Chandrayaan-3: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia


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{{Short description|Indian lunar lander mission}}

{{Use Indian English|date=August 2023}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=SeptemberJune 20232024}}

{{Infobox spaceflight

| name = Chandrayaan-3

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| SATCAT = 57320

| website = {{official website|https://www.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan3.html}}

| mission_duration = {{time interval|14 July 2023|22 August 2024|show=ymd}} (elapsed) (PM)

* [[#Design|Propulsion module]]: ≤ 3 to 6 months (planned) {{time interval|5 August 2023|22 August 2024|show=ymd}} (elapsed) (since orbit insertionfinal)

* ''[[Chandrayaan-2#Vikram lander|Vikram]]'' lander: ≤ 14 days (planned) <br /> {{time interval|23 August 23, 2023|show=ymd|sep=,}}<br/> (in progress)<br/>(since landing)

* ''[[Pragyan (Chandrayaan-3)|Pragyan]]'' rover: ≤ 14 days (planned) <br /> 12 days (final) (since deployment)

| spacecraft_type =

| spacecraft_bus = [[I-3K]](modified) Propulsion Module;<br /> Vikram (lander) <ref>https://www.isro.gov.in/NSPD2024/assets/pdf/CH3%20Landing%20Brochure-Pagewise.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=August 2024}}</ref>

| spacecraft_bus = Chandrayaan

| last_contact = {{end date text|22 August 2024}} UTC<ref name="x.com">{{Cite web |title=UPDATE: The CH3 PROPULSION MODULE with the SHAPE payload last observed in a high Earth orbit appears to have ceased S-Band radio emissions. |url=https://x.com/coastal8049/status/1826716028837241233 |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=X (Formerly Twitter)}}</ref>

| manufacturer = ISRO

| launch_mass = 3900&nbsp;kg (8600 lb)<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 August 2023 |title=Chandrayaan-3 vs Russia's Luna-25 &#124; Which one is likely to win the space race |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/science/chandrayaan3-russia-luna-25-who-is-likely-win-space-race-17524541.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816051849/https://www.cnbctv18.com/science/chandrayaan3-russia-luna-25-who-is-likely-win-space-race-17524541.htm |archive-date=16 August 2023 |access-date=16 August 2023 |website=cnbctv18.com}}</ref>

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| arrival_date = {{start date text|23 August 2023}}, 18:03 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] (12:33 [[UTC]])<ref name="sn-20230823">{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Andrew |date=23 August 2023 |title=Chandrayaan-3: India becomes fourth country to land on the moon |url=https://spacenews.com/chandrayaan-3-india-becomes-fourth-country-to-land-on-the-moon/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823130648/https://spacenews.com/chandrayaan-3-india-becomes-fourth-country-to-land-on-the-moon/ |archive-date=23 August 2023 |access-date=23 August 2023 |website=SpaceNews.com}}</ref>

| location = [[Statio Shiv Shakti]] (Shiv Shakti Point)<ref>{{cite news |title=Chandrayaan 3's landing site name 'Shiv Shakti' gets International Astronomical Union recognition |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/chandrayaan-3s-lunar-landing-site-shiv-shakti-gets-global-recognition-101711273590422.html |access-date=25 March 2024 |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=24 March 2024}}</ref>

{{coord|69.373|S|32.319|E|globe:moon|display=inline,title|format=dec}}<ref name="Landing site">{{Cite web |title=LVM3-M4 Gallery |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/chandrayaan3_gallery.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828125325/https://www.isro.gov.in/chandrayaan3_gallery.html |archive-date=28 August 2023 |access-date=28 August 2023 |website=Indian Space Research Organisation}}</ref><br />(between [[Manzinus (crater)|Manzinus C]] and [[Simpelius (crater)|Simpelius N]] craters)<ref name="Physicsworld">{{Cite web |date=14 July 2023 |title=India launches Chandrayaan-3 mission to the lunar surface |url=https://physicsworld.com/a/india-launches-chandrayaan-3-mission-to-the-lunar-surface/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717125057/https://physicsworld.com/a/india-launches-chandrayaan-3-mission-to-the-lunar-surface/ |archive-date=17 July 2023 |access-date=15 July 2023 |publisher=Physicsworld}}</ref>

|departure_date = {{start date text|3 September 2023}}<ref name="sn-20230823">{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Andrew |date=23 August 2023 |title=Chandrayaan-3: India becomes fourth country to land on the moon |url=https://spacenews.com/chandrayaan-3-india-becomes-fourth-country-to-land-on-the-moon/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823130648/https://spacenews.com/chandrayaan-3-india-becomes-fourth-country-to-land-on-the-moon/ |archive-date=23 August 2023 |access-date=23 August 2023 |website=SpaceNews.com}}</ref>

}}

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| component = ''Vikram'' lander

| arrival_date = {{start date text|3 September 2023}}<ref name="sn-20230823">{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Andrew |date=23 August 2023 |title=Chandrayaan-3: India becomes fourth country to land on the moon |url=https://spacenews.com/chandrayaan-3-india-becomes-fourth-country-to-land-on-the-moon/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823130648/https://spacenews.com/chandrayaan-3-india-becomes-fourth-country-to-land-on-the-moon/ |archive-date=23 August 2023 |access-date=23 August 2023 |website=SpaceNews.com}}</ref>

| location = {{cvt|40|cm}} away from [[Statio Shiv Shakti]] (Shiv Shakti Point)<ref name="news.sky.com">{{Cite web |title=India's Chandrayaan-3 lunar lander successfully 'hops' on the moon |url=https://news.sky.com/story/indias-chandrayaan-3-lunar-lander-successfully-hops-on-the-moon-12954786 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230905162656/https://news.sky.com/story/indias-chandrayaan-3-lunar-lander-successfully-hops-on-the-moon-12954786 |archive-date=5 September 2023 |access-date=13 September 2023 |website=Sky News |language=en}}</ref><br />(between [[Manzinus (crater)|Manzinus C]] and [[Simpelius (crater)|Simpelius N]] craters)<ref name="Physicsworld">{{Cite web |date=14 July 2023 |title=India launches Chandrayaan-3 mission to the lunar surface |url=https://physicsworld.com/a/india-launches-chandrayaan-3-mission-to-the-lunar-surface/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717125057/https://physicsworld.com/a/india-launches-chandrayaan-3-mission-to-the-lunar-surface/ |archive-date=17 July 2023 |access-date=15 July 2023 |publisher=Physicsworld}}</ref>

}}

{{Infobox spaceflight/IP

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}}

'''Chandrayaan-3'''<!--Do not add any foreign/Indic/Devanagari script per WP:INDICSCRIPT--> ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|tʃ|ʌ|n|d|ɹ|ə|ˈ|j|ɑː|n}} {{respell|CHUN|drə|YAHN}}) is the third mission in the [[Chandrayaan programme]], a series of [[Exploration of the Moon|lunar-exploration]] missions developed by the [[ISRO|Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO).<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Hari |last2=Travelli |first2=Alex |last3=Mashal |first3=Mujib |last4=Chang |first4=Kenneth |date=23 August 2023 |title=India Moon Landing: In Latest Moon Race, India Lands First in Southern Polar Region |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2023/08/23/science/india-moon-landing-chandrayaan-3 |url-status=live |access-date=26 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826034411/https://www.nytimes.com/live/2023/08/23/science/india-moon-landing-chandrayaan-3 |archive-date=26 August 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The mission consists of a [[Chandrayaan-2#Vikram lander|''Vikram'']] [[lunar lander]] and a [[Pragyan (Chandrayaan-3)|''Pragyan'']] [[lunar rover]] was launched from [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]] on 14 July 2023. The spacecraft entered lunar orbit on 5 August, and [[India]] became the 1stfirst country to touch down near the [[lunar south pole]], at 69°S, the southernmost lunar landing <ref name=":5" /> on 23 August 2023 at 18:03 [[India Standard Time|IST]] (12:33 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]), made ISRO the fourth space agency to successfully [[Moon landing|land on the Moon]], after [[RoscosmosSoviet space program|USSR]], [[NASA]], and the [[China National Space Administration|CNSA]]. <ref name="Kumar">{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Sanjay |date=23 August 2023 |title=India makes history by landing spacecraft near Moon's south pole |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/india-makes-history-landing-spacecraft-near-moon-s-south-pole |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824120354/https://www.science.org/content/article/india-makes-history-landing-spacecraft-near-moon-s-south-pole |archive-date=24 August 2023 |access-date=24 August 2023 |website=Science.org}}</ref>{{Efn|While the landing site is often referred to as a "polar region" in the media,<ref name="The Hindu">{{Cite news |date=6 July 2023 |title=Chandrayaan-3 launch on 14 July, lunar landing on 23 or 24 August |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/chandrayaan-3-launch-scheduled-for-july-14-at-235-pm/article67049236.ece |url-status=live |access-date=14 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711031538/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/chandrayaan-3-launch-scheduled-for-july-14-at-235-pm/article67049236.ece |archive-date=11 July 2023 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name="The Guardian">{{Cite news |title=India lands spacecraft near south pole of moon in historic first |work=The Guardian |url=https://amp.theguardian.com/science/2023/aug/23/india-chandrayaan-3-moon-landing-mission |url-status=live |access-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823031538/https://amp.theguardian.com/science/2023/aug/23/india-chandrayaan-3-moon-landing-mission |archive-date=23 August 2023}}</ref> location of Chandrayaan-3's lander or rover is not within the Lunar Antarctic circle (80°S). ISRO scientists involved in selecting and characterizing the landing site call it a "high-latitude location".<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal |last1=Karanam |first1=Durga Prasad |last2=Bhatt |first2=Megha |last3=A |first3=Amitabh |last4=G |first4=Ambily |last5=Sathyan |first5=Sachana |last6=Misra |first6=Dibyendu |last7=Srivastava |first7=Neeraj |last8=Bhardwaj |first8=Anil |date=3 August 2023 |title=Contextual Characterisation Study of Chandrayaan-3 Primary Landing Site |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/mnrasl/slad106 |url-status=live |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters |doi=10.1093/mnrasl/slad106 |issn=1745doi-3925 |archive-urlaccess=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917044542/https://academic.oup.com/mnrasl/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/mnrasl/slad106/7236874?redirectedFrom=fulltextfree |archive-dateissn=17 September 2023 |access1745-date=53925 September 2023}}</ref>|name=Landing site2|group=note}}

The lander was not built to withstand the cold temperatures of the lunar night, and sunset over the landing site ended the surface mission twelve days after landing.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-04 |title=No 2nd innings, 'super over' for Chandrayaan-3, but Vikram & Pragyan had a great outing |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/no-2nd-innings-super-over-for-chandrayaan-3-but-vikram-pragyan-had-a-great-outing/articleshow/104167455.cms |access-date=2023-10-10 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-07 |title=Chandrayaan-3 goes dark again? Former ISRO chief says 'no hope of reviving' Vikram lander & Pragyan rover |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/chandrayaan-3-goes-dark-again-vikram-lander-pragyan-rover-sleep-forever-8972159/ |access-date=2023-10-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The propulsion module, still operational, transited back to a high Earth orbit from lunar orbit on 22 November 2023 for continued scientific observations of Earth.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=Returns to home Earth: Chandrayaan-3 Propulsion Module moved from Lunar orbit to Earth's orbit |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/Ch3_Propulsion_Module_moved_from_Lunar_orbit_to_Earth_orbit.html |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=www.isro.gov.in}}</ref>

Chandrayaan-3 was launched from [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]] on 14 July 2023. The spacecraft entered lunar orbit on 5 August, and became the first lander to touch down near the [[lunar south pole]]<ref name=":5" /> on 23 August at 18:03 [[India Standard Time|IST]] (12:33 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]), making India the fourth country to successfully [[Moon landing|land on the Moon]], and at 69°S, the southernmost lunar landing, until [[IM-1]] landed further southwards in [[Malapert (crater)|Malapert A crater]] on 22 February 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |lastname="Kumar |first=Sanjay |date=23 August 2023 |title=India makes history by landing spacecraft near Moon's south pole |url=https:"//www.science.org/content/article/india-makes-history-landing-spacecraft-near-moon-s-south-pole |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824120354/https://www.science.org/content/article/india-makes-history-landing-spacecraft-near-moon-s-south-pole |archive-date=24 August 2023 |access-date=24 August 2023 |website=Science.org}}</ref>{{Efn|While the landing site is often referred to as a "polar region" in the media,<ref name="The Hindu">{{Cite news |date=6 July 2023 |title=Chandrayaan-3 launch on 14 July, lunar landing on 23 or 24 August |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/chandrayaan-3-launch-scheduled-for-july-14-at-235-pm/article67049236.ece |url-status=live |access-date=14 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711031538/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/chandrayaan-3-launch-scheduled-for-july-14-at-235-pm/article67049236.ece |archive-date=11 July 2023 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name="The Guardian">{{Cite news |title=India lands spacecraft near south pole of moon in historic first |work=The Guardian |url=https://amp.theguardian.com/science/2023/aug/23/india-chandrayaan-3-moon-landing-mission |url-status=live |access-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823031538/https://amp.theguardian.com/science/2023/aug/23/india-chandrayaan-3-moon-landing-mission |archive-date=23 August 2023}}</ref> location of Chandrayaan-3's lander or rover is not within the Lunar Antarctic circle (80°S). ISRO scientists involved in selecting and characterizing the landing site call it a "high-latitude location".<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal |last1=Karanam |first1=Durga Prasad |last2=Bhatt |first2=Megha |last3=A |first3=Amitabh |last4=G |first4=Ambily |last5=Sathyan |first5=Sachana |last6=Misra |first6=Dibyendu |last7=Srivastava |first7=Neeraj |last8=Bhardwaj |first8=Anil |date=3 August 2023 |title=Contextual Characterisation Study of Chandrayaan-3 Primary Landing Site |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/mnrasl/slad106 |url-status=live |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters |doi=10.1093/mnrasl/slad106 |issn=1745doi-3925 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917044542/https://academic.oup.com/mnrasl/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/mnrasl/slad106/7236874?redirectedFromaccess=fulltextfree |archive-dateissn=17 September 2023 |access1745-date=53925 September 2023}}</ref>|name=Landing site|group=note}} The lander was not built to withstand the cold temperatures of the lunar night, and sunset over the landing site ended the surface mission twelve days after landing.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 October 2023-10-04 |title=No 2nd innings, 'super over' for Chandrayaan-3, but Vikram & Pragyan had a great outing |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/no-2nd-innings-super-over-for-chandrayaan-3-but-vikram-pragyan-had-a-great-outing/articleshow/104167455.cms |access-date=2023-10-10 October 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 October 2023-10-07 |title=Chandrayaan-3 goes dark again? Former ISRO chief says 'no hope of reviving' Vikram lander & Pragyan rover |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/chandrayaan-3-goes-dark-again-vikram-lander-pragyan-rover-sleep-forever-8972159/ |access-date=10 October 2023-10-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The propulsion module, still operational, transited back to a high Earth orbit from lunar orbit on 22 November 2023 for continued scientific observations of Earth.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=Returns to home Earth: Chandrayaan-3 Propulsion Module moved from Lunar orbit to Earth's orbit |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/Ch3_Propulsion_Module_moved_from_Lunar_orbit_to_Earth_orbit.html |access-date=4 December 2023-12-04 |website=www.isro.gov.in}}</ref> It operated until 22 August 2024.<ref name="x.com">{{Cite web |title=UPDATE: The CH3 PROPULSION MODULE with the SHAPE payload last observed in a high Earth orbit appears to have ceased S-Band radio emissions. |url=https://x.com/coastal8049/status/1826716028837241233 |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=X (Formerly Twitter)}}</ref>

== History ==

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The propulsion module carried the lander and rover configuration to a {{convert|100|km|adj=on}} lunar orbit. It was a box-like structure with a large solar panel mounted on one side and a cylindrical mounting structure for the lander (the Intermodular Adapter Cone) on top.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=NASA – NSSDCA – Spacecraft – Details |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=CHANDRYN3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220608231611/https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=CHANDRYN3 |archive-date=8 June 2022 |access-date=10 June 2022}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2 January 2020 |title=Chandrayaan-3 to cost Rs 615 crore, launch could stretch to 2021 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-to-cost-rs-615--crore-launch-could-stretch-to-2021/articleshow/73055941.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119155006/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-to-cost-rs-615--crore-launch-could-stretch-to-2021/articleshow/73055941.cms |archive-date=19 November 2021 |access-date=3 January 2020 |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref>

A few months after the conclusion of the lander portion of the mission, ISRO officials said that the propulsion module was equipped with two [[Radioisotope heater unit|radioisotope heating units]] (RHU), designed and developed by [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre|BARC (Bhabha Atomic Research Centre)]]. RHUs keep spacecraft at their operational temperature using the decay of [[Radionuclide|radioactive material]], to generate electricity to power heaters. It is thought{{By whom|date=January 2024}} that national security reasons delayed the disclosure to the media. Chandrayaan-3 project director [[P Veeramuthuvel]] said ISRO may use nuclear resources to maintain instruments in future rovers. ISRO officials later said the RHUs could not be installed on Chandrayaan-3's ''Vikram'' lander and ''Pragyan'' rover because it would have increased their mass. This reduced their maximum lifespan to 14 [[Daytime|Earth days]], or 1 [[lunar day]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-31 October 2023 |title=Nuclear energy keeps Chandrayaan-3 propulsion module going |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/nuclear-energy-keeps-chandrayaan-3-propulsion-module-going/articleshow/104834737.cms |access-date=1 November 2023-11-01 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chandrayaan-3 carried nuclear technology to Moon: What was it used for? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/chandrayaan-3/story/chandrayaan-3-carried-nuclear-technology-to-moon-what-was-it-used-for-2456584-2023-11-01 |access-date=1 November 2023-11-01 |website=India Today |date=November 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 November 2023-11-01 |title=Chandrayaan 3's giant leap: Nuclear energy fuels propulsion module orbiting moon |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/technology/chandrayaan-3-giant-leap-nuclear-energy-fuels-propulsion-module-orbiting-moon-101698831358614.html |access-date=1 November 2023-11-01 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> On 4 December 2023, ISRO reported that the propulsion module was reinserted into an orbit around the Earth.<ref name=":9" /> The primary objective of the reinsertion was to allow [[Earth observation]]s by [[Spectral line|spectral]] and [[Polarimetry|polarimetric]] instruments.<ref name="hindu tech1">{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=5 December 2023-12-05 |title=Chandrayaan-3 propulsion module moves from lunar orbit to earth orbit |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/chandrayaan-3-propulsion-module-moves-from-lunar-orbit-to-earths-orbit/article67605509.ece |access-date=5 December 2023-12-05 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> It operated until 22 August 2024.<ref name="x.com">{{Cite web |title=UPDATE: The CH3 PROPULSION MODULE with the SHAPE payload last observed in a high Earth orbit appears to have ceased S-Band radio emissions. |url=https://x.com/coastal8049/status/1826716028837241233 |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=X (Formerly Twitter)}}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="240">

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==== ''Vikram'' lander ====

The ''[[Chandrayaan-2#Vikram lander|Vikram]]'' lander was responsible for the soft landing on the Moon. It is also box-shaped, with four landing legs and four landing thrusters capable of producing 800 [[Newton (unit)|newtons]] of thrust each. It carried the rover and had various scientific instruments to perform on-site analysis.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Mehta |first=Jatan |title=Chandrayaan-3 Makes Historic Touchdown on the Moon |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/chandrayaan-3-makes-historic-touchdown-on-the-moon/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824031414/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/chandrayaan-3-makes-historic-touchdown-on-the-moon/ |archive-date=24 August 2023 |access-date=23 August 2023 |website=Scientific American |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chandrayaan-3 in its last leg of journey to moon |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/chandrayaan-3/video/chandrayaan-3-in-its-last-leg-of-journey-to-moon-2423766-2023-08-20 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821051212/https://www.indiatoday.in/science/chandrayaan-3/video/chandrayaan-3-in-its-last-leg-of-journey-to-moon-2423766-2023-08-20 |archive-date=21 August 2023 |access-date=23 August 2023 |website=India Today |date=20 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref> The lander has four variable-thrust engines with [[Slew (spacecraft)|slew rate]] changing capabilities, unlike Chandrayaan-2's lander, which had five, with the fifth one being centrally mounted and capable only of fixed thrust. One of the main reasons for Chandrayaan-2's landing failure was [[Spacecraft attitude control|altitude]] increase during the camera coasting phase. This was removed by allowing the lander to control altitude and thrust during all phases of descent. Altitude correction rate was increased from Chandrayaan-2's 10°/s to 25°/s with Chandrayaan-3. Additionally, the Chandrayaan-3 lander is equipped with a [[Laser Doppler velocimetry|laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV)]] to allow measuring altitude in three directions.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Chethan |date=19 November 2019 |title=Chandrayaan-3 plans indicate failures in Chandrayaan-2 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-plans-indicate-failures-in-chandrayaan-2/articleshow/72128771.cms |url-status=live |access-date=15 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121090445/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-plans-indicate-failures-in-chandrayaan-2/articleshow/72128771.cms |archive-date=21 November 2019}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Citation |title=After 4 Years, ISRO Reveals Why Chandrayaan 2 FAILED | date=8 August 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4oUdD_QSgRs |access-date=10 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810172742/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4oUdD_QSgRs&gl=US&hl=en |url-status=live |language=en |archive-date=10 August 2023}}</ref> The impact legs were made stronger compared to Chandrayaan-2 and instrumentation redundancy was improved. It targeted a more precise {{cvt|16|km2|sqmi}} landing region based on images provided by the Orbiter High-Resolution Camera (OHRC) onboard Chandrayaan-2's orbiter. ISRO improved the structural rigidity, increased [[Polling (computer science)|polling]] in instruments, increased data frequency and transmission, and added additional multiple contingency systems to improve lander survivability in the event of failure during descent and landing.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Shaurya |date=21 October 2022 |title=Chandrayaan-3 To Be More Robust, Have Contingency Systems Onboard, Says ISRO Chief |url=https://www.news18.com/news/tech/chandrayaan-3-to-be-more-robust-have-contingency-systems-onboard-says-isro-chief-6216451.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022080431/https://www.news18.com/news/tech/chandrayaan-3-to-be-more-robust-have-contingency-systems-onboard-says-isro-chief-6216451.html |archive-date=22 October 2022 |access-date=22 October 2022 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2" />

<gallery mode="packed" heights="240">

File:Chandrayaan-3 Lander.webp|Lander

</gallery>

==== Rover pragyan ====

The ''[[Pragyan (Chandrayaan-3)|Pragyan]]'' rover is a six-wheeled vehicle with a mass of {{convert|26|kg|lb|abbr=off}}. It is {{convert|917|x|750|x|397|mm}} in size.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NASA – NSSDCA – Spacecraft – Details |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=CHANDRYN3#:~:text=The%20Pragyan%20(Sanskrit%20for%20%22wisdom,lander%20via%20Rx/Tx%20antennas. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220608231611/https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=CHANDRYN3#:~:text=The%20Pragyan%20(Sanskrit%20for%20%22wisdom,lander%20via%20Rx/Tx%20antennas. |archive-date=8 June 2022 |access-date=23 August 2023 |website=nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov}}</ref> The rover is expected to take multiple measurements to support research into the composition of the lunar surface, the presence of water ice in the lunar soil, the history of lunar impacts, and the evolution of the Moon's atmosphere.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Livemint |date=16 August 2023 |title=Chandrayaan-3 highlights: Lander Vikram will be 30&nbsp;km away from Moon today |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/chandrayaan3-live-updates-isros-lunar-mission-indian-spacecraft-landing-on-moon-russia-luna-25-moon-mission-11692151720010.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230819200245/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/chandrayaan3-live-updates-isros-lunar-mission-indian-spacecraft-landing-on-moon-russia-luna-25-moon-mission-11692151720010.html |archive-date=19 August 2023 |access-date=23 August 2023 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Sharmila Kuthunur |date=23 August 2023 |title=India on the moon! Chandrayaan-3 becomes 1st probe to land near lunar south pole |url=https://www.space.com/india-chandrayaan-3-moon-landing-success |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823150626/https://www.space.com/india-chandrayaan-3-moon-landing-success |archive-date=23 August 2023 |access-date=23 August 2023 |website=Space.com |language=en}}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="240">

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* Chandra's Surface Thermophysical Experiment (ChaSTE) will measure the [[thermal conductivity]] and temperature of the lunar surface.

* Instrument for Lunar Seismic Activity (ILSA) will measure the [[seismicity]] around the landing site.

* LangmuirRadio Anatomy of Moon Bound Hypersensitive Ionosphere and Atmosphere—Langmuir Probe (RAMBHA-LP) will estimate the near-surface [[Plasma (physics)|plasma]] density over time.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=ISRO Chandrayaan 3 brochure |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/Missions/LVM3/LVM3M4_Chandrayaan3_brochure.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710120424/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/Missions/LVM3/LVM3M4_Chandrayaan3_brochure.pdf |archive-date=10 July 2023 |access-date=14 July 2023}}</ref>

* [[Laser retroreflector array|Laser Retroreflector Array]] (LRA) supplied by [[NASA]]'s [[Goddard Space Flight Center]] serving as a [[fiducial marker]] on the moon.<ref name=":12">{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-01-19 January 2024 |title=NASA spacecraft pings India's Chandrayaan-3 lander on the moon |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/nasa-spacecraft-pings-indias-chandrayaan-3-lander-on-the-moon/article67755589.ece |access-date=2024-01-22 January 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed">

File:ChaSTE payload.png|Chandra's Surface Thermophysical Experiment (ChaSTE)

File:ILSA payload.png|Instrument for Lunar Seismic Activity (ILSA)

File:Rambha-payload.png|LangmuirRadio Anatomy of Moon Bound Hypersensitive Ionosphere and Atmosphere—Langmuir Probe (RAMBHA-LP)

</gallery>

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==== On the propulsion module ====

* Spectro-polarimetry of Habitable Planet Earth (SHAPE) will study [[Spectrum|spectral]] and [[Polarimetry|polarimetric]] measurements of Earth from the lunar orbit in the [[Near-infrared spectroscopy|near-infrared]] radiation (NIR) [[wavelength]] range (1–1.7&nbsp;μm).<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> Findings of SHAPE might aid in future [[exoplanet]] research and search for [[extraterrestrial life]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=NASA -– NSSDCA -– Experiment -– Details |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experiment/display.action?id=CHANDRYN3-01#:~:text=The%20Spectropolarimetry%20of%20Habitable%20Planet,and%20the%20search%20for%20life. |access-date=22 September 2023 |website=nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov}}</ref>

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=== Launch ===

[[File:LVM3 M4, Chandrayaan-3 - Launch vehicle lifting off from the Second Launch Pad (SLP) of SDSC-SHAR, Sriharikota 03.webp|thumb|upright|LVM3 M4, Chandrayaan-3 – Launch vehicle lifting off from the second launch pad of SDSC-SHAR, Sriharikota]]

Chandrayaan-3 was launched aboard an [[LVM3]]-M4 rocket on 14 July 2023, at 09:05 UTC from [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]] [[Second Launch Pad]] in [[Sriharikota]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India, entering an Earth [[parking orbit]] with a perigee of {{convert|170|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} and an apogee of {{convert|36500|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}. On 15 November 2023, the Cryogenic Upper Stage ([[CE-20|C25]]) of the rocket ([[NORAD]] ID: 57321) made an uncontrolled re-entry into the Earth's atmosphere around 9:12 UTC. The impact point is predicted over the [[North Pacific Ocean]] and the final ground track did not pass over India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Technical details for satellite GSLV R/B |url=https://www.n2yo.com//satellite/?s=57321 |access-date=2023-11-18 November 2023 |website=N2YO.com -– Real Time Satellite Tracking and Predictions}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2023-11-15 November 2023 |title=Cryogenic upper stage of Chandrayaan-3's launch vehicle makes uncontrolled re-entry into the Earth's atmosphere |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/part-of-chandrayaan-3-launch-vehicle-makes-uncontrolled-re-entry-into-earths-atmosphere-isro/article67537794.ece |access-date=2023-11-18 November 2023 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-17 November 2023 |title=Cryogenic upper stage LVM-3 that launched Chandrayaan-3 makes re-entry |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/cryo-upper-stage-lvm-3-that-launched-chandrayaan-3-makes-re-entry/articleshow/105250654.cms |access-date=2023-11-18 November 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== Orbit ===

After a series of Earth bound manoeuvres that placed Chandrayaan-3 in a [[trans-lunar injection]] orbit,<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 July 2023 |title=India's Chandrayaan-3 moon mission takes off with a successful launch as rocket hoists lunar lander and rover – CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/india-chandrayaan-3-moon-mission-launch-rocket-lunar-lander-and-rover/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822120100/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/india-chandrayaan-3-moon-mission-launch-rocket-lunar-lander-and-rover/ |archive-date=22 August 2023 |access-date=23 August 2023 |website=www.cbsnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 July 2023 |title=India launches its Chandrayaan-3 Moon landing mission |url=https://www.spaceflightinsider.com/organizations/isro/india-launches-its-chandrayaan-3-moon-landing-mission/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817095213/https://www.spaceflightinsider.com/organizations/isro/india-launches-its-chandrayaan-3-moon-landing-mission/ |archive-date=17 August 2023 |access-date=23 August 2023 |website=SpaceFlight Insider |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chandrayaan-3 update: Isro to fire up engines, put spacecraft on road to moon |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/chandrayaan-3/story/chandrayaan-3-update-isro-to-conduct-trans-lunar-injection-tonight-put-spacecraft-on-road-to-moon-2414052-2023-07-31 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801033942/https://www.indiatoday.in/science/chandrayaan-3/story/chandrayaan-3-update-isro-to-conduct-trans-lunar-injection-tonight-put-spacecraft-on-road-to-moon-2414052-2023-07-31 |archive-date=1 August 2023 |access-date=23 August 2023 |website=India Today |date=31 July 2023 |language=en}}</ref> ISRO performed a lunar-orbit insertion (LOI) on 5 August, successfully placing the Chandrayaan-3 spacecraft into an orbit around the Moon. The LOI operation was carried out from the [[ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network|ISRO Telemetry, Tracking, and Command Network]] (ISTRAC) in [[Bengaluru]].<ref name="hindu_20230805_moonorbit">{{Cite web |last=THE HINDU BUREAU |date=5 August 2023 |title=Chandrayaan-3 spacecraft enters lunar orbit |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/chandrayaan-3-enters-lunar-orbit/article67161942.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230806022920/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/chandrayaan-3-enters-lunar-orbit/article67161942.ece |archive-date=6 August 2023 |access-date=6 August 2023 |website=The Hindu}}</ref><ref name="asn_20230806_moonorbit">{{Cite web |last=Grey |first=Charles |date=6 August 2023 |title=India's Chandrayaan-3 Successfully Inserted Into Lunar Orbit |url=https://airspacenews.net/indias-chandrayaan-3-successfully-inserted-into-lunar-orbit/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230806143515/https://airspacenews.net/indias-chandrayaan-3-successfully-inserted-into-lunar-orbit/ |archive-date=6 August 2023 |access-date=6 August 2023 |website=AIR SPACE News |language=en-US}}</ref>

On 17 August, the Vikram lander separated from the propulsion module to begin landing operations.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 August 2023 |title=Chandrayaan-3: Indian lunar lander Vikram inches closer to Moon |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-66530022 |url-status=live |access-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823141116/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-66530022 |archive-date=23 August 2023}}</ref>

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[[File:The lunar crater that the Pragyan rover of Chandrayaan-3 encountered on 27th August 2023, as seen by the Navgation Camera.png|thumb|A {{convert|4|m||adj=mid|-diameter}} crater, as photographed by the Navigation camera on board the rover]]

On 3 September, the rover was put into sleep mode after it had completed all of its assignments. Its batteries were charged and receiver left on, according to ISRO, in preparation for the impending lunar night.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chaturvedi |first=Arpan |date=3 September 2023 |title=Mission accomplished, India puts moon rover to 'sleep' |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/space/mission-accomplished-india-puts-moon-rover-sleep-2023-09-03/ |url-status=live |access-date=3 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917044507/https://www.reuters.com/technology/space/mission-accomplished-india-puts-moon-rover-sleep-2023-09-03/ |archive-date=17 September 2023}}</ref> "The rover's payloads are turned off and the data it collected has been transmitted to Earth via the lander", the statement said. Chandrayaan-3's lander and rover were expected to operate only for one lunar daylight period, or 14 Earth days, and the on-board electronics were not designed to withstand the {{Convert|-120|C|F}} nighttime temperatures on the Moon.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 September 2023 |title=India's moon rover completes its walk, scientists analysing data looking for signs of frozen water |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/indias-moon-rover-completes-its-walk-scientists-analysing-data-looking-for-signs-of-frozen-water/articleshow/103321114.cms |url-status=live |access-date=3 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917044506/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/indias-moon-rover-completes-its-walk-scientists-analysing-data-looking-for-signs-of-frozen-water/articleshow/103321114.cms |archive-date=17 September 2023 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> On 22 September, the lander and rover missed their wake-up calls,<ref>{{Cite news |title=India struggles to wake up Vikram Moon lander and Pragyan rover on lunar mission |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-09-23/indian-pragyan-space-rover-struggles-to-wake-up-after-landing/102893030 |website=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]|date=22 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=India's Moon Lander Misses Wake-Up Call After Successful Mission |work=The New York Times |date=22 September 2023 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/22/science/india-moon-landing-chandrayaan-3.html |last1=Chang |first1=Kenneth}}</ref> and by 28 September neither had responded, diminishing hopes for further surface operations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-26 September 2023 |title=ISRO's Chandrayaan-3 does not wake up as hope dims for Vikram and Pragyan |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/isro-chandrayaan-3-wake-up-pragyan-vikram-8956686/ |access-date=2023-09-28 September 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

'''Hop experiment'''

''Vikram'' fired its engines for a brief 'hop' on the lunar surface on 3 September, ascending {{Cvt|40|cm|in}} off the lunar surface and translating a similar distance laterally across the surface.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 September 2023-09-04 |title=Chandrayaan-3 lander Vikram comes up with a surprise, makes a 'jump' on the Moon |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/chandrayaan-3-lander-vikram-hops-on-moons-surface-says-isro-8923440/ |access-date=3 October 2023-10-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The test demonstrated capabilities to be used in potential future sample return missions. The instruments and rover deployment ramp were retracted for the hop and redeployed afterwards.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1698570774385205621 |user=isro |title=Vikram Lander exceeded its mission objectives. It successfully underwent a hop experiment. On command, it fired the engines, elevated itself by about 40&nbsp;cm as expected and landed safely at a distance of 30 – 40&nbsp;cm away. Importance?: This 'kick-start' enthuses future sample return and human missions! All systems performed nominally and are healthy. Deployed Ramp, ChaSTE and ILSA were folded back and redeployed successfully after the experiment. |last=[[Indian Space Research Organization|ISRO]] |date=4 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vikram lander's sudden hop on the Moon: Why it's a big deal |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/chandrayaan-3/story/vikram-landers-sudden-hop-on-the-moon-why-its-a-big-deal-2430701-2023-09-04 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230904104001/https://www.indiatoday.in/science/chandrayaan-3/story/vikram-landers-sudden-hop-on-the-moon-why-its-a-big-deal-2430701-2023-09-04 |archive-date=4 September 2023 |access-date=13 September 2023 |website=India Today |date=4 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="news.sky.com">{{Cite web |title=India's Chandrayaan-3 lunar lander successfully 'hops' on the moon |url=https://news.sky.com/story/indias-chandrayaan-3-lunar-lander-successfully-hops-on-the-moon-12954786 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230905162656/https://news.sky.com/story/indias-chandrayaan-3-lunar-lander-successfully-hops-on-the-moon-12954786 |archive-date=5 September 2023 |access-date=13 September 2023 |website=Sky News |language=en}}</ref>

===Propulsion module reinserted to orbit around Earth===

The propulsion module of Chandrayaan-3 was moved out of lunar orbit to an orbit around Earth.<ref name="hindu tech1"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=ISRO brings back Chandrayaan-3 propulsion module from Moon to Earth's orbit |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/video/isro-brings-back-chandrayaan-3-propulsion-module-from-moon-to-earths-orbit-2472458-2023-12-05 |access-date=5 December 2023-12-05 |website=India Today |date=5 December 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Although the plan was to operate SHAPE for three months in lunar orbit, it was decided to utilise over 100{{nbsp}}kg of fuel left in the PM after one month of operation to derive additional information for future lunar missions, and determine strategies for sample return missions and gravity-assisted flyby missions. ISRO's flight dynamics team had developed software to be validated through these return manoeuvres.

The first lunar bound apogee raising manoeuvre was executed on 9 October 2023 raising the apogee from 150&nbsp;km to 5112&nbsp;km and orbital period from 2.1 hours to 7.2 hours. The [[Trans-Earth injection|Trans-Earth Injection]] was done on 13 October 2023 with a targeted orbit of ~380,000 x 180,000&nbsp;km. This was followed by four lunar [[Flyby (spaceflight)|flyby]]'s with the last one on 7 November 2023. The module exited lunar [[Sphere of influence (astrodynamics)|SOI]] on 10 November 2023 and had the first perigee crossing on 22 November 2023 at an altitude of about 154,000&nbsp;km. The propulsion module is currently orbiting Earth with a perigee and apogee altitude that vary during its trajectory and the predicted minimum perigee altitude is {{Convert|115000|km|mi}}, with an orbital period of nearly 13 days with 27 degree inclination. The SHAPE payload is operated whenever Earth is in its field of view, as well during special events such as the 28 October 2023 [[solar eclipse]]. The SHAPE payload operations are planned to continue further.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title=Returns to home Earth: Chandrayaan-3 Propulsion Module moved from Lunar orbit to Earth's orbit |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/Ch3_Propulsion_Module_moved_from_Lunar_orbit_to_Earth_orbit.html |access-date=5 December 2023-12-05 |website=www.isro.gov.in}}</ref> The Propulsion module operated until 22 August 2024.<ref name="x.com">{{Cite web |title=UPDATE: The CH3 PROPULSION MODULE with the SHAPE payload last observed in a high Earth orbit appears to have ceased S-Band radio emissions. |url=https://x.com/coastal8049/status/1826716028837241233 |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=X (Formerly Twitter)}}</ref>

{{multiple image

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=== Mission life ===

* Propulsion module: Carries lander and rover to {{convert|100x100|km|adj=on}} orbit, with operation of experimental payload for up to six months but lasted for more than an year.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |title=Chandrayaan-3 Brochure |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/Missions/LVM3/LVM3M4_Chandrayaan3_brochure.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710120424/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/Missions/LVM3/LVM3M4_Chandrayaan3_brochure.pdf |archive-date=10 July 2023 |website=Indian Space Research Organisation}}</ref>

* Lander module: one lunar daylight period (14 Earth days).<ref name="auto1" />

* Rover module: one lunar daylight period (14 Earth days).<ref name="auto1" />

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* Associate mission director: G. Narayanan<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nirvaan |date=4 August 2023 |title=Chandrayaan 3 Price, Budget, Cost, (Orbiter, Lander, and Rover) |url=https://www.pmsarkariyojanahindi.com/chandrayaan-3-price/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824031417/https://www.pmsarkariyojanahindi.com/chandrayaan-3-price/ |archive-date=24 August 2023 |access-date=23 August 2023 |website=PM Sarkari Yojana Hindi |language=en-US}}</ref>

* Project director: [[P. Veeramuthuvel]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 August 2023 |title=Chandrayaan-3 {{!}} Not just sons of Tamil Nadu but State's soil itself contributed to Moon mission |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/chandrayaan-3-landing-not-just-sons-of-tamil-nadu-but-states-soil-itself-contributed-to-moon-mission/article67225959.ece |access-date=23 August 2023 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

* Associate project director: [[Kalpana Kalahasti]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=The making of Chandrayaan-3: collaborative effort under the 'ISRO culture' |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/Making_Chandrayaan3_ISRO_culture.html |access-date=2023-09-24 September 2023 |website=www.isro.gov.in}}</ref>

* Vehicle director: Biju C. Thomas<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=14 July 2023 |title=Chandrayaan 3 Launch Live: India's Chandrayaan-3 moon mission lifts off from Sriharikota |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-launch-live-updates-isro-moon-landing-mission-countdown-launch-time-sriharkota-how-to-watch/liveblog/101739131.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717084941/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-launch-live-updates-isro-moon-landing-mission-countdown-launch-time-sriharkota-how-to-watch/liveblog/101739131.cms |archive-date=17 July 2023 |access-date=14 July 2023 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Funding ==

In December 2019, ISRO requested the initial funding of the project, amounting to {{INRConvert|75750 | c|lk=on}}, out of which {{INRConvert|600|m c|lk=on}} would be for meeting expenditure towards machinery, equipment, and other capital expenditure, while the remaining {{INRConvert|150|mc|lk=on}} was sought for operating expenditure.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Chethan |date=8 December 2019 |title=ISRO seeks 75 crore more from Centre for Chandrayaan-3 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isro-seeks-75-crore-more-from-centre-for-chandrayaan-3/articleshow/72421303.cms |url-status=live |access-date=8 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120005130/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isro-seeks-75-crore-more-from-centre-for-chandrayaan-3/articleshow/72421303.cms |archive-date=20 January 2021}}</ref> Amit Sharma, CEO of an ISRO vendor, said, "With local sourcing of equipment and design elements, we are able to reduce the price considerably."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhattacharjee |first=Nivedita |date=24 August 2023 |title=Chandrayaan-3 punches home India's lead in budget space flights |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/chandrayaan-3-punches-home-indias-lead-budget-space-flights-2023-08-24/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826172756/https://www.reuters.com/world/india/chandrayaan-3-punches-home-indias-lead-budget-space-flights-2023-08-24/ |archive-date=26 August 2023 |access-date=26 August 2023 |website=Reuters}}</ref>

Confirming the existence of the project, ISRO's former chairman [[K. Sivan]] stated that the estimated cost would be around {{INRConvert|615|c|lk=|year=2020}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 January 2020 |title=Chandrayaan-3 to cost Rs 615 crore, launch could stretch to 2021 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-to-cost-rs-615-crore-launch-could-stretch-to-2021/articleshow/73055941.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230181930/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-to-cost-rs-615-crore-launch-could-stretch-to-2021/articleshow/73055941.cms |archive-date=30 December 2020 |access-date=3 January 2020 |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 July 2023 |title=How much did India's Chandrayaan-3 lunar mission cost? |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/science/chandrayaan-3-cost-budget-isro-launch-july-14-space-lunar-mission-moon-landing-17222551.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717125549/https://www.cnbctv18.com/science/chandrayaan-3-cost-budget-isro-launch-july-14-space-lunar-mission-moon-landing-17222551.htm |archive-date=17 July 2023 |access-date=15 July 2023 |website=[[CNBC]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mike Wall |date=18 August 2023 |title=India's Chandrayaan-3 snaps close-up photos of moon ahead of landing try (video) |url=https://www.space.com/india-chandrayaan-3-moon-photos-august-2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823141114/https://www.space.com/india-chandrayaan-3-moon-photos-august-2023 |archive-date=23 August 2023 |access-date=22 August 2023 |website=Space.com |language=en}}</ref>

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Congratulating the ISRO team behind the successful Chandrayaan-3 mission at ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network in Bengaluru, Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] announced that the touchdown point of the ''Vikram'' lander would henceforth be known as [[Statio Shiv Shakti]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 August 2023 |title=Modi in Bengaluru Live Updates: Touchdown point of Vikram lander will be known as "shivshakti point", says PM |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/bengaluru-live-news-updates-traffic-weather-isro-chandrayaan-8908491/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826050751/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/bengaluru-live-news-updates-traffic-weather-isro-chandrayaan-8908491/ |archive-date=26 August 2023 |access-date=26 August 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He further declared 23 August, the day the ''Vikram'' lander landed on the Moon, as [[National Space Day]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2023 |title=Modi in Bangalore Live: August 23 to be celebrated as National Space Day, announces PM Modi after ISRO Chandrayaan 3 Moon landing success |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-news-live-updates-isro-moon-landing-mission-vikram-lander-pragyan-rover-latest-photos-videos/liveblog/103038996.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826045031/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-news-live-updates-isro-moon-landing-mission-vikram-lander-pragyan-rover-latest-photos-videos/liveblog/103038996.cms |archive-date=26 August 2023 |access-date=26 August 2023 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2023 |title=PM Modi announces August 23 as 'National Space Day', lauds Isro scientists |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-modi-declares-august-23-as-national-space-day-chandrayaan-3-lands-successfully-on-moon-s-south-pole-101693025185154.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826111334/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-modi-declares-august-23-as-national-space-day-chandrayaan-3-lands-successfully-on-moon-s-south-pole-101693025185154.html |archive-date=26 August 2023 |access-date=26 August 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

ISRO chief [[S. Somanath]] proclaimed "India is on the Moon" after the successful touchdown.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=ABP News |date=23 August 2023 |title='India First To Reach Moon's South Pole': ISRO Celebrates After Chandrayaan-3 Touchdown |url=https://news.abplive.com/science/india-first-to-reach-moon-s-south-pole-isro-celebrates-after-chandrayaan-3-touchdown-1624964 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917045009/https://news.abplive.com/science/india-first-to-reach-moon-s-south-pole-isro-celebrates-after-chandrayaan-3-touchdown-1624964 |archive-date=17 September 2023 |access-date=5 September 2023 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref> "We learnt a lot from our failure and corrected it. It's now 14 days of work and we have to conduct experiments," he told [[India Today (TV channel)|India Today]].<ref>{{Cite web |title='Learnt from failure…': Isro chief S Somnath after Chandrayaan-3 Moon landing {{!}} Exclusive |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/chandrayaan-3/story/isro-chief-s-somnath-interview-after-chandrayaan-3-moon-landing-2425642-2023-08-23 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824103141/https://www.indiatoday.in/science/chandrayaan-3/story/isro-chief-s-somnath-interview-after-chandrayaan-3-moon-landing-2425642-2023-08-23 |archive-date=24 August 2023 |access-date=5 September 2023 |website=India Today |date=23 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

[[P Veeramuthuvel]], the project director of the mission said, "It's a great moment of happiness. On behalf of the team it gives me immense satisfaction on achieving this goal as the Project Director of the mission. The entire mission operations right from launch till landing happened flawlessly as per the timeline".<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 August 2023 |title=Team leaders behind the success of Chandrayaan-3 mission |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/team-leaders-behind-the-success-of-chandrayaan-3-mission/articleshow/102996952.cms |url-status=live |access-date=5 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917045042/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/team-leaders-behind-the-success-of-chandrayaan-3-mission/articleshow/102996952.cms |archive-date=17 September 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> S. Mohana Kumar, the mission director, said that Chandrayaan-3 was a "team effort".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=1 September 2023 |title=Chandrayaan-3 was a team effort, says Mission Director S. Mohana Kumar |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/chandrayaan-3-was-a-team-effort-says-mission-director-s-mohana-kumar/article67260300.ece |url-status=live |access-date=5 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917045010/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/chandrayaan-3-was-a-team-effort-says-mission-director-s-mohana-kumar/article67260300.ece |archive-date=17 September 2023 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

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Meanwhile, former ISRO chief [[K. Sivan|K Sivan]], under whose tenure the [[Chandrayaan-2]] was launched said, "We are really excited to see this grand success. For this, we have been waiting for the last four years. This success is sweet news for us and for the entire nation."<ref>{{Cite web |title="Waiting For This For Last 4 Years": Ex ISRO Chief On Chandrayaan-3 Success |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ex-isro-chief-k-sivan-on-chandrayaan-3-success-waiting-for-this-for-last-4-years-4323273 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826043420/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ex-isro-chief-k-sivan-on-chandrayaan-3-success-waiting-for-this-for-last-4-years-4323273 |archive-date=26 August 2023 |access-date=5 September 2023 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

[[Rahul Gandhi]], the leader of congress, also celebrated Chandrayaan-3's success, calling it a result of "tremendous ingenuity and hard work" by the country's scientific community. "Since 1962, India's space program has continued to scale new heights and inspire generations of young dreamers," he posted on X.<ref>{{Cite web |title=RahulGandhiX |url=https://twitter.com/RahulGandhi/status/1694335813700694179 |access-date=5 September 2023-09-05 |website=X (formerly Twitter) |language=en}}</ref>

[[Delhi]] chief minister [[Arvind Kejriwal]] congratulated the scientists of ISRO on the successful landing and termed it a "historic" moment. He wrote "This is historical. It's a significant achievement for the country. It's a matter of pride for all of us. The success of Chandrayaan-3 is a result of the hard work of all citizens, ISRO scientists, engineers, and employees. Congratulations to everyone involved. Bharat Mata ki jai."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kejriwal |url=https://twitter.com/ArvindKejriwal/status/1694331572877656208 |access-date=5 September 2023-09-05 |website=X (formerly Twitter) |language=en}}</ref>

[[Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud|DY Chandrachud]], the [[Chief Justice of India|chief justice of India]] hailed the landing as "a milestone in the onward march of our nation" and congratulated the ISRO team.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 August 2023 |title=CJI DY Chandrachud hails Chandrayaan-3 landing on Moon's South Pole as historic |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/cji-dy-chandrachud-chandrayaan3-landing-moon-south-pole-historic-101692804170971.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917045016/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/cji-dy-chandrachud-chandrayaan3-landing-moon-south-pole-historic-101692804170971.html |archive-date=17 September 2023 |access-date=5 September 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

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== International reactions ==

Josef Aschbacher, director general of the [[European Space Agency]], said: "Incredible! Congratulations to ISRO, Chandrayaan-3, and to all the people of India!! What a way to demonstrate new technologies AND achieve India's first soft landing on another celestial body. Well done, I am thoroughly impressed."<ref name=":8">{{Cite news |date=2023-08-23 August 2023 |title=Reactions as India's Chandrayaan-3 makes historic moon landing |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/science/view-reactions-indias-chandrayaan-3-makes-historic-moon-landing-2023-08-23/ |access-date=2023-10-27 October 2023}}</ref><ref name="lm">{{cite web | url=http://www.livemint.com/news/india/isro-scripts-history-world-leaders-react-to-chandryaan-3s-successful-landing/amp-11692803044943.html?bshm=rime/2 | title=ISRO scripts history; world leaders react to Chandryaan-3's successful landing | date=23 August 2023}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite webnews |title=Moon landing: NASA, ESA congratulate India on success of Chandrayaan-3 mission |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/nasa-esa-congratulate-india-on-success-of-chandrayaan-3-mission/articleshow/102992595.cms |access-date=2023-10-27 October 2023 |website=[[The Economic Times]]|date=24 August 2023 }}</ref>

[[Abdulla Shahid]], the foreign minister of [[Maldives]], wrote "As a South Asian nation, and neighbour, we are proud of the successful landing of Chandrayaan 3 near the moon's south pole. This is a success for all of humanity! Opening new avenues for new areas of exploration."<ref name="lm" />

[[Bill Nelson]], the administrator of [[NASA]] wrote "Congratulations ISRO on your successful Chandrayaan-3 lunar South Pole landing and congratulations to India on being the 4th country to successfully soft-land a spacecraft on the Moon. We’re glad to be your partner on this mission".<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2023 |title=Historical: World congratulates India on Chandrayaan-3's success; Pakistan, China remain silent |url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/history-created-world-leaders-react-to-chandryaan-3s-successful-landing-628416/amp |access-date=2023-10-27 October 2023 |website=WION}}</ref><ref name=":7" />

[[Cyril Ramaphosa]], the president of [[South Africa]] said "This for us, as the BRICS family, is a momentous occasion and we rejoice with you. We join you in the joy of this great achievement."<ref name=":8" />

The [[Kremlin]] quoted Russian president [[Vladimir Putin]]'s message to Indian president Droupadi Murmu and Modi, "Please, accept my heartfelt congratulations on the occasion of the successful landing of the Indian space station Chandrayaan-3 on the Moon near its South Pole. This is a big step forward in space exploration and certainly a testament to the impressive progress made by India in the area of science and technology”.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-23 August 2023 |title='Big step forward in space exploration': Putin on India's Chandrayaan 3 landing |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/chandrayaan-3-landing-updates-august-23-2023-russia-vladimir-putin-congratulates-india-president-droupadi-murmu-pm-modi-101692807680323.html |access-date=2024-01-22 January 2024 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

Nepal prime minister [[Pushpa Kamal Dahal]] said "I congratulate Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi ji and ISRO team of India on successful landing of Chandrayan-3 in the surface of the moon today and unleashing of a historic achievement in science and space technology."<ref name="lm" />

== Awards ==

[[The Exploration Museum]] has bestowed upon ISRO the esteemed Leif Erikson Lunar Prize in honor of the space agency's resolute dedication and noteworthy advancements in lunar exploration in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tripathi |first=Sibu Kumar |date=20 December 2023 |title=Isro awarded Leif Erikson Lunar Prize for exploring Moon with Chandrayana-3 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/chandrayaan-3/story/isro-awarded-leif-erikson-lunar-prize-for-exploring-moon-with-chandrayana-3-2478279-2023-12-20 |access-date=2024-03-21 March 2024 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

In recognition of its accomplishments with the historic Chandrayaan-3 mission in 2023, ISRO has been bestowed with the esteemed [[Aviation Week Network|Aviation Week Laureates]] Award. Sripriya Ranganathan, Deputy Ambassador at the Indian Embassy in the US, accepted the award on behalf of ISRO.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tripathi |first=Sibu Kumar |date=19 March 2024 |title=Isro gets Aviation Week Laureates Award for historic Chandrayaan-3 mission |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/chandrayaan-3/story/isro-gets-aviation-week-laureates-award-for-historic-chandrayaan-3-mission-2516883-2024-03-19 |access-date=2024-03-21 March 2024 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

The Chandrayaan-3 mission team has raised the bar for space exploration, and for that reason, they have been awarded the prestigious 2024 John L. 'Jack' Swigert Jr. Award for Space Exploration. On 8 April 2024, at the opening ceremony of the annual Space Symposium in [[Colorado]], India's Consul General D C Manjunath accepted the prize on behalf of the Indian Space Research Organization.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 April 2024-04-09 |title=Chandrayaan-3 team receives 2024 John L. 'Jack' Swigert Jr. Award for Space Exploration |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/chandrayaan-3-team-receives-2024-john-l-jack-swigert-jr-award-for-space-exploration/articleshow/109171723.cms |access-date=2024-04-15 April 2024 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

The [[International Astronautical Federation]] has presented Chandrayaan-3 with the World Space Award. The award presentation is slated to take place on October 14 in [[Milan]], during the 75th [[International Astronautical Congress]] opening ceremony.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-21 |title=Chandrayaan-3 awarded World Space Award for historic milestone |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/science/chandrayaan-3-awarded-world-space-award-for-historic-milestone/articleshow/111891879.cms |access-date=2024-07-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== See also ==

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== External links ==

* [https://www.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan3_Details.html Chandrayaan – -3 ISRO official site]

* Chandrayaan -3 Image Gallery- [https://www.isro.gov.in/chandrayaan3_gallery.html LVM3-M4 Gallery]

* Orbital and Lunar Surface operation videos- [https://www.isro.gov.in/Ch3_Video_Lunar_Orbit_Insertion.html Chandrayaan-3 Videos]