dispute/ |archive-date=December 15, 2017 |encyclopedia=The Canadian Encyclopedia}}</ref>

Line 175:

At the same time, Quebec underwent profound social and economic changes through the [[Quiet Revolution]] of the 1960s, giving birth to a secular [[Quebec nationalism|nationalist]] movement.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Roberts |first1=Lance W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3VcVpWNSPfkC&pg=PA415 |title=Recent Social Trends in Canada, 1960–2000 |last2=Clifton |first2=Rodney A. |last3=Ferguson |first3=Barry |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7735-7314-7 |page=415}}</ref> The radical [[Front de libération du Québec]] (FLQ) ignited the [[October Crisis]] with a series of bombings and kidnappings in 1970,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Munroe |first=HD |year=2009 |title=The October Crisis Revisited: Counterterrorism as Strategic Choice, Political Result, and Organizational Practice |journal=Terrorism and Political Violence |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=288–305 |doi=10.1080/09546550902765623 }}</ref> and the [[Quebec sovereignty movement|{{Not a typo|sovereigntist}}]] [[Parti Québécois]] was elected in 1976, organizing an [[1980 Quebec referendum|unsuccessful referendum]] on sovereignty-association in 1980. Attempts to accommodate Quebec nationalism constitutionally through the [[Meech Lake Accord]] failed in 1990.<ref name="sorens">{{Cite journal |last=Sorens |first=J |date=December 2004 |title=Globalization, secessionism, and autonomy |journal=Electoral Studies |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=727–752 |doi=10.1016/j.electstud.2003.10.003}}</ref> This led to the formation of the [[Bloc Québécois]] in Quebec and the invigoration of the [[Reform Party of Canada]] in the West.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Leblanc |first=Daniel |date=August 13, 2010 |title=A brief history of the Bloc Québécois |work=The Globe and Mail |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/a-brief-history-of-the-bloc-qubcois/article1672831/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100901151147/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/a-brief-history-of-the-bloc-qubcois/article1672831/ |archive-date=September 1, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Betz |first1=Hans-Georg |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H9cGkDJgW7wC&pg=PA173 |title=The New Politics of the Right: Neo-Populist Parties and Movements in Established Democracies |last2=Immerfall |first2=Stefan |publisher=[[St. Martin's Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-312-21134-9 |page=173}}</ref> A [[1995 Quebec referendum|second referendum]] followed in 1995, in which sovereignty was rejected by a slimmer margin of 50.6 to 49.4 percent.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schmid |first=Carol L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JIuO9HmX_8QC&pg=PA112 |title=The Politics of Language: Conflict, Identity, and Cultural Pluralism in Comparative Perspective: Conflict, Identity, and Cultural Pluralism in Comparative Perspective |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-19-803150-5 |page=112}}</ref> In 1997, the [[Supreme Court of Canada|Supreme Court]] ruled [[Reference Re Secession of Quebec|unilateral secession]] by a province would be unconstitutional, and the [[Clarity Act]] was passed by Parliament, outlining the terms of a negotiated departure from Confederation.<ref name="sorens" />

In addition to the issues of Quebec sovereignty, a number of crises shook Canadian society in the late 1980s and early 1990s. These included the explosion of [[Air India Flight 182]] in 1985, the largest mass murder in Canadian history;<ref>{{cite web |title=Commission of Inquiry into the Investigation of the Bombing of Air India Flight 182 |url=http://www.majorcomm.ca/en/termsofreference/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080622063429/http://www.majorcomm.ca/en/termsofreference/ |archive-date=June 22, 2008 |access-date=May 23, 2011 |publisher=Government of Canada}}</ref> the [[École Polytechnique massacre]] in 1989, a [[School shooting|university shooting]] targeting female students;<ref>{{cite web |last=Sourour |first=Teresa K |year=1991 |title=Report of Coroner's Investigation |url=http://www.diarmani.com/Montreal_Coroners_Report.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228182645/http://www.diarmani.com/Montreal_Coroners_Report.pdf |archive-date=December 28, 2016 |access-date=March 8, 2017}}</ref> and the [[Oka Crisis]] of 1990,<ref>{{Cite news |year=2000 |title=The Oka Crisis |publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation |url=http://archives.cbc.ca/politics/civil_unrest/topics/99/ |access-date=May 23, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110804233458/http://archives.cbc.ca/politics/civil_unrest/topics/99/ |archive-date=August 4, 2011}}</ref> the first of a number of violent confrontations between provincial governments and Indigenous groups.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roach |first=Kent |url=https://archive.org/details/september11conse00roac/page/15 |title=September 11: consequences for Canada |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-7735-2584-9 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/september11conse00roac/page/15 15, 59–61, 194]}}</ref> Canada joined the [[Gulf War]] in 1990 and was active in [[List of Canadian peacekeeping missions|several peacekeeping missions]] in the 1990s, including operations in the [[Balkans]] during and after the [[Yugoslav Wars]],<ref name="Defence 2016 d710">{{cite web |last=Defence |first=National |title=Canadian Armed Forces operations in Bosnia-Herzegovina |website=Canada.ca |date=~~Jul~~July 25, 2016 |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/operations/military-operations/recently-completed/canadian-armed-forces-operations-bosnia-herzegovina.html |access-date=March 23, 2024 |archive-date=March 23, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323054357/https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/operations/military-operations/recently-completed/canadian-armed-forces-operations-bosnia-herzegovina.html |url-status=live}}</ref> and in [[Somalia]], resulting in an incident that has been described as "[[Somalia affair|the darkest era in the history of the Canadian military]]".<ref name="canencsompck">{{cite web |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/canadian-peacekeepers-in-somalia |title=Canadian Peacekeepers in Somalia |date=2 August 2, 2019 |last=Foot |first=Richard |website=thecanadianencyclopedia.ca |publisher=Historica Canada |access-date=26 February 26, 2024 |archive-date=12 March 12, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312044307/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/canadian-peacekeepers-in-somalia |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Cohen 2010 p. 160">{{cite book |last=Cohen |first=S.A. |title=Israel's Armed Forces in Comparative Perspective |publisher=Taylor & Francis |series=BESA studies in international security |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-135-16956-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0yiMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA160 |access-date=~~2024-02-~~February 27, 2024 |page=160 |archive-date=March 4, 2024~~-03-04~~ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240304062940/https://books.google.com/books?id=0yiMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA160 | url-status=live}}</ref> Canada sent [[Canada in the War in Afghanistan|troops to Afghanistan in 2001]], resulting in the largest amount of [[Canadian Forces casualties in Afghanistan|Canadian deaths]] for any single military mission since the [[Canada in the Korean War|Korean War]] in the early 1950s.<ref name="The Canadian Encyclopedia 2001 e998">{{cite web |title=Canada and the War in Afghanistan |website=The Canadian Encyclopedia |date=~~Sep~~September 11, 2001 |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/international-campaign-against-terrorism-in-afghanistan |access-date=March 25, 2024 |quote=In total, 165 Canadians died during the war in Afghanistan (158 soldiers, 7 civilians). More than 2,000 members of the CAF were wounded or injured during the war.|archive-date=January 29, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129023800/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/international-campaign-against-terrorism-in-afghanistan |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Defence 2016 d621">{{cite web |last=Defence |first=National |title=Canada in Afghanistan (2001-2014) |website=Canada.ca |date=~~Aug~~August 30, 2016 |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/services/defence/caf/militaryhistory/wars-operations/afghanistan.html |access-date=March 25, 2024|archive-date=March 25, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240325072429/https://www.canada.ca/en/services/defence/caf/militaryhistory/wars-operations/afghanistan.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2011, Canadian forces participated in the NATO-led intervention into the [[First Libyan Civil War|Libyan Civil War]]<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Hehir |first1=Aidan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2TchAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT88 |title=Libya, the Responsibility to Protect and the Future of Humanitarian Intervention |last2=Murray |first2=Robert |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-137-27396-3 |page=88}}</ref> and also became involved in battling the [[Islamic State]] insurgency in Iraq in the mid-2010s.<ref>{{cite web |last=Juneau |first=Thomas |year=2015 |title=Canada's Policy to Confront the Islamic State |url=http://www.cgai.ca/canadas_policy_to_confront_the_islamic_state |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211070017/http://www.cgai.ca/canadas_policy_to_confront_the_islamic_state |archive-date=December 11, 2015 |access-date=December 10, 2015 |publisher=[[Canadian Global Affairs Institute]]}}</ref> The country celebrated [[150th anniversary of Canada|its sesquicentennial]] in 2017, three years before the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Canada]] began on January 27, 2020, with widespread social and economic disruption.<ref>{{cite web |title=Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/coronavirus-disease-covid-19.html |publisher=Government of Canada |year=2021 |archive-date=June 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613213135/https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/coronavirus-disease-covid-19.html |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2021, the possible graves of [[Canadian Indian residential school gravesites|hundreds of Indigenous people were discovered]] near the former sites of [[Canadian Indian residential school]]s.<ref>{{cite web |date=June 25, 2021 |title=Catholic group to release all records from Marievel, Kamloops residential schools |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/catholic-group-to-release-all-records-from-marievel-kamloops-residential-schools-1.5485691 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625180324/https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/catholic-group-to-release-all-records-from-marievel-kamloops-residential-schools-1.5485691 |archive-date=June 25, 2021 |publisher=CTV News}}</ref> Administered by various Christian churches and funded by the Canadian government from 1828 to 1997, these [[boarding school]]s attempted to assimilate Indigenous children into [[European Canadians#Culture|Euro-Canadian culture]].<ref name="Truth" />

Line 184:

By total area (including its waters), Canada is the [[List of countries and dependencies by area|second-largest country~~]] in the world, after [[Russia~~]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Brescia |first1=Michael M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q2qzBUEWxpoC&pg=PA38 |title=North America: An Introduction |last2=Super |first2=John C. |publisher=University of Toronto Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-8020-9675-3 |page=38}}</ref> By land area alone, Canada [[List of countries and dependencies by area|ranks fourth]], due to having the world's largest area of [[List of lakes of Canada|fresh water lakes]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Battram |first=Robert A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pBc9349sw4QC&pg=PA1 |title=Canada in Crisis: An Agenda for Survival of the Nation |publisher=[[Trafford Publishing]] |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-4269-3393-6 |page=1}}</ref> Stretching from the [[Atlantic Ocean]] in the east, along the [[Arctic Ocean]] to the north, and to the [[Pacific Ocean]] in the west, the country encompasses {{convert|9984670|km2|abbr=on}} of territory.<ref name="McColl2005">{{Cite book |last=McColl |first=R. W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DJgnebGbAB8C&pg=PA135 |title=Encyclopedia of World Geography |date=September 2005 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-0-8160-5786-3 |page=135}}</ref> Canada also has vast maritime terrain, with the world's longest coastline of {{convert|243042|km|mi}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Geography |url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/11-402-x/2012000/chap/geo/geo-eng.htm |access-date=March 4, 2016 |publisher=Statistics Canada |archive-date=July 19, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719113340/https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/11-402-x/2012000/chap/geo/geo-eng.htm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="International Boundary Commission" /> In addition to sharing [[Canada–United States border|the world's largest land border with the United States]]—spanning {{convert|8,891|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}{{efn|name="canadausa"|{{cvt|6,416|km}} via the [[contiguous 48 states]] and {{cvt|2,475|km}} via [[Alaska]]<ref name="International Boundary Commission">{{cite web |title=Boundary Facts |publisher=International Boundary Commission |url=https://www.internationalboundarycommission.org/en/the-boundary-and-you/interesting-facts.php |access-date=May 20, 2023 |archive-date=May 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520142611/https://www.internationalboundarycommission.org/en/the-boundary-and-you/interesting-facts.php |url-status=live}}</ref>}}—Canada shares a land border with [[Greenland]] (and hence the [[Kingdom of Denmark]]) to the northeast, on [[Hans Island]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chase |first1=Steven |title=Canada and Denmark reach settlement over disputed Arctic island, sources say |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article-canada-and-denmark-reach-settlement-over-disputed-arctic-island/ |website=The Globe and Mail |date=June 10, 2022 |archive-date=June 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612214859/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article-canada-and-denmark-reach-settlement-over-disputed-arctic-island/ |url-status=live}}</ref> and a [[maritime boundary]] with [[France]]'s [[overseas collectivity]] of [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]] to the southeast.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gallay |first=Alan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=22rbCQAAQBAJ&pg=PT429 |title=Colonial Wars of North America, 1512–1763: An Encyclopedia |date=2015 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-317-48718-0 |page=429}}</ref> Canada is also home to the world's northernmost settlement, [[CFS Alert|Canadian Forces Station Alert]], on the northern tip of [[Ellesmere Island]]—latitude 82.5°N—which lies {{convert|817|km|mi}} from the North Pole.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Canadian Geographic |publisher=[[Royal Canadian Geographical Society]] |year=2008 |page=20}}</ref>

Canada can be divided into seven physiographic regions: the [[Canadian Shield]], the [[interior plains]], the [[Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Lowlands]], the [[Appalachian Mountains|Appalachian region]], the [[Pacific Cordillera (Canada)|Western Cordillera]], [[Hudson Bay Lowlands]], and the [[Arctic Archipelago]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://atlas.gc.ca/phys/en/index.html |work=The Atlas of Canada |title=Physiographic Regions of Canada |publisher=Natural Resources Canada |date=September 12, 2016 |archive-date=June 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621185011/https://atlas.gc.ca/phys/en/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Taiga|Boreal forests]] prevail throughout the country, ice is prominent in [[Northern Canada|northern Arctic regions]] and through the [[Rocky Mountains]], and the relatively flat [[Canadian Prairies]] in the southwest facilitate productive agriculture.<ref name="McColl2005" /> The Great Lakes feed the [[St. Lawrence River]] (in the southeast) where the lowlands host much of Canada's economic output.<ref name="McColl2005" /> Canada has over 2,000,000 lakes—563 of which are larger than {{convert|100|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}—containing much of the world's [[fresh water]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bailey |first1=William G |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oxNMhw-rRrQC&pg=PA244 |title=The surface climates of Canada |last2=Oke |first2=TR |last3=Rouse |first3=Wayne R |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-7735-1672-4 |page=124}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=December 5, 2012 |title=Physical Components of Watersheds |url=http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/maps/environment/hydrology/watershed1/1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121205125542/http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/maps/environment/hydrology/watershed1/1 |archive-date=December 5, 2012 |website=The Atlas of Canada}}</ref> There are also fresh-water glaciers in the [[Canadian Rockies]], the [[Coast Mountains]], and the [[Arctic Cordillera]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sandford |first=Robert William |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UANY2ftt4pEC&pg=PR11 |title=Cold Matters: The State and Fate of Canada's Fresh Water |publisher=Biogeoscience Institute at the University of Calgary |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-927330-20-3 |page=11}}</ref> [[Geology of Canada|Canada is geologically active]], having [[List of earthquakes in Canada|many earthquakes]] and [[Volcanism of Canada|potentially active volcanoes]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Etkin |first1=David |title=An Assessment of Natural Hazards and Disasters in Canada |last2=Haque |first2=CE |last3=Brooks |first3=Gregory R |date=April 30, 2003 |publisher=[[Springer Publishing|Springer]] |isbn=978-1-4020-1179-5 |pages=569, 582, 583}}</ref>

Line 193:

Average winter and summer high [[Temperature in Canada|temperatures across Canada]] vary from region to region. Winters can be harsh in many parts of the country, particularly in the interior and Prairie provinces, which experience a [[continental climate]], where daily average temperatures are near {{Convert|-15|C|F|lk=on}}, but can drop below {{convert|-40|°C|°F|abbr=on}} with severe [[wind chill]]s.<ref>{{cite web |title=Statistics, Regina SK |url=http://www.theweathernetwork.com/statistics/C02072/CASK0261?CASK0261 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105062344/http://www.theweathernetwork.com/statistics/C02072/CASK0261?CASK0261 |archive-date=January 5, 2009 |access-date=January 18, 2010 |publisher=[[The Weather Network]]}}</ref> In non-coastal regions, snow can cover the ground for almost six months of the year, while in parts of the north snow can persist year-round. Coastal British Columbia has a temperate climate, with a mild and rainy winter. On the east and west coasts, average high temperatures are generally in the low 20s °C (70s °F), while between the coasts, the average summer high temperature ranges from {{convert|25|to|30|C|F}}, with temperatures in some interior locations occasionally exceeding {{convert|40|°C|°F|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |date=September 25, 2013 |title=Regina International Airport |url=http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_1981_2010_e.html?stnID=3002&lang=e&StationName=Regina&SearchType=Contains&stnNameSubmit=go&dCode=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518084648/http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_1981_2010_e.html?stnID=3002&lang=e&StationName=Regina&SearchType=Contains&stnNameSubmit=go&dCode=1 |archive-date=May 18, 2015 |website=Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010 |publisher=[[Environment Canada]]}}</ref>

Much of [[Northern Canada]] is covered by ice and [[permafrost]]. The future of the permafrost is uncertain because the Arctic has been warming at three times the global average as a result of [[climate change in Canada]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bush |first1=E. |last2=Lemmen |first2=D.S. |year=2019 |title=Canada's Changing Climate Report |url=https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/sites/www.nrcan.gc.ca/files/energy/Climate-change/pdf/CCCR_FULLREPORT-EN-FINAL.pdf |publisher=Government of Canada |page=84 |archive-date=April 22, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422235552/https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/sites/www.nrcan.gc.ca/files/energy/Climate-change/pdf/CCCR_FULLREPORT-EN-FINAL.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> Canada's annual average temperature over land has risen by {{convert|1.7|C-change}}, with changes ranging from {{convert|1.1|to|2.3|C-change}} in various regions, since 1948.<ref name="McColl2005" /> The rate of warming has been higher across the North and in the Prairies.<ref name="ClimateReport">{{cite web |first1=X. |last1=Zhang |first2=G. |last2=Flato |last3=Kirchmeier-Young |first3=M. |first4=L. |last4=Vincent |first5=H. |last5=Wan |first6=X. |last6=Wang |first7=R. |last7=Rong |first8=J. |last8=Fyfe |first9=G. |last9=Li|first0=V. |last0=KharinV. |year=2019 |title=Changes in Temperature and Precipitation Across Canada; Chapter 4 |url=https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/sites/www.nrcan.gc.ca/files/energy/Climate-change/pdf/CCCR-Chapter4-TemperatureAndPrecipitationAcrossCanada.pdf |website=Canada's Changing Climate Report |publisher=Government of Canada |pages=112–193 |editor-last=Bush |editor-first=E. |editor-last2=Lemmen |editor-first2=D.S. |archive-date=December 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201218102442/https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/sites/www.nrcan.gc.ca/files/energy/Climate-change/pdf/CCCR-Chapter4-TemperatureAndPrecipitationAcrossCanada.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> In the southern regions of Canada, [[Air pollution in Canada|air pollution from both Canada]] and the United States—caused by metal smelting, burning coal to power utilities, and vehicle emissions—has resulted in [[acid rain]], which has severely impacted waterways, forest growth, and agricultural productivity.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Boyd |first=David R |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SeYgVGE9j3EC&pg=PA67 |title=Unnatural Law: Rethinking Canadian Environmental Law and Policy |publisher=UBC Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-7748-4063-7 |pages=67–69}}</ref> Canada is one of the largest [[List of countries by greenhouse gas emissions|greenhouse gas emitters globally]],<ref>{{cite web |title={{!}} Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions {{!}} Climate Watch |url=https://www.climatewatchdata.org/ghg-emissions |website=www.climatewatchdata.org |access-date=29 March 29, 2022 |archive-date=March 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321170958/https://www.climatewatchdata.org/ghg-emissions |url-status=live}}</ref> with emissions increased by 16.5 percent between 1990 and 2022.<ref name="j018">{{cite web |last=Canada |first=Climate Change |title=Greenhouse gas emissions |website=Canada.ca |date=January 9, 2007 |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/environmental-indicators/greenhouse-gas-emissions.html |access-date=May 18, 2024|archive-date=April 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411165603/https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/environmental-indicators/greenhouse-gas-emissions.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Biodiversity===

Line 199:

[[File:Terrestrial ecozones and ecoprovinces of Canada, 2017.gif|thumb|upright=1.3| [[Ecozones of Canada|Terrestrial ecozones and ecoprovinces of Canada]]. Ecozones are identified with a unique colour. Ecoprovinces are subdivisions of ecozones and are identified with a unique numeric code.<ref name="Statistics Canada 2018 u350">{{cite web |title=Terrestrial ecozones and ecoprovinces of Canada |publisher=Statistics Canada |date=January 12, 2018 |url=https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/subjects/standard/environment/elc/2017-map |archive-date=September 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902211146/https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/subjects/standard/environment/elc/2017-map | url-status=live}}</ref>|alt=Map showing Canada divided into different ecozones]]

Canada is divided into [[Ecozones of Canada|15 terrestrial and five marine ecozones]].<ref>{{cite web |date=January 10, 2018 |title=Introduction to the Ecological Land Classification (ELC) 2017 |url=https://www.statcan.gc.ca/eng/subjects/standard/environment/elc/2017-1 |publisher=Statistics Canada |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116145635/https://www.statcan.gc.ca/eng/subjects/standard/environment/elc/2017-1 |url-status=live}}</ref> These ecozones encompass over 80,000 classified species of [[Wildlife of Canada|Canadian wildlife]], with an equal number yet to be formally recognized or discovered.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wildlife-species.canada.ca/species-risk-registry/virtual_sara/files/reports/Wild%20Species%202015.pdf |title=Wild Species 2015: The General Status of Species in Canada |work=National General Status Working Group: 1 |publisher=Canadian Endangered Species Conservation Council |year=2016 |quote=The new estimate indicates that there are about 80,000 known species in Canada, excluding viruses and bacteria |page=2 |archive-date=January 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127203149/https://wildlife-species.canada.ca/species-risk-registry/virtual_sara/files/reports/Wild%20Species%202015.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> Although Canada has a low percentage of [[Megadiverse countries|endemic species compared to other countries]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ca |title=Canada: Main Details |publisher=Convention on Biological Diversity |access-date=August 10, 2022 |archive-date=August 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810215710/https://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ca |url-status=live}}</ref> due to human activities, [[Wildlife of Canada#Invasive species|invasive species]], and [[Environmental issues in Canada|environmental issues in the country]], there are currently more than [[List of Wildlife Species at Risk (Canada)|800 species at risk of being lost]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/species-risk-public-registry/cosewic-annual-reports/2019-2020.html |publisher=Species at Risk Public Registry |title=COSEWIC Annual Report |year=2019 |archive-date=March 5, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305111710/https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/species-risk-public-registry/cosewic-annual-reports/2019-2020.html |url-status=live}}</ref> About 65 percent of Canada's resident species are considered "Secure".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sararegistry.gc.ca/default.asp?lang=En&n=17F0CBCE-1#s1i |title=Wild Species 2000: The General Status of Species in Canada |year=2001 |publisher=Conservation Council |archive-date=October 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016214436/https://www.sararegistry.gc.ca/default.asp?lang=En&n=17F0CBCE-1#s1i |url-status=live}}</ref> Over half of Canada's landscape is intact and relatively free of human development.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://naturecanada.ca/news/archived/state-of-canadas-biodiversity-highlighted-in-new-government-report/ |title=State of Canada's Biodiversity Highlighted in New Government Report |date=October 22, 2010 |archive-date=January 22, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122031530/https://naturecanada.ca/news/archived/state-of-canadas-biodiversity-highlighted-in-new-government-report/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[boreal forest of Canada]] is considered to be the largest [[Intact forest landscape|intact forest]] on Earth, with approximately {{Convert|3000000|km2|abbr=on}} undisturbed by roads, cities or industry.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Peter H. |last1=Raven |first2=Linda R. |last2=Berg |first3=David M. |last3=Hassenzahl |title=Environment |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QVpO2R51JBIC&pg=RA1-PA361 |year=2012 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0-470-94570-4 |pages=1–3}}</ref> Since the end of the last [[glacial period]], Canada has consisted of [[Forests of Canada#Regions|eight distinct forest regions]],.<ref>{{Cite book |title=National Atlas of Canada |publisher=[[Natural Resources Canada]] |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7705-1198-2 |page=1}}</ref> ~~with 42 percent of its land area covered by forests (approximately 8 percent of the world's forested land).~~<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Luckert |first1=Martin K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Gm-rBnGghcC&pg=PA1 |title=Policies for Sustainably Managing Canada's Forests: Tenure, Stumpage Fees, and Forest Practices |last2=Haley |first2=David |last3=Hoberg |first3=George |publisher=UBC Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-7748-2069-1 |page=1}}</ref>

Approximately 12.1 percent of the nation's landmass and freshwater are [[National Wildlife Area|conservation areas]], including 11.4 percent designated as [[Protected areas of Canada|protected areas]].<ref name="conserved" /> Approximately 13.8 percent of its territorial waters are conserved, including 8.9 percent designated as protected areas.<ref name="conserved">{{cite web |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/environmental-indicators/conserved-areas.html |title=Canada's conserved areas |publisher=Environment and Climate Canada |year=2020 |archive-date=April 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402184441/https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/environmental-indicators/conserved-areas.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Canada's first [[National Parks of Canada|National Park]], [[Banff National Park]] established in 1885 spans {{convert|6,641|km2}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pc.gc.ca/docs/v-g/pm-mp/guidem-mguide/sec15/gm-mg15_e.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060615122147/http://www.pc.gc.ca/docs/v-g/pm-mp/guidem-mguide/sec15/gm-mg15_e.pdf |archive-date=June 15, 2006 |title=The Mountain Guide – Banff National Park |publisher=Parks Canada |year=2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Martin F. |last=Price |title=Mountain Area Research and Management: Integrated Approaches |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hNIZihxXTwsC&pg=PA217 |year=2013 |publisher=Earthscan |isbn=978-1-84977-201-3 |pages=217–218}}</ref> Canada's oldest provincial park, [[Algonquin Provincial Park]], established in 1893, covers an area of {{convert|7653.45|km2}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ontario.ca/page/algonquin-provincial-park-management-plan |title=Algonquin Provincial Park Management Plan |year=1998 |publisher=Queen's Printer for Ontario |archive-date=February 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209143502/https://www.ontario.ca/page/algonquin-provincial-park-management-plan |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Lake Superior National Marine Conservation Area]] is the world's largest freshwater protected area, spanning roughly {{convert|10000|km2}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/oceans/publications/mpaspotlight-pleinsfeuxzpm/index-eng.html |title=Spotlight on Marine Protected Areas in Canada |publisher=Fisheries and Oceans Canada |date=December 13, 2017 |archive-date=April 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413193502/https://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/oceans/publications/mpaspotlight-pleinsfeuxzpm/index-eng.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Canada's largest national wildlife region is the [[Scott Islands Marine National Wildlife Area]] which spans {{convert|11570.65|km2}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Scott Islands Marine National Widllife Area |url=https://www.protectedplanet.net/555695926 |access-date=September 25, 2020 |website=Protected Planet}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/national-wildlife-areas/locations/scott-islands-marine/regulatory-strategy.html |title=Proposed Scott Islands Marine National Wildlife Area: regulatory strategy |publisher=Environment and Climate Change Canada |date=February 7, 2013 |archive-date=January 23, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123182613/https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/national-wildlife-areas/locations/scott-islands-marine/regulatory-strategy.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

Line 207:

[[File:Parliament Hill from a Hot Air Balloon, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, Y2K (7173715788).jpg|thumb|Aerial view of [[Canadian Parliament Buildings]] and their surroundings]]

Canada is described as a "[[Democracy Index|full democracy]]",<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=2021 Democracy Index |url=https://pages.eiu.com/rs/753-RIQ-438/images/eiu-democracy-index-2021.pdf?mkt_tok=NzUzLVJJUS00MzgAAAGI0GGHOJ2F2YyVeWTMPBvGitE1QlEWRD5yPY_rnJ7yECNSo-bJC-UDL28b-Jbo7b3rOFkdk4UXgoR60SFZUwf1xCQFR_IZjXHkR6eeaGzObViC1Q |website=Economist Intelligence Unit |archive-date=December 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220221533/https://pages.eiu.com/rs/753-RIQ-438/images/eiu-democracy-index-2021.pdf?mkt_tok=NzUzLVJJUS00MzgAAAGI0GGHOJ2F2YyVeWTMPBvGitE1QlEWRD5yPY_rnJ7yECNSo-bJC-UDL28b-Jbo7b3rOFkdk4UXgoR60SFZUwf1xCQFR_IZjXHkR6eeaGzObViC1Q |url-status=live}}</ref> with a tradition of [[liberalism]],<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Westhues |first1=Anne |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=chTaAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA10 |title=Canadian Social Policy: Issues and Perspectives |last2=Wharf |first2=Brian |publisher=Wilfrid Laurier University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-55458-409-3 |pages=10–11}}</ref> and an [[Egalitarianism|egalitarian]],<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bickerton |first1=James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1jd6oqRHxLYC&pg=PA56 |title=Canadian Politics |last2=Gagnon |first2=Alain |publisher=University of Toronto Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4426-0121-5 |page=56}}</ref> [[Political moderate|moderate]] political ideology.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Johnson |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I_HzDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA13 |title=Thinking Government: Public Administration and Politics in Canada |publisher=University of Toronto Press |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-4426-3521-0 |edition=4th |pages=13–23}}</ref> An emphasis on [[social justice]] has been a distinguishing element of Canada's political culture.<ref>{{cite book |last=McQuaig |first=L. |title=Holding the Bully's Coat: Canada and the U.S. Empire |publisher=Doubleday Canada |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-385-67297-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9g4Xd12rIGYC&pg=PT14 |page=14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Fierlbeck |first=Katherine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0bZBHlF4V8EC&pg=PA87 |title=Political Thought in Canada: An Intellectual History |publisher=University of Toronto Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-55111-711-9 |page=87}}</ref> [[Peace, order, and good government]], alongside an [[Implied Bill of Rights]], are founding principles of ~~the~~ [[Canadian ~~government~~federalism]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dixon |first1=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=npzDCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA48 |title=Social Welfare in Developed Market Countries |last2=P. Scheurell |first2=Robert |date=March 17, 2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-36677-5 |page=48}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Boughey |first=Janina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dgK-DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA105 |title=Human Rights and Judicial Review in Australia and Canada: The Newest Despotism? |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-5099-0788-5 |page=105}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=McLachlin | first=Beverly |authorlink=Beverley McLachlin| title=Human Rights Protection in Canada | publisher= " Osgoode Hall Review of Law and Policy | date=Jun 30, 2014 | url=https://digitalcommons.osgoode.yorku.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1001&context=ohrlp |quote=Canada's experience with human rights. Canada's experience can be divided into three phases: 1) Judicially implied rights; 2) Legislatively protected rights; and 3) Constitutionally protected human rights. Before human rights legislation and the Charter, courts in Canada relied on the theory of an "implied bill of rights" to protect traditional civil liberties such as freedom of speech and association. The theoretical foundation for these rights was the importance of free political speech and discussion in a democracy. }}</ref>

At the federal level, Canada has been dominated by two relatively [[Centrism|centrist]] parties practising "brokerage politics":{{efn| name=politics|"Brokerage politics: A Canadian term for successful [[Big tent|big tent parties]] that embody a [[Pluralism (political philosophy)|pluralistic]] catch-all approach to appeal to the median Canadian voter ... adopting [[Centrism|centrist policies]] and [[Electoral alliance|electoral coalitions]] to satisfy the short-term preferences of a majority of electors who are not located on the ideological fringe."<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Marland |first1=Alex |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GSeSaYPa2A4C&pg=PA257 |title=Political Marketing in Canada |last2=Giasson |first2=Thierry |last3=Lees-Marshment |first3=Jennifer |publisher=UBC Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-7748-2231-2 |page=257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Courtney |first1=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5KomEXgxvMcC&pg=PA195 |title=The Oxford Handbook of Canadian Politics |last2=Smith |first2=David |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-19-533535-4 |page=195}}</ref> "The traditional ''brokerage'' model of Canadian politics leaves little room for ideology."<ref>{{cite journal |first=Christopher |last=Cochrane |year=2010 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/40983510 |title=Left/Right Ideology and Canadian Politics |journal=Canadian Journal of Political Science / Revue Canadienne de Science Politique |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=583–605 |doi=10.1017/S0008423910000624 |jstor=40983510 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Stephen |last=Brooks |title=Canadian Democracy: An Introduction |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DeQnPIXV5CEC |year=2004 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-541806-4 |page=265 |quote=Two historically dominant political parties have avoided ideological appeals in favour of a flexible centrist style of politics that is often labelled brokerage politics}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Miriam |last=Smith |title=Group Politics and Social Movements in Canada: Second Edition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iG4rAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA17 |year=2014 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=978-1-4426-0695-1 |page=17 |quote=Canada's party system has long been described as a "brokerage system" in which the leading parties (Liberal and Conservative) follow strategies that appeal across major [[Cleavage (politics)|social cleavages]] in an effort to defuse potential tensions.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=David |last=Johnson |title=Thinking Government: Public Administration and Politics in Canada|edition= 4th |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I_HzDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA13 |year=2016 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=978-1-4426-3521-0 |pages=13–23 |quote=...most Canadian governments, especially in the federal sphere, have taken a moderate, centrist approach to decision making, seeking to balance growth, stability, and governmental efficiency and economy...}}</ref>}} the [[Centre-left politics|centre-left]] leaning [[Liberal Party of Canada]]<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bittner |first1=Amanda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TdFTCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA300 |title=Parties, Elections, and the Future of Canadian Politics |last2=Koop |first2=Royce |date=March 1, 2013 |publisher=UBC Press |isbn=978-0-7748-2411-8 |page=300}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Johnston |first=Richard |title=The baffling history of Canada's party system |website=Policy Options |date=April 13, 2021 |url=https://policyoptions.irpp.org/magazines/october-2017/the-baffling-history-of-canadas-party-system/ |archive-date=December 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209225002/https://policyoptions.irpp.org/magazines/october-2017/the-baffling-history-of-canadas-party-system/ |url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[centre-right]] leaning [[Conservative Party of Canada]] (or its [[Conservative Party of Canada#Predecessors|predecessors]]).<ref name="Gill 2021 p. 485">{{cite journal |last=Gill |first=Jessica K. |title=Unpacking the Role of Neoliberalism on the Politics of Poverty Reduction Policies in Ontario, Canada: A Descriptive Case Study and Critical Analysis |journal=Social Sciences |publisher=MDPI AG |volume=10 |issue=12 |date=December 20, 2021|doi=10.3390/socsci10120485 |page=485 | doi-access=free}}</ref> The historically predominant Liberals position themselves at the centre of the political scale.<ref name="Gill 2021 p. 485" /> Five parties had representatives elected to the Parliament in the [[2021 Canadian federal election|2021 election]]—the Liberals, who formed a minority government; the Conservatives, who became the [[Official Opposition (Canada)|Official Opposition]]; the New Democratic Party (occupying the [[Left-wing politics|left]]<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Evans |first1=Geoffrey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bZhcx6hLOMMC&pg=PA166 |title=Political Choice Matters: Explaining the Strength of Class and Religious Cleavages in Cross-National Perspective |last2=de Graaf |first2=Nan Dirk |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-19-966399-6 |pages=166–167}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Johnston |first=Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aZAwDwAAQBAJ |title=The Canadian Party System: An Analytic History |publisher=UBC Press |year=2017 |isbn=978-0-7748-3610-4}}</ref>); the [[Bloc Québécois]]; and the [[Green Party of Canada|Green Party]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Election 2015 roundup |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news2/interactives/results-2015/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022233012/http://www.cbc.ca/news2/interactives/results-2015/ |archive-date=October 22, 2015 |publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation}}</ref> [[Far-right]] and [[far-left]] politics have never been a prominent force in Canadian society.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ambrose |first1=Emma |last2=Mudde |first2=Cas |year=2015 |title=Canadian Multiculturalism and the Absence of the Far Right |journal=Nationalism and Ethnic Politics |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=213–236 |doi=10.1080/13537113.2015.1032033 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Taub |first=Amanda |date=June 27, 2017 |title=Canada's Secret to Resisting the West's Populist Wave |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/27/world/canada/canadas-secret-to-resisting-the-wests-populist-wave.html |url-status=live |access-date=September 25, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170627090321/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/27/world/canada/canadas-secret-to-resisting-the-wests-populist-wave.html |archive-date=June 27, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Geddes |first=John |title=What's actually standing in the way of right-wing populism in Canada? |website=Macleans.ca |date=February 8, 2022 |url=https://www.macleans.ca/politics/ottawa/whats-actually-standing-in-the-way-of-right-wing-populism-in-canada/ |archive-date=October 31, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031024415/https://www.macleans.ca/politics/ottawa/whats-actually-standing-in-the-way-of-right-wing-populism-in-canada/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="a838">{{cite journal | last=Blake | first=Raymond B. | title=Locating the Right in Canadian Political History | journal=American Review of Canadian Studies | publisher=Informa UK Limited | volume=54 | issue=1 | date=Jan 2, 2024 | issn=0272-2011 | doi=10.1080/02722011.2024.2326264 | pages=1–8|quote=Social conservatives and the extreme right have had limited success designing the direction and policies of Canada’s right-wing political parties.}}</ref>

Canada has a [[parliamentary system]] within the context of a [[constitutional monarchy]]—the [[monarchy of Canada]] being the foundation of the executive, [[legislative]], and [[judicial]] branches.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dowding |first1=Keith |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AClHBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT395 |title=The Selection of Ministers around the World |last2=Dumont |first2=Patrick |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-317-63444-7 |page=395}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=March 29, 1867 |title=Constitution Act, 1867: Preamble |url=http://www.solon.org/Constitutions/Canada/English/ca_1867.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100203024121/http://www.solon.org/Constitutions/Canada/English/ca_1867.html |archive-date=February 3, 2010 |publisher=[[Queen's Printer]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Smith |first=David E |date=June 10, 2010 |title=The Crown and the Constitution: Sustaining Democracy? |page=6 |work=The Crown in Canada: Present Realities and Future Options |publisher=[[Queen's University at Kingston|Queen's University]] |url=http://www.queensu.ca/iigr/conf/ConferenceOnTheCrown/CrownConferencePapers/The_Crown_and_the_Constitutio1.pdf |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5qXvz463C?url=http://www.queensu.ca/iigr/conf/ConferenceOnTheCrown/CrownConferencePapers/The_Crown_and_the_Constitutio1.pdf |archive-date=June 17, 2010}}</ref><ref name="MacLeod16">{{Cite book |last=MacLeod |first=Kevin S |url=http://canadiancrown.gc.ca/DAMAssetPub/DAM-CRN-jblDmt-dmdJbl/STAGING/texte-text/crnMpls_1336157759317_eng.pdf?WT.contentAuthority=4.4.4 |title=A Crown of Maples |publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-662-46012-1 |edition=2nd |page=16 |author-link=Kevin S. MacLeod |access-date=March 8, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105160848/http://canadiancrown.gc.ca/DAMAssetPub/DAM-CRN-jblDmt-dmdJbl/STAGING/texte-text/crnMpls_1336157759317_eng.pdf?WT.contentAuthority=4.4.4 |archive-date=January 5, 2016}}</ref> The [[reign]]ing monarch is also monarch of [[Commonwealth realm|14 other sovereign Commonwealth countries]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Johnson |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z2WHDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT196 |title=Battle Royal: Monarchists vs. Republicans and the Crown of Canada |date=2018 |publisher=Dundurn Press |isbn=978-1-4597-4015-0 |page=196}}</ref> and [[Monarchy in the Canadian provinces|Canada's 10 provinces]]. The monarch appoints a representative, the [[Governor General of Canada|governor general]], on the [[Advice (constitutional law)|advice]] of the [[Prime Minister of Canada|prime minister]], to carry out most of their ceremonial royal duties.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Governor General of Canada: Roles and Responsibilities |url=http://gg.ca/document.aspx?id=3 |access-date=May 23, 2011 |publisher=Queen's Printer |archive-date=September 15, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915122338/http://gg.ca/document.aspx?id=3 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ATi5R5XNb2MC&pg=PA54 |title=Commonwealth public administration reform 2004 |publisher=Commonwealth Secretariat |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-11-703249-1 |pages=54–55}}</ref>

Line 260:

===Foreign relations===

[[File:Canadian embassies map.png|right|thumb|upright=1.3|[[Diplomatic missions of Canada]]<ref name="GAC 2014 c263">{{cite web |title=Diplomatic Missions and Consular Posts Accredited to Canada |website=GAC |date=~~Jun~~June 10, 2014 |url=https://www.international.gc.ca/protocol-protocole/missions.aspx?lang=eng |accessdate=February 26, 2024|archive-date=February 26, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226073816/https://www.international.gc.ca/protocol-protocole/missions.aspx?lang=eng |url-status=live}}</ref>

{{resizediv|95%|{{legend|#2f3699|Countries that host a Canadian Embassy or High Commission}}

Line 275:

[[File:CAFDay-27 (cropped).jpg|thumb|alt=A fighter jet taking off from a runway|A Canadian [[McDonnell Douglas CF-18 Hornet]] in "special markings" used by the 2014 [[CF-18 Demonstration Team]]<ref name="Skies Mag 2014 p953">{{cite web |title=RCAF 2014 Demo Jet revealed |website=Skies Mag |date=March 27, 2014 |url=https://skiesmag.com/press-releases/rcaf2014demojetrevealed/ |archive-date=October 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010180249/https://skiesmag.com/press-releases/rcaf2014demojetrevealed/ | url-status=live}}</ref>]]

Alongside many [[List of Canadian military operations#Domestic|domestic obligations]], more than 3,000 [[Canadian Armed Forces]] (CAF) personnel are [[List of Canadian military operations#Foreign|deployed in multiple foreign military operations]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/operations/military-operations/current-operations/list.html |title=Current operations list |year=2024 |publisher=National Defence|archive-date=November 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102133817/https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/operations/military-operations/current-operations/list.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The Canadian unified forces comprise the [[Royal Canadian Navy]], [[Canadian Army]], and [[Royal Canadian Air Force]]. The nation employs a professional, volunteer force of approximately 68,000 active personnel and 27,000 reserve personnel—increasing to 71,500 and 30,000 respectively under "Strong, Secure, Engaged"<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/corporate/policies-standards/canada-defence-policy.html |title=Strong, Secure, Engaged: Canada's Defence Policy |publisher=National Defence |date=September 22, 2017 |archive-date=September 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924030653/https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/corporate/policies-standards/canada-defence-policy.html |url-status=live}}</ref>—with a sub-component of approximately 5,000 [[Canadian Rangers]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/corporate/reports-publications/transition-materials/defence-101/2020/03/defence-101/caf-101.html |title=Canadian Armed Forces 101 |date=March 11, 2021 |publisher=National Defence |archive-date=October 30, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221030051937/https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/corporate/reports-publications/transition-materials/defence-101/2020/03/defence-101/caf-101.html |url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn| name=Force| "The [[Royal Canadian Navy]] is composed of approximately 8,400 full-time sailors and 5,100 part-time sailors. The Army is composed of approximately 22,800 full-time soldiers, 18,700 reservists, and 5,000 [[Canadian Rangers]]. The Royal Canadian Air Force is composed of approximately 13,000 Regular Force personnel and 2,400 Air Reserve personnel."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.forces.gc.ca/en/about/canadian-armed-forces.page |title=About the Canadian Armed Forces |date=March 11, 2021 |publisher=National Defence |archive-date=March 17, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317004607/http://forces.gc.ca/en/about/canadian-armed-forces.page |url-status=dead}}</ref>}} In 2022, Canada's military expenditure totalled approximately $26.9 billion, or around 1.2 percent of the country's [[gross domestic product]] (GDP){{snd}}placing it 14th for [[List of countries by military expenditures|military expenditure by country]].<ref name="SIPRI-2022">{{cite web |date=April 2023 |title=Trends in World Military Expenditure, 2022 |url=https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2023-04/2304_fs_milex_2022.pdf |access-date=29 April 29, 2023 |publisher=[[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]]|archive-date=April 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423231601/https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2023-04/2304_fs_milex_2022.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Canadian peacekeeping|Canada's role in developing ''peacekeeping'' and its participation in major peacekeeping initiatives]] during the 20th century has played a major role in its positive global image.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sorenson |first1=David S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2OZ6NRiL5MkC&pg=PA158 |title=The Politics of Peacekeeping in the Post-cold War Era |last2=Wood |first2=Pia Christina |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7146-8488-8 |page=158}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sobel |first1=Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RsY3pK_993EC&pg=PA21 |title=International Public Opinion and the Bosnia Crisis |last2=Shiraev |first2=Eric |last3=Shapiro |first3=Robert |publisher=Lexington Books |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-7391-0480-4 |page=21}}</ref> Peacekeeping is deeply embedded in Canadian culture and a distinguishing feature that Canadians feel sets their foreign policy apart from the United States.<ref name="Gutiérrez-Haces 2018 s015">{{cite book |last=Gutiérrez-Haces |first=Maria Teresa |title=Identity and Otherness in Canadian Foreign Policy |series=Collection internationale d'Études canadiennes | International Canadian Studies Series |date=~~Nov~~November 6, 2018 |pages=231–250 |publisher=University of Ottawa Press |isbn=978-0-7766-2722-9 |url=https://books.openedition.org/uop/1488?lang=en |access-date=March 4, 2024 |archive-date=March 4, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240304065237/https://books.openedition.org/uop/1488?lang=en | url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Carroll 2016 pp. 167–176">{{cite journal |last=Carroll |first=Michael K |title=Peacekeeping: Canada's past, but not its present and future? |journal=International Journal |publisher=[Sage Publications, Ltd., Canadian International Council] |volume=71 |issue=1 |year=2016 |jstor=44631172 |pages=167–176 |doi=10.1177/0020702015619857 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/44631172 |access-date=February 28, 2024 |archive-date=February 28, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228173148/https://www.jstor.org/stable/44631172 | url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Anon. u211">{{cite web |title=Canada's Current Role in World |url=https://www.environicsinstitute.org/docs/default-source/project-documents/canada-s-world-survey/canada%27s-current-role-in-world.pdf?sfvrsn=d5590018_4 |publisher=Environics Institute for Survey Research |access-date=March 4, 2024~~-03-04~~ |archive-date=March 4, 2024~~-03-04~~ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240304065232/https://www.environicsinstitute.org/docs/default-source/project-documents/canada-s-world-survey/canada%27s-current-role-in-world.pdf?sfvrsn=d5590018_4 |url-status=live}}</ref> Canada has long been reluctant to participate in military operations that are not sanctioned by the United Nations,<ref name="Massie 2019 pp. 575–594" /><ref name="Mingst Karns 2019 p. 63">{{cite book |last1=Mingst |first1=K. |last2=Karns |first2=M.P. |title=The United Nations In The Post-cold War Era, Second Edition |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2019 |isbn=978-1-000-30674-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kk2fDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT63 |page=63}}</ref> such as the [[Canada and the Vietnam War|Vietnam War]] or the [[Canada and the Iraq War|2003 invasion of Iraq]].<ref name="Massie 2019 pp. 575–594">{{cite journal |last=Massie |first=Justin |title=Why Canada Goes to War: Explaining Combat Participation in US-led Coalitions |journal=Canadian Journal of Political Science |publisher=Cambridge University Press (CUP) |volume=52 |issue=3 |date=~~2019-04-~~April 30, 2019 |doi=10.1017/s0008423919000040 |pages=575–594}}</ref><ref name="Mingst Karns 2019 p. 63" /> Since the 21st century, Canadian direct participation in UN peacekeeping efforts has greatly declined.<ref name="JohnsonJoshee2007">{{cite book |first1=Lauri |last1=Johnson |first2=Reva |last2=Joshee |title=Multicultural education policies in Canada and the United States |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I8jr_pE3YPwC&pg=PA23 |year=2007 |publisher=UBC Press |isbn=978-0-7748-1325-9 |page=23}}</ref> The large decrease was a result of Canada directing its participation to UN-sanctioned military [[Canada in NATO|operations through NATO]], rather than directly through the UN.<ref name="McQuaig2010bt">{{cite book |first=Linda |last=McQuaig |title=Holding the Bully's Coat: Canada and the U.S. Empire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9g4Xd12rIGYC&pg=PT50 |year=2010 |publisher=Random House Digital |isbn=978-0-385-67297-9 |page=50}}</ref> The change to participation via NATO has resulted in a shift towards more militarized and deadly missions rather than traditional peacekeeping duties.<ref name="James Michaud OReilly 2006 p. 177">{{cite book |last1=James |first1=P. |last2=Michaud |first2=N. |last3=O'Reilly |first3=M. |title=Handbook of Canadian Foreign Policy |publisher=Lexington Books |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-7391-5580-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QTk2AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA177 |page=177}}</ref>

==Economy==

Line 310:

[[File:Population density statistics canada.gif|thumb|[[Population of Canada|Canada population]] density map (2014)<ref name="Statistics Canada 2015 l621">{{cite web |title=Section 4: Maps |website=Statistics Canada |date=February 11, 2015 |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/91-214-x/2015000/section04-eng.htm |access-date=July 23, 2023}}</ref>|upright=1.3]]

The [[2021 Canadian census]] enumerated a [[Population of Canada by year|total population]] of 36,991,981, an increase of around 5.2 percent over the 2016 figure.<ref name="2021cen">{{cite web |last=Zimonjic |first=Peter |date=February 9, 2022 |title=Despite pandemic, Canada's population grows at fastest rate in G7: census |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/census-2021-release-population-cities-1.6344179 |work=CBC News}}</ref> It is estimated that Canada's population surpassed 40,000,000 in 2023.<ref name="Statistics Canada 2023 e538">{{cite web |title=Canada's population reaches 40{{nbsp}}million | website=Statistics Canada | date=June 16, 2023 | url=https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/subjects-start/population_and_demography/40-million |access-date=September 7, 2023}}</ref> The main drivers of population growth are [[Immigration to Canada|immigration]] and, to a lesser extent, natural growth.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Edmonston |first1=Barry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VVYOgvFPvBEC&pg=PA181 |title=The Changing Canadian Population |last2=Fong |first2=Eric |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-7735-3793-4 |page=181}}</ref> Canada has one of the highest per-capita immigration rates in the world,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zimmerman |first=Karla |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kv4nlSWLT8UC&pg=PA51 |title=Canada |publisher=[[Lonely Planet]] |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-74104-571-0 |edition=10th |page=51}}</ref> driven mainly by [[Economic impact of immigration to Canada|economic policy]] and [[Immigration categories (Canada)|family reunification]].<ref name="HollifieldMartin2014">{{Cite book |last1=Hollifield |first1=James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ys9jBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA11 |title=Controlling Immigration: A Global Perspective |last2=Martin |first2=Philip |last3=Orrenius |first3=Pia |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-8047-8627-0 |edition=3rd |page=11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Beaujot |first1=Roderic P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CofPBh5BRhwC&pg=PA178 |title=The Changing Face of Canada: Essential Readings in Population |last2=Kerr |first2=Donald W. |publisher=Canadian Scholars' Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-55130-322-2 |page=178}}</ref> A record 405,000 immigrants were admitted in 2021.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sangani |first1=Priyanka |date=February 15, 2022 |title=Canada to take in 1.3{{nbsp}}million immigrants in 2022–24 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/canada-to-take-in-1-3-million-immigrants-in-2022-24/articleshow/89593324.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215120744/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/canada-to-take-in-1-3-million-immigrants-in-2022-24/articleshow/89593324.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=February 15, 2022}}</ref> Canada leads the world in [[Third country resettlement|refugee resettlement]]; it resettled more than 47,600 in 2022.<ref name="g225">{{cite web | last=Kim | first=Soo-Jung | title=UNHCR calls for concerted action as forced displacement hits new record in 2022 | website=UNHCR Canada | date=~~2023-06-~~June 14, 2023 | url=https://www.unhcr.ca/news/unhcr-calls-for-concerted-action-as-forced-displacement-hits-new-record-in-2022/#:~:text=OTTAWA%2C%2014%20June%202023%20%E2%80%93%20Canada,UNHCR%2C%20the%20UN%20Refugee%20Agency. | access-date=July 4, 2024~~-07-04~~}}</ref> New immigrants settle mostly in [[List of the largest population centres in Canada|major urban areas]], such as Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Grubel |first=Herbert G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=48LOyfxYihoC&pg=PA5 |title=The Effects of Mass Immigration on Canadian Living Standards and Society |publisher=Fraser Institute |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-88975-246-7 |page=5}}</ref>

Canada's population density, at {{convert|4.2|PD/km2}}, is among the lowest in the world.<ref name="2021cen" /> Canada spans latitudinally from the 83rd parallel north to the 41st parallel north and approximately 95 percent of the population is found south of the 55th parallel north.<ref name="OECD2014" /> About 80 percent of the population lives within {{convert|150|km|mi}} of the border with the contiguous United States.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Custred |first=Glynn |url=https://archive.org/details/immigrationpolic0000unse/page/96 |title=Immigration policy and the terrorist threat in Canada and the United States |publisher=Fraser Institute |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-88975-235-1 |editor-last=Moens |editor-first=Alexander |page=[https://archive.org/details/immigrationpolic0000unse/page/96 96] |chapter=Security Threats on America's Borders |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HmiqBgnkAXYC&pg=PA96}}</ref> Canada is highly urbanized, with over 80 percent of the population living in urban centres.<ref name="World Bank Open Data s787">{{cite web |title=World Bank Open Data |website=World Bank Open Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS?locations=CA&name_desc=true |language=la |access-date=August 15, 2023}}</ref> The most densely populated part of the country, accounting for nearly 50 percent, is the [[Quebec City–Windsor Corridor]] in Southern Quebec and Southern Ontario along the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River.<ref name="McMurryShepherd2004">{{Cite book |last1=McMurry |first1=Peter H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1giH-mvhhw8C&pg=PA391 |title=Particulate Matter Science for Policy Makers: A NARSTO Assessment |last2=Shepherd |first2=Marjorie F. |last3=Vickery |first3=James S. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-521-84287-7 |page=391}}</ref><ref name="OECD2014">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_mjWAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA142 |title=OECD Environmental Performance Reviews OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Canada 2004 |publisher=OECD |year=2014 |isbn=978-92-64-10778-6 |pages=142–}}</ref>

Line 320:

Respondents in the [[2021 Canadian census]] self-reported over 450 "[[Ethnic origins of people in Canada|ethnic or cultural origins]]".<ref name="2021newsrelease" /> The major [[Panethnicity|panethnic]] groups chosen were: [[Ethnic groups in Europe|European]] ({{Percentage | 19062115 | 36328475 | 1 | % =  percent}}), [[North America]]n ({{Percentage | 8329945 | 36328475 | 1 | % =  percent}}), [[Ethnic groups in Asia|Asian]] ({{Percentage | 7013835 | 36328475 | 1 | % =  percent}}), [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|North American Indigenous]] ({{Percentage | 2204475 | 36328475 | 1 | % =  percent}}), [[List of ethnic groups of Africa|African]] ({{Percentage | 1394170 | 36328475 | 1 | % =  percent}}), [[Latin America|Latin, Central and South American]] ({{Percentage | 900495 | 36328475 | 1 | % =  percent}}), [[Caribbean people|Caribbean]] ({{Percentage | 774515 | 36328475 | 1 | % =  percent}}), [[Oceanian people|Oceanian]] ({{Percentage | 105010 | 36328475 | 1 | % =  percent}}), and other ({{Percentage | 2163380 | 36328475 | 1 | % =  percent}}).<ref name="2021newsrelease">{{Cite web |date=October 26, 2022 |title=The Canadian census: A rich portrait of the country's religious and ethnocultural diversity |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/221026/dq221026b-eng.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227102217/https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/221026/dq221026b-eng.htm |archive-date=27 December 27, 2023 |publisher=Statistics Canada}}</ref><ref name="ethnicpopulation2021">{{Cite web |publisher=Statistics Canada |date=October 26, 2022 |title=Ethnic or cultural origin by gender and age: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810035601}}</ref> Over 60 percent of Canadians reported a single origin, and 36 percent reported having multiple ethnic origins, thus the overall total is greater than 100 percent.<ref name="2021newsrelease" />

[[File:Canadian ethnocultural diversity.png|thumb|upright=1.3|The top 168 [[Ethnic origins of people in Canada|ethnic or cultural origins self-reported by Canadians]] in the 2021 census<ref name="Statistics Canada u055">{{cite web |title=''Canadian'' tops the more than 450 ethnic or cultural origins reported by the population of Canada |website=Statistics Canada |date=October 26, 2022 |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/221026/g-b001-eng.htm |access-date=July 8, 2023}}</ref>]]

The country's ten largest self-reported specific ethnic or cultural origins in 2021 were [[Canadian ethnicity|Canadian]]{{efn| name=Canadian|1=All citizens of Canada are classified as "Canadians" as defined by [[Canadian nationality law|Canada's nationality laws]]. "Canadian" as an ethnic group has since 1996 been added to census questionnaires for possible ancestral origin or descent. "Canadian" was included as an example on the English questionnaire and "Canadien" as an example on the French questionnaire.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Patrick |last1=Simon |first2=Victor |last2=Piché |title=Accounting for Ethnic and Racial Diversity: The Challenge of Enumeration |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6t7p-xxFhnwC&pg=PT48 |year=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-98108-4 |pages=48–49}}</ref> "The majority of respondents to this selection are from the eastern part of the country that was first settled. Respondents generally are visibly European (Anglophones and Francophones) and no longer self-identify with their ethnic ancestral origins. This response is attributed to a multitude or generational distance from ancestral lineage."<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bezanson |first1=Kate |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oWO_DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA455 |title=Rethinking Society in the 21st Century |last2=Webber |first2=Michelle |publisher=Canadian Scholars' Press |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-55130-936-1 |edition=4th |pages=455–456}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Edmonston |first1=Barry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VVYOgvFPvBEC&pg=PA294 |title=The Changing Canadian Population |last2=Fong |first2=Eric |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-7735-3793-4 |pages=294–296}}</ref>}} (accounting for 15.6 percent of the population), followed by [[English Canadians|English]] (14.7 percent), [[Irish Canadians|Irish]] (12.1 percent), [[Scottish Canadians|Scottish]] (12.1 percent), [[French Canadians|French]] (11.0 percent), [[German Canadians|German]] (8.1 percent), [[Chinese Canadians|Chinese]] (4.7 percent), [[Italian Canadians|Italian]] (4.3 percent), [[Indo-Canadians|Indian]] (3.7 percent), and [[Ukrainian Canadians|Ukrainian]] (3.5 percent).<ref name="ethnicpopulationordered2021">{{Cite web |publisher=Statistics Canada |date=October 26, 2022 |title=Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Profile table Canada [Country] Total – Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households – 25% sample data |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?LANG=E&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1,4&DGUIDlist=2021A000011124&HEADERlist=31&SearchText=Canada}}</ref>

Line 423:

===Sports===

[[File:Hockey Hall of Fame Statue (9162222032).jpg|thumb| "''Our Game"'' sculpture by [[Edie Parker (artist)|Edie Parker]] outside the [[Hockey Hall of Fame]] in Toronto.<ref name="k228">{{cite web | last=Fame | first=Hockey Hall of | title=Exterior Sculptures | website=Hockey Hall of Fame | date=~~Sep~~September 28, 1972 | url=https://www.hhof.com/visit/exteriorsculptures.html | access-date=~~Aug~~August 30, 2024}}</ref>]]

Canada's official national sports are [[Ice hockey in Canada|ice hockey]] and [[Lacrosse in Canada|lacrosse]].<ref>{{cite web |date=November 5, 2015 |title=National Sports of Canada Act |url=http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/n-16.7/page-1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124142348/http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/n-16.7/page-1.html |archive-date=November 24, 2015 |publisher=Government of Canada}}</ref> Other major professional games include [[curling]], [[Basketball in Canada|basketball]], [[Baseball in Canada|baseball]], [[Soccer in Canada|soccer]], and [[Canadian football|football]].<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Canadian Sports History |encyclopedia=The Canadian Encyclopedia |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/sports-history |date=September 30, 2016 |last2=West |first2=J. Thomas |last1=Lindsay |first1=Peter}}</ref> Great achievements in Canadian sports are recognized by numerous "Halls of Fame" and museums, such as [[Canada's Sports Hall of Fame]].<ref name="Danilov1997cv">{{cite book |first=Victor J. |last=Danilov |title=Hall of fame museums: a reference guide |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VUO_J0YzpP0C&pg=PA24 |year=1997 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-313-30000-4 |page=24}}</ref>

Canada shares several [[Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada|major professional sports leagues]] with the United States.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Butenko |first1=Sergiy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lh7tPTtYelUC&pg=PA42 |title=Optimal Strategies in Sports Economics and Management |last2=Gil-Lafuente |first2=Jaime |last3=Pardalos |first3=Panos M. |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |year=2010 |isbn=978-3-642-13205-6 |pages=42–44}}</ref> Canadian teams in these leagues include seven franchises in the [[National Hockey League]], ~~as well as~~ three [[Soccer in Canada#Major League Soccer|Major League Soccer]] teams, and one team in each of [[Major League Baseball]] and the [[National Basketball Association]]. Other popular professional competitions include the [[Canadian Football League]], [[National Lacrosse League]], the [[Canadian Premier League]], and the ~~various~~ curling tournaments hosted by [[Curling Canada]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Morrow |first1=Don |title=Sport in Canada: A History |last2=Wamsley |first2=Kevin B. |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-19-902157-4 |pages=xxi – intro}}</ref>

In terms of participation, [[~~Swimming~~swimming]] was the most ~~common,~~commonly reported sport by over one-third (35 percent) of ~~people~~Canadians in 2023.<ref name="h903">{{cite web | title=The Daily — Participation in Canadian society through sport and work | website=Statistics Canada | date=~~Oct~~October 10, 2023 | url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/231010/dq231010b-eng.htm | access-date=~~Aug~~August 30, 2024}}</ref> This was closely followed by [[cycling]] (33 percent) and [[running]] (27 percent).<ref name="h903"/> The popularity of specific sports varies ~~across racialized groups~~;<ref name="h903"/><ref name="z319">{{cite web | last=Fournier-Savard | first=Patric | last2=Gagnon | first2=Valerie | last3=Durocher | first3=Dominic | title=Sports: More than just a game | website=Statistics Canada | date=~~Mar~~March 5, 2024 | url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/11-627-m/11-627-m2024008-eng.htm | access-date=~~Aug~~August 30, 2024}}</ref> in general, the Canadian-born population was more likely to have participated in [[winter sports]] such as ice hockey, [[Ice skating|skating]], [[skiing]] and [[snowboarding]], compared with immigrants, who were more likely to have played soccer (the most popular youth team sport),<ref name="a691">{{cite web | last=Press | first=Canadian | title=Study: Soccer most popular sport among Canadian kids post-pandemic | website=Sportsnet.ca | date=July 27, 2023 | url=https://www.sportsnet.ca/soccer/article/study-soccer-most-popular-sport-among-canadian-kids-post-pandemic/ | access-date=August 30, 2024}}</ref> [[tennis]] or basketball.<ref name="h903"/> Sports such as [[golf]], [[Volleyball in Canada|volleyball]], [[badminton]], [[bowling]], and [[martial arts]] are also widely enjoyed at the youth and amateur levels.<ref>{{cite web |year=2013 |title=Canadian sport participation – Most frequently played sports in Canada (2010) |url=http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2013/pc-ch/CH24-1-2012-eng.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110193033/http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2013/pc-ch/CH24-1-2012-eng.pdf |archive-date=January 10, 2017 |access-date=January 27, 2017 |publisher=Government of Canada |page=34}}</ref>

Canada has enjoyed success both [[Canada at the Winter Olympics|at the Winter Olympics]] and [[Canada at the Summer Olympics|at the Summer Olympics]]<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Mallon |first1=Bill |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9mM0XzW03AcC&pg=PA71 |title=Historical Dictionary of the Olympic Movement |last2=Heijmans |first2=Jeroen |publisher=Scarecrow Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-8108-7522-7 |page=71}}</ref>~~—though, particularly,~~—particularly the Winter Games as a "winter sports nation"—and has hosted ~~several~~ high-profile international sporting events such as the [[1976 Summer Olympics]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Howell |first=Paul Charles |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E2mTzjIKkNcC&pg=PA3 |title=Montreal Olympics: An Insider's View of Organizing a Self-financing Games |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-7735-7656-8 |page=3}}</ref> the [[1988 Winter Olympics]],<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Horne |first1=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UQozDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT157 |title=Understanding the Olympics |last2=Whannel |first2=Garry |publisher=Routledge |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-317-49519-2 |page=157}}</ref> the [[2010 Winter Olympics]],<ref>{{Cite book |author=United States Senate Subcommittee on Trade, Tourism and Economic Development |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l4XN6eyYqiUC |title=The Economic Impact of the 2010 Vancouver, Canada, Winter Olympics on Oregon and the Pacific Northwest: hearing before the Subcommittee on Trade, Tourism, and Economic Development of the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, United States Senate, One Hundred Ninth Congress, first session, August 5, 2005 |date=January 2006 |publisher=US GPO |isbn=978-0-16-076789-0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Fromm |first=Zuzana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kXYgkSsrnaMC |title=Economic Issues of Vancouver-Whistler 2010 Olympics |publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-13-197843-0}}</ref> the [[2015 FIFA Women's World Cup]],<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QY2lnQAACAAJ |title=Temporary Importations Using the FIFA Women's World Cup Canada 2015 Remission Order |publisher=Canada Border Services Agency |year=2015}}</ref> the [[2015 Pan American Games]] and [[2015 Parapan American Games]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Peterson |first=David |date=July 10, 2014 |title=Why Toronto should get excited about the Pan Am Games |work=[[The Globe and Mail]] |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/globe-debate/why-toronto-should-get-excited-about-the-pan-am-games/article19543736/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925011444/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/why-toronto-should-get-excited-about-the-pan-am-games/article19543736/ |archive-date=September 25, 2020}}</ref> The country is scheduled to co-host the [[2026 FIFA World Cup]] alongside Mexico and the United States.<ref>{{cite news |date=June 13, 2018 |title=World Cup 2026: Canada, US & Mexico joint bid wins right to host tournament |publisher=BBC Sport |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/44464913 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114150230/https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/44464913 |archive-date=January 14, 2021}}</ref>

==See also==