Cardiac electrophysiology: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia

Cardiac electrophysiologists specialize in a sub-area of [[electrophysiology]], which in turn is a sub-area of [[physiology]]. This specialization usually requires education at the doctoral (PhD, DSc, or MD/DO) level to become a [[principal investigator]] for research projects. The area of research is often multi-disciplinary involving chemistry, bioelectrics, biology, and biomedical engineering. The flagship tools used by cardiac electrophysiologists overlap with the toolbox of the neuroscientist including [[patch clamp]] and [[optical mapping]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jaimes |first1=R |year=2019 |title=Lights, camera, path splitter: a new approach for truly simultaneous dual optical mapping of the heart |url= |journal=[[BMC Biomedical Engineering]] |volume=1 |doi=10.1186/s42490-019-0024-x |pmc=6876868 |pmid=31768502 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Allied professionals ==

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==Professional societies==

The [[Heart Rhythm Society]], founded in 1979, promotes education and advocacy for cardiac arrhythmia professionals (including cardiac electrophysiologists) and patients. European Heart Rhythm Association, a part of [[European Society of Cardiology]], is active in Europe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) |url=https://www.escardio.org/Sub-specialty-communities/European-Heart-Rhythm-Association-(EHRA),%20https://www.escardio.org/Sub-specialty-communities/European-Heart-Rhythm-Association-(EHRA) |access-date=2022-07-03 |website=www.escardio.org }}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

== Certification ==

Founded in 1985 as NASPExAM, the International Board of Heart Rhythm Examiners (IBHRE) offers knowledge based board exams for physicians and allied health professionals working in the field of cardiac electrophysiology and cardiac rhythm device management.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} IBHRE |url=https://ibhre.org/about-ibhre/history |access-date=2022-07-04 |website=ibhre.org}}</ref> European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) provides knowledge and practical competency based certification to physicians and allied health professionals<ref>{{Cite web |title=EHRA Certifications |url=https://www.escardio.org/Education/Career-Development/Certification/EHRA-Certification |access-date=2022-07-04 |website=www.escardio.org}}</ref> as well as accreditation of cardiac electrophysiology training centres<ref>{{Cite web |title=EHRA Recognised Training Centres |url=https://www.escardio.org/Education/Career-Development/Accreditation/EHRA-Recognised-Training-Centres,%20https://www.escardio.org/Education/Career-Development/Accreditation/EHRA-Recognised-Training-Centres |access-date=2022-07-04 |website=www.escardio.org }}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> in Europe and neighbouring countries.

==Mapping systems==

Electroanatomic mapping uses electric and magnetic fields to create three dimensional models of heart structures using specialized catheters.

~~=== Carto ===~~

Biosense-Webster, a subsidiary of [[Johnson & Johnson]], produces a cardiac electrophysiology system called CARTO.<ref name=Macias2016/> The system is designed to visualise the real-time calculated position and orientation of a specialised [[RF ablation]] [[catheter]] within the patient's heart in order to minimise [[Ionizing radiation|radiation exposure]] during [[fluoroscopy]], increase the accuracy of targeted RF ablation and reacquisition of [[cardiac pacing|pacing]] sites for re-[[ablation]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Jaïs|first1=P|last2=Weerasooriya|first2=R|last3=Shah|first3=DC|last4=Hocini|first4=M|last5=Macle|first5=L|last6=Choi|first6=KJ|last7=Scavee|first7=C|last8=Haïssaguerre|first8=M|last9=Clémenty|first9=J|title=Ablation therapy for atrial fibrillation (AF): past, present and future.|journal=Cardiovascular Research|date=May 2002|volume=54|issue=2|pages=337–46|pmid=12062339|doi=10.1016/S0008-6363(02)00263-8|doi-access=free}}</ref> Its navigation system calculates the position and orientation of the catheter tip, using three known magnetic sources as references. The system uses [[static magnetic field]]s that are calibrated and computer controlled. Due to the nature of magnetic fields, the orientation may also be calculated while the tip is stationary. By calculating the strength and orientation of the magnetic fields at a given location, the x,y,z position may be calculated along with the [[Roll, pitch, and yaw|roll, pitch, yaw]] orientation.<ref name=Macias2016>{{cite book|last1=Macias|first1=Carlos|last2=Ajijola|first2=Olujimi|last3=Shivkumar|first3=Kalyanam|last4=Buch|first4=Eric|editor1-last=Steinberg|editor1-first=Jonathan S.|editor2-last=Jais|editor2-first=Pierre|editor3-last=Calkins|editor3-first=Hugh|title=Practical Guide to Catheter Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation|date=2016|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|isbn=9781118658505|pages=65–73|edition=2nd|language=English|chapter=Chapter 7: Electroanatomic mapping systems}}</ref>

~~=== Ensite ===~~

[[St. Jude Medical]], now a part of [[Abbott Laboratories|Abbott]], manufactures EnSite family of cardiac mapping systems, the latest edition being EnSite Precision, which allows speedy heart mapping during catheter ablation with better accuracy to be able to treat cardiac rhythm disturbances. <ref>{{Cite web |last=jzagoudis |date=2017-01-03 |title=St. Jude Medical Announces FDA Clearance of EnSite Precision Cardiac Mapping System |url=http://www.dicardiology.com/product/st-jude-medical-announces-fda-clearance-ensite-precision-cardiac-mapping-system |access-date=2022-07-03 |website=DAIC |language=en}}</ref>

==Notable cardiac electrophysiologists==

*[[Mark Josephson]] (1943-2017), American▼

*[[Hein Wellens]] (1935-2020), Dutch▼

*[[George Klein (physician)|George Klein]], Canadian<ref>{{Cite web |title=George Klein |url=https://www.schulich.uwo.ca/cardiology/people/bio/www.schulich.uwo.ca/cardiology/people/bio/klein_george.html |access-date=2022-07-03 |website=www.schulich.uwo.ca |language=en}}</ref>▼

*Kenneth Ellenbogen, American<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kenneth A. Ellenbogen, MD, FHRS {{!}} Heart Rhythm Society |url=https://www.hrsonline.org/about-us/structure-and-governance/board-trustees/kenneth-ellenbogen-md |access-date=2022-07-03 |website=www.hrsonline.org |language=en}}</ref>

*[[Richard N. Fogoros]], American▼

*Eric Prystowsky, American <ref>{{Cite web |title=Eric N. Prystowsky, M.D. {{!}} Heart Rhythm Society |url=https://www.hrsonline.org/education/ep-ep/eric-n-prystowsky-md |access-date=2022-07-03 |website=www.hrsonline.org |language=en}}</ref> ▼

*[[Michel Haïssaguerre]] (born 1955), French

▲*[[Mark Josephson]] (~~1943-2017~~1943–2017), American

▲*[[George Klein (physician)|George Klein]], Canadian<ref>{{Cite web |title=George Klein |url=https://www.schulich.uwo.ca/cardiology/people/bio/www.schulich.uwo.ca/cardiology/people/bio/klein_george.html |access-date=2022-07-03 |website=www.schulich.uwo.ca |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

*[[Bruce Lerman]], American▼

*[[John Alexander MacWilliam]] (1857–1937), British/Scottish

*[[Michel Mirowski]] (1924–1990), Polish-Israeli-American

▲*Eric Prystowsky, American <ref>{{Cite web |title=Eric N. Prystowsky, M.D. {{!}} Heart Rhythm Society |url=https://www.hrsonline.org/education/ep-ep/eric-n-prystowsky-md |access-date=2022-07-03 |website=www.hrsonline.org |language=en}}</ref>

▲*[[Richard N. Fogoros]], American

▲*[[Bruce Lerman]], American

*[[Amiran Revishvili]] (born 1956), Russian

▲*[[Hein Wellens]] (~~1935-2020~~1935–2020), Dutch

==See also==