Charles Lindbergh: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia

Article Images

Line 2:

{{Infobox person

| name =

Line 20 ⟶ 21:

| mother = [[Evangeline Lodge Land]]

| children = 13,{{refn|Lindbergh fathered a total of 13 children throughout his life—six with long-time wife Anne Morrow, the first-born of which, Charles Jr., was kidnapped and murdered in his infancy; and seven other children with three separate European women out of wedlock.<ref name="Schröck"/>|group=N}} including [[Lindbergh kidnapping|Charles Jr.]], [[Jon Lindbergh|Jon]], [[Anne Lindbergh|Anne]], and [[Reeve Lindbergh|Reeve]]

| signature = Charles A. Lindbergh ~~(Jr)~~signatures, ~~signatures~~1927.~~jpg~~svg

| module = {{Infobox military person|embed=yes

|allegiance =

Line 31 ⟶ 32:

}}

'''Charles Augustus Lindbergh''' (February 4, 1902 – August 26, 1974) was an American aviator and military officer. On May 20–21, 1927, he made the first nonstop flight from [[New York City]] to [[Paris]], a distance of {{convert|5,800|km|miles|order=flip}}, flying alone for 33.5 hours. His aircraft, the ''[[Spirit of St. Louis]]'', was designed and built ~~by the [[Ryan Airline Company]] specifically~~ to compete for the $25,000 [[Orteig Prize]] for the first flight between the two cities. Although not the [[Transatlantic flight of Alcock and Brown|first transatlantic flight]], it was ~~the first solo transatlantic flight and~~ the longest at the time by nearly {{convert|2000|mi|km}} and the first solo transatlantic flight. It became known as one of the most consequential flights in history and ushered in a new era of air transportation between parts of the globe.

Lindbergh was raised mostly in [[Little Falls, Minnesota]], and Washington, D.C., the son of prominent U.S. Congressman [[Charles August Lindbergh]]. He became a [[United States Army Air Service|U.S. Army Air Service]] cadet in 1924, earning the rank of [[Second Lieutenant (United States)|second lieutenant]] in 1925. Later that year, he was hired as a [[U.S. Air Mail]] pilot in the [[Greater St. Louis]] area, where he ~~started~~began to prepare for his historic 1927 [[transatlantic flight]]. For his flight, President [[Calvin Coolidge]] presented Lindbergh both the [[Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)|Distinguished Flying Cross]] and [[Medal of Honor]], the highest U.S. military award.{{sfn|Bryson|2013|pp=25–104}} He also earned the highest French [[order of merit]], the [[Legion of Honor]].<ref name="CriticalPast-1927" /> In July 1927, he was promoted to the rank of [[Colonel (United States)|colonel]] in the [[U.S. Army Air Corps Reserve]]. His achievement spurred significant global interest in both [[commercial aviation]] and [[air mail]], which revolutionized the aviation industry worldwide (a phenomenon dubbed the "[[Lindbergh Boom|Lindbergh boom]]"), and he spent much time promoting these industries.

''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine honored Lindbergh as its first [[Time Person of the Year|Man of the Year]] in 1928, President [[Herbert Hoover]] appointed him to the [[National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics]] in 1929, and he received the [[Congressional Gold Medal]] in 1930. In 1931, he and French surgeon [[Alexis Carrel]] began work on inventing the first [[Perfusion|perfusion pump]], a device credited with making future [[Cardiac surgery|heart surgeries]] and [[organ transplantation]] possible.

Line 41 ⟶ 42:

In the months before the United States entered [[World War II]], Lindbergh's [[non-interventionism|non-interventionist]] stance and statements about Jews and race led some to believe he was a [[Nazi Germany|Nazi]] sympathizer, although Lindbergh never publicly stated support for the Nazis and condemned them several times in both his public speeches and personal diary. However, like many Americans before the attack on Pearl Harbor, he opposed not only the military intervention of the U.S. but also the [[Lend-Lease|provision of military supplies]] to the British.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.charleslindbergh.com/americanfirst/|title=Charles Lindbergh's Noninterventionist Efforts & America First Committee|website=www.charleslindbergh.com|access-date=February 3, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050419113645/http://www.charleslindbergh.com/americanfirst/|archive-date=April 19, 2005|url-status=dead}}</ref> He supported the [[isolationist]] [[America First Committee]] and resigned from the U.S. Army Air Corps in April 1941 after President [[Franklin Roosevelt]] publicly rebuked him for his views.<ref name="NYT-1941" /> In September 1941, Lindbergh gave a significant address, titled "Speech on Neutrality", outlining his position and arguments against greater American involvement in the war.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.historyonthenet.com/authentichistory/1939-1945/2-homefront/1-prewardefense/19410901_Charles_Lindbergh_on_Neutrality.html|title=Charles Lindbergh's Sept 1 1941 Speech|website=www.historyonthenet.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621004336/http://www.historyonthenet.com/authentichistory/1939-1945/2-homefront/1-prewardefense/19410901_Charles_Lindbergh_on_Neutrality.html|archive-date=June 21, 2019|access-date=September 12, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

Following the [[Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor]] and [[German declaration of war against the United States|German declaration of war against the U.S.]], Lindbergh avidly supported the American war effort but was rejected for active duty, as Roosevelt refused to restore his Air Corps colonel's commission.~~<ref>A. Scott~~ {{sfn|Berg~~, ''Lindbergh'' (~~|1998), |pp ~~431-437.</ref>~~=431–437}} Instead he flew 50 combat missions in the [[Pacific Theater of World War II|Pacific Theater]] as a civilian consultant and was unofficially credited with shooting down an enemy aircraft.<ref name="Colonel Lindbergh On Combat Mission">{{cite news|agency=[[Associated Press]]|title=Colonel Lindbergh On Combat Missions|newspaper=[[The San Bernardino Daily Sun]]|date=October 23, 1944|volume=51|page=1|url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SBS19441023.1.1&srpos=1&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN-%22Colonel+Lindbergh+On+Combat+Missions%22-------1}}</ref><ref name=475thFighterGroup/> In 1954, President [[Dwight Eisenhower]] restored his commission and promoted him to [[brigadier general]] in the [[Air Force Reserve Command|U.S. Air Force Reserve]].<ref name="TimesLindbergh">{{Cite news|first=|date=February 16, 1954|title=Lindbergh Is Named A Brigadier General; Lindbergh Named Reserve General|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1954/02/16/archives/lindbergh-is-named-a-brigadier-general-lindbergh-named-reserve.html|access-date=October 7, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In his later years, he became a [[Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography|Pulitzer Prize]]-winning author, international explorer and environmentalist, helping to establish [[national parks]] in the U.S. and protect certain [[endangered species]] and tribal people in both the [[Tasaday|Philippines]] and [[Maasai people|east Africa]].<ref name=Environmentalist>{{cite web|url=https://www.mnhs.org/lindbergh/learn/other-occupations/environmentalist|title=Environmentalist|website=Minnesota Historical Society - Charles Lindbergh House and Museum|access-date=November 7, 2022}}</ref> In 1974, Lindbergh died of [[lymphoma]] at age 72.

==Early life==

Line 112 ⟶ 113:

[[File:Charles Lindbergh and the Spirit of Saint Louis (Crisco restoration, with wings).jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.85|Lindbergh with the ''Spirit of St. Louis'' prior to his flight]]

In the early morning of Friday, {{nowrap|May 20}}, 1927, Lindbergh took off from [[Roosevelt Field (airport)|Roosevelt Field]] on [[Long Island]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/lindbergh-lands-in-paris |title=Charles Lindbergh completes the first solo, nonstop transatlantic flight |access-date=August 25, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812111539/http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/lindbergh-lands-in-paris |archive-date=August 12, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FgCIUUn7E-w|title=First Pictures Of Lindbergh As He Reaches Paris In Flight From New York|last=AP Archive|date=July 24, 2015|via=YouTube|access-date=December 22, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110224902/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FgCIUUn7E-w|archive-date=November 10, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> His destination, [[Paris – Le Bourget Airport|Le Bourget Aerodrome]], was about {{convert|7|mi|km}} outside [[Paris]] and {{convert|3610|mi|km}} <ref name="Centennial-2022">{{Cite web |title=Dictionary: Charles A. Lindbergh |url=https://www.centennialofflight.net/essay/Dictionary/lindbergh/DI189.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113030538/https://www.centennialofflight.net/essay/Dictionary/lindbergh/DI189.htm |archive-date=November 13, 2022 |access-date=2022-11-13 |website=www.centennialofflight.net}}</ref> from his starting point. He was "too busy the night before to lie down for more than a couple of hours," and "had been unable [to] sleep."<ref name="Waller-1962">{{Cite web |last=Waller |first=George |date=May 20, 1962 |title=Lindbergh, the Little Plane, the Big Atlantic |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/98/09/27/specials/lindbergh-plane.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113071008/https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/98/09/27/specials/lindbergh-plane.html |archive-date=November 13, 2022 |access-date=2022-11-13 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> It rained the morning of his takeoff, but as the plane "was wheeled into position on the runway," the rain ceased and light began to break through the "low-hanging clouds."<ref name="Waller-1962" /> A crowd variously described as "nearly a thousand"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lindbergh takes off from Roosevelt Field |url=https://airandspace.si.edu/multimedia-gallery/si-77-2701hjpg |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220514155814/https://airandspace.si.edu/multimedia-gallery/si-77-2701hjpg |archive-date=May 14, 2022 |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=airandspace.si.edu |date=July 15, 2016 |language=en}}</ref> or "several thousand" assembled to see Lindbergh off, and he "walked around the plane on a final tour of inspection" after stepping from a "closed car where he had waited."<ref name="Waller-1962" /> For its transatlantic flight, the ''Spirit'' was loaded with {{convert|450|USgal|liter|abbr=off|sp=us}} of [[Aviation fuel|fuel]] that was filtered repeatedly to avoid fuel line blockage. The fuel load was a thousand pounds heavier than any the ''Spirit'' had lifted during a test flight, and the fully loaded airplane weighed {{convert|5200|lb|kg}}.,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Owen |first=Russell |last2= |first2= |last3= |first3= |last4= |last5= |first5= |date=May 21, 1927 |title=LINDBERGH LEAVES NEW YORK AT 7:52 A.M; With Cool Determination He Braves Death to Get Off in the Misty Dawn, Winning Out by Luck and Skill. |language=en-US |pages=Front page |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1927/05/21/archives/lindbergh-leaves-new-york-at-752-am-with-cool-determination-he.html |access-date=2023-02-02 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jackson |first=Joe |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/809613299?oclcNum=809613299 |title=Atlantic Fever: Lindbergh, His Competitors, and the Race to Cross the Atlantic |publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-250-03330-7 |edition= |location=New York |pages=233 |oclc= |quote=The plane weighed {{convert|2000|lb|kg}} empty and {{convert|5200|lb|kg}} with a full load of fuel.}}</ref> or {{convert|2.7|ST|kg}}. With takeoff hampered by a muddy, rain-soaked runway, the plane was "helped by men pushing at the wing struts," with the last man leaving the wings only a {{convert|100|yd|m|spell=in}} down the runway.<ref name="Waller-1962" /> Lindbergh's monoplane was powered by a [[Wright R-790 Whirlwind|J-5C]] [[Wright Whirlwind]] radial engine and gained speed very slowly during its 7:52{{nbsp}}AM takeoff, but cleared telephone lines at the far end of the field "by about {{convert|20|ft|m|spell=on}} with a fair reserve of flying speed".<ref>Lindbergh 1927, p. 216.</ref>

[[File:Lindbergh takes off from Roosevelt Field.jpg|thumb~~|left~~|upright=0.85|Crowd assembled at [[Roosevelt Field]] to witness Lindbergh's departure]]

At 8:52 AM, an hour after takeoff, Lindbergh was flying at an altitude of {{convert|500|ft|m}} over [[Rhode Island]], following an uneventful passage{{mdashb}}aside from some turbulence{{mdashb}}over [[Long Island Sound]] and [[Connecticut]].<ref name="PBS-2022" /> By 9:52 AM, he had passed [[Boston]] and was flying with [[Cape Cod]] to his right, with an [[airspeed]] of {{convert|107|mph|km/h}} and altitude of {{convert|150|ft|m}}; about an hour later he began to feel tired, even though only a few hours had elapsed since takeoff. To keep his mind clear, Lindbergh descended and flew at only {{convert|10|ft|m}} above the water's surface.<ref name="Lindbergh.com-2022a">{{Cite web |title=Lindbergh's Transatlantic Flight: New York to Paris Timeline |url=http://www.charleslindbergh.com/history/timeline.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113030546/http://www.charleslindbergh.com/history/timeline.asp |archive-date=November 13, 2022 |access-date=2022-11-13 |website=www.charleslindbergh.com}}</ref> By around 11:52 AM, he had climbed to an altitude of {{convert|200|ft|m}}, and at this point was {{convert|400|mi|km}} distant from New York.<ref name="Lindbergh.com-2022a" /> [[Nova Scotia]] appeared ahead and, after flying over the [[Gulf of Maine]], he was only "{{convert|6|mi|km}}, or 2 degrees, off course."<ref name="PBS-2022" /> At 3:52 PM, the eastern coast of [[Cape Breton Island]] was below; he struggled to stay awake, even though it was "only the afternoon of the first day."<ref name="PBS-2022" /> At 5:52 PM, he was flying along the [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] coast, and passed [[St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador|St. John's]] at 7:15 PM.<ref name="Lindbergh.com-2022a" /><ref name="POF-2022">{{Cite web |title=The Route of Lindbergh's Transatlantic Flight |url=https://pioneersofflight.si.edu/node/224 |access-date=2022-11-13 |website=pioneersofflight.si.edu |language=en}}</ref> On its May 21 front page, ''The New York Times'' ran a special cable from the prior evening: "Captain Lindbergh's airplane passed over St. John's at 8:15 o'clock tonight [7:15 New York Daylight Saving Time]...was seen by hundreds and disappeared seaward, heading for Ireland...It was flying quite low between the hills near St. John's."<ref name="NYT-Cable-1927">{{Cite news |last=Special Cable to The New York Times |last2= |last3= |first3= |date=May 21, 1927 |title=GETS HIS BEARINGS IN NEWFOUNDLAND; With the First Leg of His Flight to Paris Over, He Puts to Sea and Heads for Ireland |language=en-US |pages=Front page |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1927/05/21/archives/gets-his-bearings-in-newfoundland-with-the-first-leg-of-his-flight.html |access-date=2023-02-02 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The ''Times'' also observed that Lindbergh was "following the track of [[Harry Hawker|Hawker and Greeve]] and also of [[Transatlantic flight of Alcock and Brown|Alcock and Brown]] on the first transatlantic flight eight years ago."<ref name="NYT-Cable-1927" />

Line 180 ⟶ 181:

Barely two months after Lindbergh arrived in Paris, G. P. Putnam's Sons published his 318-page autobiography ''"WE"'', which was the first of 15 books he eventually wrote or to which he made significant contributions. The company was run by aviation enthusiast [[George P. Putnam]].<ref>Herrmann, Anne [http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?cc=mqr;c=mqr;c=mqrarchive;idno=act2080.0039.110;rgn=main;view=text;xc=1;g=mqrg "On Amelia Earhart: The Aviatrix as American Dandy"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921083656/http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?cc=mqr;c=mqr;c=mqrarchive;idno=act2080.0039.110;rgn=main;view=text;xc=1;g=mqrg |date=September 21, 2016}} Ann Arnbor, MI: ''[[Michigan Quarterly Review]]'' Volume XXXIX, Issue 1, Winter 2000</ref>

The dustjacket notes said that Lindbergh wanted to share the "story of his life and his transatlantic flight together with his views on the future of aviation", and that ''"WE"'' referred to the "spiritual partnership" that had developed "between himself and his airplane during the dark hours of his flight".<ref>Wohl, Robert. ''The Spectacle of Flight: Aviation and the Western Imagination, 1920–1950''. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 2005. {{ISBN|978-0-300-10692-3}} p. 35.</ref><ref>Lindbergh, Charles A. ''"WE"'' (with an appendix entitled "A Little of what the World thought of Lindbergh" by [[Fitzhugh Green Sr.|Fitzhugh Green]], pp. 233–318). New York & London: G. P. Putnam's Sons (The Knickerbocker Press), July 1927. Dustjacket notes, First Edition, July 1927</ref> However, as Berg wrote in 1998, Putnam's chose the title without "Lindbergh's knowledge or approval," and Lindbergh would "forever complain about it, that his use of 'we' meant him and his backers, not him and his plane, as the press had people believing"; nonetheless, as Berg remarked, "his frequent unconscious use of the phrase suggested otherwise."~~<ref name="Berg-1998b">~~{{~~Cite book~~ sfn|~~last=~~Berg |~~first=A. Scott |url=http://archive.org/details/lindbergh000berg |title=Lindbergh |publisher=New York : G.P. Putnam's |year=~~1998 ~~|isbn=978-0-399-14449-3~~ |~~pages~~pp=166–167}}~~</ref>~~

Putnam's sold special autographed copies of the book for $25 each, all of which were purchased before publication.~~<ref name="~~{{sfn|Berg~~-1998b" />~~|1998|pp=166–167}} ''"WE"'' was soon translated into most major languages and sold more than 650,000 copies in the first year, earning Lindbergh more than $250,000. Its success was considerably aided by Lindbergh's three-month, {{convert|22,350|mi|km|adj=on}} tour of the United States in the ''Spirit'' on behalf of the [[Daniel Guggenheim Fund for the Promotion of Aeronautics]]. Between {{nowrap|July 20}} and {{nowrap|October 23}}, 1927, Lindbergh visited 82 cities in all 48 states, rode {{convert|1290|mi|km|abbr=on}} in parades, and delivered 147 speeches before 30 million people.<ref name="Berg 1998 Chapt 7">Berg (1998) Chapt 7</ref>

[[File:AL 0157 0026.jpg|thumb|Senator [[Samuel H. Piles]] and Colombian President [[Miguel Abadía Méndez]] with Lindbergh during his trip to Colombia in 1928 (first, second and third from left, respectively).]]

Line 231 ⟶ 232:

[[File:Charles Lindbergh testifying.jpg|thumb|right|Lindbergh testifying at the [[Richard Hauptmann]] trial in 1935. Hauptmann is in half-profile at right.]]

[[Richard Hauptmann]], a 34-year-old German immigrant carpenter, was arrested near his home in [[the Bronx]], New York, on {{nowrap|September 19}}, 1934, after paying for gasoline with one of the ransom bills. $13,760 of the ransom money and other evidence was found in his home. Hauptmann went on trial for kidnapping, murder and extortion on {{nowrap|January 2}}, 1935, in a circus-like atmosphere in [[Flemington, New Jersey]]. He was convicted on {{nowrap|February 13}},<ref>Linder, Douglas. [http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/Hauptmann/AccountHauptmann.html "The Trial of Richard "Bruno" Hauptmann: An Account"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090709013003/http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/Hauptmann/AccountHauptmann.html |date=July 9, 2009}}. law.umkc.edu. Retrieved: January 19, 2011.</ref> sentenced to death, and electrocuted at [[New Jersey State Prison|Trenton State Prison]] on {{nowrap|April 3}}, 1936.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1936/04/06/archives/hoffman-carries-fight-to-critics-insists-lindbergh-case-is-not.html "Hoffman Carries Fight to Critics; Insists Lindbergh Case Not Fully Solved"]. ''The New York Times'', April 6, 1936, p. 42.</ref> Relatives of Hauptmann have contested his guilt, and as of 2024, there is an ongoing push for DNA testing which some scholars and legal activists contend may exonerate him.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tully |first=Tracey |date=2024-03-05 |title=The Lindbergh Baby Kidnapping: A Grisly Theory and a Renewed Debate |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/05/nyregion/charles-lindbergh-baby.html |access-date=2024-03-16 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

Line 277 ⟶ 278:

===Isolationism and America First Committee===

In 1938, the U.S. [[Air Attaché]] in Berlin invited Lindbergh to inspect the rising power of [[Luftwaffe|Nazi Germany's Air Force]]. Impressed by German technology and the apparently- large number of aircraft at their disposal and influenced by the staggering number of deaths from [[World War I]], he opposed U.S. entry into the impending European conflict.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> In September 1938, he stated to the French cabinet that the ''Luftwaffe'' possessed 8,000 aircraft and could produce 1,500 per month. Although this was seven times the actual number determined by the ''[[Deuxième Bureau]]'', it influenced France into trying to avoid conflict with Nazi Germany through the [[Munich Agreement]].<ref>Bouverie, Tim (2019). ''Appeasement: Chamberlain, Hitler, Churchill, and the Road to War'' (1 ed.). New York: [[Tim Duggan Books]]. pp. 292-293. {{ISBN|978-0-451-49984-4}}. {{OCLC|1042099346}}.</ref> At the urging of U.S. Ambassador [[Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.|Joseph Kennedy]], Lindbergh wrote a secret memo to the British warning that a military response by Britain and France to Hitler's violation of the [[Munich Agreement]] would be disastrous; he claimed that France was militarily weak and Britain over-reliant on its navy. He urgently recommended that they strengthen their air power to force Hitler to redirect his aggression against "Asiatic [[Communism]]".<ref name="Cole 1974">Cole 1974{{Page needed |date=March 2012}}</ref>

{{anchor|America First}}Following Hitler's invasion of Czechoslovakia and Poland, Lindbergh opposed sending aid to countries under threat, writing "I do not believe that repealing the [[arms embargo]] would assist democracy in Europe" and<ref name="ReferenceA">October 13, 1939, speech excerpted in CharlesLindbergh.com</ref> "If we repeal the arms embargo with the idea of assisting one of the warring sides to overcome the other, then why mislead ourselves by talk of neutrality?"<ref name="ReferenceA" /> He equated assistance with war profiteering: "To those who argue that we could make a profit and build up our own industry by selling munitions abroad, I reply that we in America have not yet reached a point where we wish to capitalize on the destruction and death of war".<ref name="ReferenceA" />

Line 295 ⟶ 296:

In April 1941, he argued before 30,000 members of the America First Committee that "the British government has one last desperate plan ... to persuade us to send another [[American Expeditionary Forces|American Expeditionary Force]] to Europe and to share with England militarily, as well as financially, the fiasco of this war."<ref>{{cite book |last=Shirer |first=William |author-link=William Shirer |date=1959 |title=The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: a History of Nazi Germany |location=New York |publisher=Simon & Schuster |page=827fn |isbn=978-1-4516-5168-3}}</ref>

In his 1941 testimony before the [[United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs|House Committee on Foreign Affairs]] opposing the [[Lend-Lease|Lend-Lease bill]], Lindbergh proposed that the United States negotiate a neutrality pact with Germany.<ref>{{cite news |title=Urges Neutrality: Aviator Testifies He Wants Neither Side to Win Conflict |newspaper=The New York Times |date=January 24, 1941|page=1}}</ref> President [[Franklin Roosevelt]] publicly decried Lindbergh's views as those of a "defeatist and appeaser", comparing him to [[Clement Laird Vallandigham|U.S. Rep. Clement L. Vallandigham]], who had led the [[Copperheads (politics)|"Copperhead"]] movement opposed to the [[American Civil War]]. Following this, Lindbergh resigned his colonel's commission in the U.S. Army Air Corps Reserve on April 28, 1941, writing that he saw "no honorable alternative" given that Roosevelt had publicly questioned his loyalty; the next day, ''The New York Times'' ran an above the fold, front-page article about his resignation.<ref name="NYT-1941">{{cite news |date=April 29, 1941 |title=Lindbergh Quits Air Corps; Sees His Loyalty Questioned |~~page~~url=~~1 |newspaper=The New York Times~~https://www.nytimes.com/1941/04/29/archives/lindbergh-quits-air-corps-sees-his-loyalty-questioned-writes.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426032347/https://www.nytimes.com/1941/04/29/archives/lindbergh-quits-air-corps-sees-his-loyalty-questioned-writes.html |~~quote~~archive-date=~~Colonel~~26 ~~Charles~~April A.2023 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |page=1 |quote=Lindbergh resigned yesterday his colonel's commission in the United States Army Air Corps Reserve, saying that he could see "'no honorable alternative".'}}</ref>

On September 11, 1941, Lindbergh [[Des Moines speech|delivered a speech]] for an America First rally at the [[Des Moines Coliseum]] that accused three groups of "pressing this country toward war; the British, the Jewish, and the Roosevelt Administration".{{sfn |Bryson |2013 |p=439}} He said that the British were propagandizing America because they couldn't defeat Nazi Germany without American aid and that the [[Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, third and fourth terms|presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt]] was trying to use a war to consolidate power.{{Sfn|Cole|1974|p=161}}{{Sfn|Dunn|2013|p=302}} The three paragraphs Lindbergh devoted to accusing [[American Jews]] of war agitation formed what biographer A. Scott Berg called "the core of his thesis".{{Sfn|Berg|1998|pp=425–426}} In the speech. Lindbergh said that Jewish Americans had outsized control over government and [[news media]] (even though Jews did not compose even 3% of newspaper publishers and were only a minority of [[foreign policy]] bureaucrats),{{Sfn|Olson|2013|pp=379–385}} employing recognizably [[Antisemitic trope|antisemitic tropes]].{{Sfn|Goodman|2008|p=352}} The speech received a strong public backlash as newspapers, politicians, and clergy throughout the country criticized America First and Lindbergh for his remarks' antisemitism.{{Sfn|Berg|1998|p=428}}{{Sfn|Dunn|2013|p=302}}

~~At an America First rally in September, Lindbergh accused three groups of "pressing this country toward war; the British, the Jewish, and the Roosevelt Administration":{{sfn |Bryson |2013 |p=439}}~~

{{blockquote|It is not difficult to understand why Jewish people desire the overthrow of [[Nazi Germany]]. The persecution they suffered in Germany would be sufficient to make bitter enemies of any race.

No person with a sense of the dignity of mankind can condone the persecution of the Jewish race in Germany. But no person of honesty and vision can look on their pro-war policy here today without seeing the dangers involved in such a policy both for us and for them. Instead of agitating for war, the Jewish groups in this country should be opposing it in every possible way for they will be among the first to feel its consequences.

Tolerance is a virtue that depends upon peace and strength. History shows that it cannot survive war and devastations. A few far-sighted Jewish people realize this and stand opposed to intervention. But the majority still do not.

~~Their greatest danger to this country lies in their large ownership and influence in our motion pictures, our press, our radio and our government.~~

<ref>[http://www.charleslindbergh.com/americanfirst/speech.asp "America First Speech"] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060211101356/http://www.charleslindbergh.com/americanfirst/speech.asp |date=February 11, 2006}}. charleslindbergh.com. Retrieved: December 21, 2010.</ref>}}

~~He continued:~~

{{blockquote|I am not attacking either the Jewish or the British people. Both races, I admire. But I am saying that the leaders of both the British and the Jewish races, for reasons which are as understandable from their viewpoint as they are inadvisable from ours, for reasons which are not American, wish to involve us in the war.

We cannot blame them for looking out for what they believe to be their own interests, but we also must look out for ours. We cannot allow the natural passions and prejudices of other peoples to lead our country to destruction.<ref name="Des Moines">Extract from: [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/lindbergh/filmmore/reference/primary/desmoinesspeech.html "Des Moines Speech"] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170130053403/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/lindbergh/filmmore/reference/primary/desmoinesspeech.html |date=January 30, 2017}}. PBS. Retrieved: January 19, 2011.</ref>}}

His message was popular throughout many [[Northern United States|Northern]] communities and especially well received in the [[Midwestern United States|Midwest]], while the [[Southern United States|American South]] was [[Anglophilia|anglophilic]] and supported a pro-British foreign policy.<ref>Gordon, David. [http://libraryautomation.com/nymas/americafirst.html "America First: the Anti-War Movement, Charles Lindbergh and the Second World War, 1940–1941"] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070302065250/http://libraryautomation.com/nymas/americafirst.html |date=March 2, 2007}}. [[New York Military Affairs Symposium]], September 26, 2003.</ref> The South was the most pro-British and interventionist part of the country.<ref>Bell 2001, p. 152.</ref> Responding to criticism of his speech,<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,795477,00.html |title=Jew Baiting |magazine=Time |date=September 22, 1941 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511152339/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,795477,00.html |archive-date=May 11, 2008}}</ref> Anne Lindbergh felt that the speech might tarnish Lindbergh's reputation unjustly; she wrote in her diary:

{{blockquote|I have the greatest faith in [Lindbergh] as a person{{mdashb}}in his integrity, his courage, and his essential ''goodness'', fairness, and kindness{{mdashb}}his nobility really ... How then explain my profound feeling of grief about what he is doing? If what he said is the truth (and I am inclined to think it is), why was it wrong to state it? He was naming the groups that were pro-war. No one minds his naming the British or the Administration. But to name "Jew" is un-American{{mdashb}}even if it is done without hate or even criticism. Why?<ref name=annemorrow>Anne Morrow Lindbergh 1980, p. 198.</ref>}}

In his diaries, he wrote, "We must limit to a reasonable amount the Jewish influence ... Whenever the Jewish percentage of total population becomes too high, a reaction seems to invariably occur. It is too bad because a few Jews of the right type are, I believe, an asset to any country."

==Antisemitism and views on race==

Line 325 ⟶ 306:

Lindbergh seemed to state that he believed the survival of the [[white race]] was more important than the survival of democracy in Europe: "Our bond with Europe is one of race and not of political ideology," he declared.<ref name="Speeches-1939-40">[http://www.charleslindbergh.com/americanfirst/speech3.asp "Two Historic Speeches, October 13, 1939 & August 4, 1940"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071114061134/http://www.charleslindbergh.com/americanfirst/speech3.asp |date=November 14, 2007}}. charleslindbergh.com. Retrieved: January 19, 2011.</ref> Critics have noticed an apparent influence on Lindbergh of German philosopher [[Oswald Spengler]].<ref name="Eagle to Earth">{{cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,772983,00.html |title=Eagle to Earth |magazine=Time |date=January 12, 1942 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930072019/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,772983,00.html |archive-date=September 30, 2007}}</ref> Spengler was a conservative [[Authoritarianism|authoritarian]] popular during the [[interwar period]], though he had fallen out of favor with the Nazis because he had not wholly subscribed to [[Nazi eugenics|their theories]] of [[racial purity]].<ref name="Eagle to Earth" />

In a 1935 interview, Lindbergh stated "There is no escaping the fact that men were definitely not created equal..."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-08-09/lewis-lapham-goering-s-planes-made-lindbergh-a-nazi-tool|title=Lewis Lapham: Goering's Planes Made Lindbergh a Nazi Tool|publisher=Bloomberg News|date=August 9, 2013|accessdate=May 29, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/lindbergh-fallen-hero/|title=Fallen Hero|publisher=American Experience|accessdate=May 29, 2024}}</ref>

Lindbergh developed a long-term friendship with the automobile pioneer [[Henry Ford]], who was well known for his antisemitic newspaper ''[[The Dearborn Independent]]''. In a famous comment about Lindbergh to [[Detroit]]'s former FBI field office special agent in charge in July 1940, Ford said: "When Charles comes out here, we only talk about the Jews."<ref>Collier and Horowitz 1987, pp. 205 and note, p. 457. The citation is from the FBI file of Harry Bennett.</ref><ref>Hoberman, J. [http://www.forward.com/article/4269/ "Fantasies of a Fascist America"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080504154135/http://www.forward.com/article/4269/ |date=May 4, 2008}}. ''[[The Forward]]'', October 1, 2004. Retrieved: April 5, 2010.</ref>

Line 343 ⟶ 326:

Wallace noted that it was difficult to find any social scientists among Lindbergh's contemporaries in the 1930s who found validity in racial explanations for human behavior. Wallace went on to observe, "throughout his life, eugenics would remain one of Lindbergh's enduring passions".<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PqpXJdnA3u4C&q=%22throughout+his+life%2C+eugenics+would+remain+one+of+Lindbergh%27s+enduring+passions.%22&pg=PT149 |title=The American Axis: Henry Ford, Charles Lindbergh, and the Rise of the Third Reich |first=Max |last=Wallace |date=December 13, 2004 |publisher=St. Martin's Publishing Group |isbn=978-1-4299-3924-9 |via=Google Books}}</ref>

After Jews began to be murdered on a large scale in 1940 and '41,<ref>Wyman, The Abandonment of the Jews</ref> many of those who had tolerated Hitler began to oppose the regime, but Lindbergh continued to support the regime until ~~the U.S.~~Germany declared war on ~~Germany~~the United States .

Lindbergh always championed military strength and alertness.<ref>Lindbergh, Charles A. [http://www.charleslindbergh.com/pdf/TheAirDefenseofAmerica.pdf "Air Defense of America"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060507185709/http://www.charleslindbergh.com/pdf/TheAirDefenseofAmerica.pdf |date=May 7, 2006}}. charleslindbergh.com, May 19, 1940.</ref><ref>[http://www.charleslindbergh.com/americanfirst/speech2.asp "America First Speech"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060507185755/http://www.charleslindbergh.com/americanfirst/speech2.asp |date=May 7, 2006}}. charleslindbergh.com. Retrieved: January 19, 2011.</ref> He believed that a strong defensive war machine would make America an impenetrable fortress and defend the Western Hemisphere from an attack by foreign powers, and that this was the U.S. military's sole purpose.<ref>[http://www.charleslindbergh.com/americanfirst/index.asp "Charles Lindbergh's Noninterventionist Efforts & America First Committee Involvement"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060523033525/http://www.charleslindbergh.com/americanfirst/index.asp |date=May 23, 2006}}. charleslindbergh.com. Retrieved: January 19, 2011.</ref>

Line 353 ⟶ 336:

In January 1942, Lindbergh met with Secretary of War, [[Henry L. Stimson]], seeking to be recommissioned in the Army Air Forces. Stimson was strongly opposed because of the long record of public comments.<ref>Berg, pp 435-437.</ref> Blocked from active military service, Lindbergh approached a number of aviation companies and offered his services as a consultant. As a technical adviser with Ford in 1942, he was heavily involved in troubleshooting early problems at the [[Willow Run]] [[Consolidated B-24 Liberator]] bomber production line. As B-24 production smoothed out, he joined [[United Aircraft]] in 1943 as an engineering consultant, devoting most of his time to its [[Chance-Vought|Chance-Vought Division]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Arthur|last=Herman|title=Freedom's Forge: How American Business Produced Victory in World War II|year=2012|pages=232–6|publisher=[[Random House]]|location=New York City|isbn=978-1-4000-6964-4}}</ref>[[File:Thomas B. McGuire (L) and Charles Lindbergh (R).jpg|thumb|left|Lindbergh with ace [[Thomas McGuire]] on [[Biak|Biak Island]] in 1944. The aircraft is a [[Lockheed P-38 Lightning|P-38 Lightning]] ]]In 1944 Lindbergh persuaded United Aircraft to send him as a technical representative to the [[Pacific War|Pacific Theater]] to study aircraft performance under combat conditions. In preparation for his deployment to the Pacific, Lindbergh went to [[Brooks Brothers]] to buy a naval officer's uniform without insignia and visited [[Brentano's|Brentano's bookstore]] at [[Rockefeller Center]] in New York to buy a [[New Testament]], writing in his wartime journal entry for April 3, 1944: "Purchased a small New Testament at Brentano's. Since I can only carry one book—and a very small one—that is my choice. It would not have been a decade ago; but the more I learn and the more I read, the less competition it has."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lindbergh |first=Charles A. |url=https://archive.org/details/wartimejournalso0000lind/page/774/mode/2up?q=%22small+New+Testament+at+Brentano%27s%22 |title=The Wartime Journals of Charles A. Lindbergh |date=1970 |publisher=New York : Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich |isbn=978-0-15-194625-9 |pages=775}}</ref> He demonstrated how [[United States Marine Corps Aviation]] pilots could take off safely with a bomb load double the [[Vought F4U Corsair]] fighter-bomber's rated capacity. At the time, several Marine squadrons were flying bomber escorts to destroy the Japanese stronghold of [[Rabaul]], [[New Britain]], in the Australian [[Territory of New Guinea]]. On {{nowrap|May 21}}, 1944, Lindbergh flew his first combat mission: a strafing run with [[VMF-222]] near the Japanese garrison of Rabaul.<ref name="mersky"/> He also flew with [[VMF-216]], from the Marine Air Base at [[Torokina]], [[Bougainville Island|Bougainville]]. Lindbergh was escorted on one of these missions by Lt. Robert E. (Lefty) McDonough, who refused to fly with Lindbergh again, as he did not want to be known as "the guy who killed Lindbergh".<ref name="mersky"/>

[[File:Charles Lindbergh with a Lockheed P-38J Lightning.jpg|thumb|Lindbergh with a P-38J Lightning in 1944]]

In his six months in the Pacific in 1944, Lindbergh took part in fighter bomber raids on Japanese positions, flying 50 combat missions (again as a civilian).<ref>Bauer, Daniel (1989) "Fifty Missions: The Combat Career of Col. Charles A. Lindbergh", ''Air Classics 25th Anniversary Edition'', pp. 19–25, 128–130.</ref> His innovations in the use of [[Lockheed P-38 Lightning]] fighters impressed a supportive Gen. [[Douglas MacArthur]].<ref>[http://home.st.net.au/~dunn/ozatwar/lindbergh.htm "Charles Augustus Lindbergh Helps the 5th Air Force During WW2"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060904045629/http://home.st.net.au/%7Edunn/ozatwar/lindbergh.htm |date=September 4, 2006}}. home.st.net.au. Retrieved: January 19, 2011.</ref> Lindbergh introduced [[Air–fuel ratio|engine-leaning techniques]] to P-38 pilots, greatly improving fuel consumption at cruise speeds, enabling the long-range fighter aircraft to fly longer-range missions. P-38 pilot Warren Lewis quoted Lindbergh's fuel-saving settings, "He said, '... we can cut the RPM down to 1400RPMs and use 30 inches of mercury (manifold pressure), and save 50–100 gallons of fuel on a mission.{{'"}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VL54IWnkchA |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/VL54IWnkchA| archive-date=December 11, 2021 |url-status=live|title=Battle Stations: P38 Lockheed Lightning (War History Documentary)|date=December 17, 2015 |access-date=May 4, 2021|publisher=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The U.S. Marine and Army Air Force pilots who served with Lindbergh praised his courage and defended his patriotism.<ref name="mersky"/><ref>{{cite book|first=Arthur|last=Herman|title=Freedom's Forge: How American Business Produced Victory in World War II|year=2012|page=287|publisher=[[Random House]]|location=New York City|isbn=978-1-4000-6964-4}}</ref>

On {{nowrap|July 28}}, 1944, during a P-38 bomber escort mission with the [[433d Weapons Squadron|433rd Fighter Squadron]] in the [[Seram Island|Ceram]] area, Lindbergh shot down a [[Mitsubishi Ki-51]] "Sonia" observation plane, piloted by Captain Saburo Shimada, commanding officer of the 73rd Independent Chutai.<ref name=475thFighterGroup>[http://www.charleslindbergh.com/wwii/ "Charles Lindbergh and the 475th Fighter Group"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051220060939/http://www.charleslindbergh.com/wwii/ |date=December 20, 2005}}. charleslindbergh.com. Retrieved: January 19, 2011.</ref><ref name="mersky">Mersky 1993, p. 93.</ref> Lindbergh's participation in combat was revealed in a story in the ''[[Herald News|Passaic Herald-News]]'' on October 22, 1944.<ref name="Colonel Lindbergh On Combat Mission" />

Line 370 ⟶ 353:

| total_width = 230

}}

After World War II, Lindbergh lived in [[Darien, Connecticut]], and served as a consultant to the [[Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force]] and to [[Pan American World Airways]]. With most of eastern Europe under communist control, Lindbergh continued to voice concern about Soviet power, observing: "Freedom of speech and action is suppressed over a large portion of the world...[[Polish People's Republic|Poland]] is not free, nor the [[Baltic states under Soviet rule (1944–1991)|Baltic states]], nor the Balkans. Fear, hatred, and mistrust are breeding."~~<ref name="Berg-1998">~~{{~~Cite book~~ sfn|~~last=~~Berg |~~first=A. Scott |url=http://archive.org/details/lindbergh000berg |title=Lindbergh |publisher=New York: G.P. Putnam's |year=~~1998 ~~|isbn=0-399-14449-8~~ |~~pages~~pp=469–471}}~~</ref>~~ In Lindbergh's words, Soviet and communist influence over the post-war world meant that "while our soldiers have been victorious," America had nonetheless not "accomplished the objectives for which we went to war," and he declared: "We have not established peace or liberty in Europe."~~<ref name="~~{{sfn|Berg-|1998~~" />~~|pp=469–471}}

Commenting on the post-war world, Lindbergh said that "a whole civilization is in disintegration," and believed America needed to support Europe against communism. Because America had "taken a leading part" in World War II, he said it therefore could not "retire now and leave Europe to the destructive forces" that the war had "let loose."~~<ref name="~~{{sfn|Berg-|1998~~" />~~|pp=469–471}} While he still believed his prewar non-interventionism was correct, Lindbergh said the United States now had a responsibility to support Europe, because of "honor, self-respect, and our own national interests."~~<ref name="~~{{sfn|Berg-|1998~~" />~~|pp=469–471}} Furthermore, he wrote that "we could not let atrocities such as those of the concentration camps go unpunished," and he firmly supported the [[Nuremberg trials]].~~<ref name="~~{{sfn|Berg-|1998~~" />~~|pp=469–471}}

After the war, Lindbergh toured Germany, covering "almost two thousand miles during his last two weeks" in the country, and also traveled to Paris and participated in "conferences with military personnel and the American Ambassador" during the same trip.~~<ref name="~~{{sfn|Berg-|1998~~" />~~|pp=469–471}} While in Germany in June 1945, he toured [[Mittelbau-Dora concentration camp|Dora concentration camp]], inspecting the tunnels of Nordhausen and viewing [[V-1 flying bomb|V-1]] and [[V-2 rocket|V-2 missile]] parts. He attempted to "reconcile," as Berg wrote, the technology he saw with how the "forces of evil had harnessed it."~~<ref name="~~{{sfn|Berg-|1998~~" />~~|pp=469–471}} Reflecting on what happened in the camps, Lindbergh wrote in his wartime journal that it "seemed impossible that men—civilized men—could degenerate to such a level. Yet they had."~~<ref name="~~{{sfn|Berg-|1998~~" />~~|pp=469–471}}<ref name="Lindbergh-1970">{{Cite book |last=Lindbergh |first=Charles A. |url=http://archive.org/details/wartimejournalso0000lind |title=The wartime journals of Charles A. Lindbergh |publisher=New York : Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich |year=1970 |isbn=978-0-15-194625-9 |pages=996–997}}</ref> In the following page in his journal, he also lamented the mistreatment of Japanese people by Americans and other Allied personnel during the war, comparing these "incidents" to what the Germans did.<ref name="Lindbergh-1970" /> As Berg wrote in 1998, Lindbergh returned from this two-month European journey "more alarmed about the state of the world than ever," but nonetheless "he knew that the American public no longer gave a hoot for his opinions."<ref name="Berg-1998" /> Drawing lessons from the war, Lindbergh stated: "No peace will last that is not based on Christian principles, on justice, on compassion...on a sense of the dignity of man. Without such principles there can be no lasting strength...The Germans found that out."<ref name="Berg-1998" />

In the following page in his journal, he also lamented the mistreatment of Japanese people by Americans and other Allied personnel during the war, comparing these "incidents" to what the Germans did.<ref name="Lindbergh-1970" /> As Berg wrote in 1998, Lindbergh returned from this two-month European journey "more alarmed about the state of the world than ever," but nonetheless "he knew that the American public no longer gave a hoot for his opinions."{{sfn|Berg|1998|pp=469–471}} Drawing lessons from the war, Lindbergh stated: "No peace will last that is not based on Christian principles, on justice, on compassion...on a sense of the dignity of man. Without such principles there can be no lasting strength...The Germans found that out."{{sfn|Berg|1998|pp=469–471}}

Soon after returning to America, Lindbergh paid a visit to his mother in Detroit, and on the train home he wrote a letter wherein he mentioned a "spiritual awareness," speaking of how important it was to spend time in the garden, take in the sun, and listen to birds.~~<ref name="~~{{sfn|Berg-|1998~~" />~~|pp=469–471}} In Berg's words, this letter "revealed a changed man."~~<ref name="~~{{sfn|Berg-|1998~~" />~~|pp=469–471}} As time went on, Lindbergh became increasingly spiritual in his outlook and grew concerned with the impact science and technology had on the world. In 1948, his ''Of Flight and Life'' was published, a book that has been described as an "impassioned warning against the dangers of scientific materialism and the powers of technology."<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.bibliopolis.com |title=Of Flight and Life by Charles Lindbergh on Manhattan Rare Book Company |url=https://www.manhattanrarebooks.com/pages/books/350/charles-lindbergh/of-flight-and-life?soldItem=true |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203085149/https://www.manhattanrarebooks.com/pages/books/350/charles-lindbergh/of-flight-and-life?soldItem=true |archive-date=February 3, 2023 |access-date=2023-02-03 |website=Manhattan Rare Book Company |language=en-US}}</ref> In this book, he wrote of his experiences as a combat pilot in the Pacific theater, and declared his conversion from a worshiper of science to a worshiper of the "eternal truths of God," expressing concern for humanity's future.<ref name="Cevasco-2009" /> In 1949, he received the [[Wright Brothers Memorial Trophy]] and declared in his acceptance speech: "If we are to be finally successful, we must measure scientific accomplishments by their effect on man himself."<ref name="Cevasco-2009" />

[[File:President John F. Kennedy with Aviator Charles A. Lindbergh and Anne Morrow Lindbergh.jpg|thumb|left|Lindbergh and his wife, Anne, with President [[John F. Kennedy]] at the White House in May 1962]]

Line 382 ⟶ 367:

On April 7, 1954, on the recommendation of President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]], Lindbergh was commissioned a [[Brigadier general (United States)|brigadier general]] in the [[U.S. Air Force Reserve]]; Eisenhower had nominated Lindbergh for promotion on February 15.<ref name="Interim" /><ref name="TimesLindbergh" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Charles Lindbergh Biography|url=http://www.charleslindbergh.com/history/|url-status=live|access-date=October 7, 2021|website=www.charleslindbergh.com|quote=President Dwight D. Eisenhower restored Lindbergh's commission and appointed him a brigadier general in the Air Force in 1954.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010604022120/http://www.charleslindbergh.com:80/history/ |archive-date=June 4, 2001}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Timeline|url=https://www.mnhs.org/lindbergh/learn/timeline|url-status=live|access-date=October 7, 2021|website=Minnesota Historical Society|quote=1954 ... President Dwight D. Eisenhower appoints him a brigadier general in the Air Force.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819064004/http://www.mnhs.org:80/lindbergh/learn/timeline |archive-date=August 19, 2018}}</ref> Also in that year, he served on a Congressional advisory panel that recommended the site of the [[United States Air Force Academy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cpr.org/2014/04/03/how-a-dirty-trick-and-charles-lindbergh-helped-bring-air-force-academy-to-colorado-springs/|title=How a dirty trick and Charles Lindbergh helped bring Air Force Academy to Colorado Springs|date=April 3, 2014|access-date=May 18, 2022|work=CPR News|publisher=[[Colorado Public Radio]]}}</ref> He also won the Pulitzer Prize for biography in 1954 with his book, ''[[The Spirit of St. Louis (book)|The Spirit of St. Louis]]'', which focuses on his 1927 flight and the events leading up to it.<ref name="pulitzer">[http://www.pulitzer.org/awards/1954 "1954 Winners."] ''The Pulitzer Prizes''. Retrieved: November 22, 2011.</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Grutzner |first=Charles |date=1954-05-04 |title=' 54 Pulitzer Play Is 'Teahouse'; Lindbergh Wins Biography Prize; ' TEAHOUSE' WINS PULITZER AWARD |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1954/05/04/archives/-54-pulitzer-play-is-teahouse-lindbergh-wins-biography-prize.html |access-date=2023-02-01 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In May 1962, Lindbergh visited the White House with his wife and met President [[John F. Kennedy]], having his picture taken by White House photographer Robert Knudsen.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Visit of Charles A. Lindbergh {{!}} JFK Library |url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/asset-viewer/archives/jfkwhp-1962-05-11-d#?image_identifier=JFKWHP-KN-21721 |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=www.jfklibrary.org}}</ref>

[[File:Apollo 11 Launch Pass Signed by Charles Lindbergh.jpg|thumb|An [[Apollo 11]] viewing pass signed by Lindbergh. He and his wife were [[Neil Armstrong|Neil Armstrong's]] personal guests at the 1969 launch.<ref name=":2" />]]

In December 1968, he visited the astronauts of [[Apollo 8]] (the first crewed mission to orbit the Moon) the day before their launch, and in July 1969 he and his wife witnessed the launch of [[Apollo 11]] as personal guests of [[Neil Armstrong]].<ref>"Private Pilot Textbook GFD". ''[[Jeppesen]]''. Retrieved: January 19, 2011.</ref><ref name="Cevasco-2009" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Farhi |first=Paul |date=July 19, 2009 |title=One Step Was Plenty |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/style/2009/07/20/one-step-was-plenty/4604e187-74b2-4f6a-8fb1-9caa796858c2/ |access-date=2024-04-15 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> Armstrong had met Lindbergh in 1968, and the two corresponded until the latter's death in 1974.<ref name=":2" /> In conjunction with the first lunar landing, he shared his thoughts as part of [[Walter Cronkite]]'s live television coverage. He later wrote the foreword to Apollo astronaut [[Michael Collins (astronaut)|Michael Collins]]'s autobiography.<ref>{{cite book | last = Collins | first = Michael | title = Carrying the fire : an astronaut's journeys | publisher = Farrar, Straus and Giroux | location = New York | year = 2009 |isbn=978-0-374-53194-2}}</ref> While he maintained his interest in technology, Lindbergh began to focus more on protecting the natural world, and after viewing the Apollo 11 launch, he "participated in a [[World Wide Fund for Nature|WWF]]-sponsored dedication of a 900-acre bird preserve."<ref name="Cevasco-2009" />

===Double life and secret German children===

Beginning in 1957, General Lindbergh engaged in lengthy sexual relationships with three women, while remaining married to Anne Morrow. He fathered three children with hatmaker Brigitte Hesshaimer (1926–2001), who ~~had~~ lived in the small Bavarian town of [[Geretsried]]. He had two children with her sister Mariette, a painter, living in [[Grimisuat]]. Lindbergh also had a son and daughter, (born in 1959 and 1961), with Valeska, an [[East Prussia]]n [[Junker|aristocrat]], who was his private secretary in Europe and lived in [[Baden-Baden]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Reeve|last=Lindbergh|author-link=Reeve Lindbergh|title=Forward From Here: Leaving Middle Age and Other Unexpected Adventures|publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]]|location=New York City|date=2008|isbn=978-0-7432-7511-8|page=201}}</ref><ref>Ländler, Mark. [https://www.nytimes.com/2003/08/02/world/a-newspaper-reports-lindbergh-fathered-3-children-in-germany.html "A Newspaper Reports Lindbergh Fathered 3 Children in Germany"] ''The New York Times'' August 2, 2003, p. A4</ref><ref>{{cite book|first1=Rudolf|last1=Schröck|first2=Dyrk|last2=Hesshaimer|first3=Astrid|last3=Bouteuil|first4=David|last4=Hesshaimer|title=Das Doppelleben des Charles A. Lindbergh, Der berühmteste Flugpionier aller Zeiten – seine wahre Geschichte |trans-title=The Double Life of Charles A. Lindbergh|publisher=Wilhelm Heyne Verlag|location=Munich, Germany|date=2005|language=de}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Bojan|last=Pancevski|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/1491010/Aviator-Lindbergh-fathered-children-by-three-mistresses.html|title=Aviator Lindbergh fathered children with mistresses|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]|location=London, England|date=May 29, 2005|access-date=April 5, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416134822/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/1491010/Aviator-Lindbergh-fathered-children-by-three-mistresses.html|archive-date=April 16, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> All seven children were born between 1958 and 1967.<ref name="Schröck">Schröck, Rudolf [http://www.atlantic-times.com/archive_detail.php?recordID=236 The Lone Eagle's Clandestine Nests. Charles Lindbergh's German secrets"]. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080503204848/http://www.atlantic-times.com/archive_detail.php?recordID=236 |date=May 3, 2008}}. ''The Atlantic Times'', June 2005</ref>

Ten days before he died, Lindbergh wrote to each of his European mistresses, imploring them to maintain the utmost secrecy about his illicit activities with them even after his death.<ref>Lindbergh letter to Brigitte Hesshaimer dated August 16, 1974, reproduced in ''Das Doppelleben des Charles A. Lindbergh''</ref> The three women, (none of whom ever married), all managed to keep their affairs secret even from their children, who during his lifetime, (and for almost a decade after his death), did not know the true identity of their father, whom they had only known by the alias Careu Kent, and seen only when he briefly visited them once or twice a year.<ref name="Schröck"/><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2003/11/29/world/dna-proves-lindbergh-led-a-double-life.html "DNA Proves Lindbergh Led a Double Life"] ''The New York Times'' November 29, 2003, p. A6</ref>

However, after reading a magazine article about Lindbergh in the mid-1980s, Brigitte's daughter Astrid deduced the truth;. ~~she~~She later discovered photographs and more than 150 love letters from Lindbergh to her mother. After Brigitte and Anne Lindbergh had both died, she made her findings public;. inIn 2003, [[DNA test]]s confirmed that Lindbergh had fathered Astrid and her two siblings.<ref name="Schröck"/><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2003/11/29/world/dna-proves-lindbergh-led-a-double-life.html "DNA Proves Lindbergh Led a Double Life"] ''The New York Times'' November 29, 2003, p. A6</ref>

[[Reeve Lindbergh]], Lindbergh's youngest child with Anne, wrote in her personal journal in 2003, "This story reflects absolutely Byzantine layers of deception on the part of our shared father. These children did not even know who he was! He used a pseudonym with them (To protect them, perhaps? To protect himself, absolutely!)"<ref>Lindbergh, Reeve (2008) pp. 203 and 210</ref>

=== Environmental and tribal causes ===

[[File:Charles Lindbergh on April 12, 1972 with Major Bruce Ware USAF, 31st ARRS.jpg|thumb|Lindbergh with Air Force Maj. Bruce Ware in 1972 in front of a [[Sikorsky S-61R]], following Ware's air rescue of Lindbergh in the [[Philippines]]]]

In later life Lindbergh was heavily involved in [[conservation movement]]s, and was deeply concerned about the negative impacts of new technologies on the natural world and [[Indigenous peoples|native peoples]], focusing on regions like [[Hawaii]], Africa, and the [[Philippines]].<ref name="Gray1988">{{cite book|author=Susan M. Gray|title=Charles A. Lindbergh and the American Dilemma: The Conflict of Technology and Human Values|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dfQ9rfHVg2sC&pg=PA90|year=1988|publisher=Popular Press|isbn=978-0-87972-422-1|pages=89–90}}</ref><ref name="Davis1999">{{cite book |author=Lucile Davis~~|title=Charles~~ ~~Lindbergh~~|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=enCKD3-O-twC&pg=PA21 |~~year~~title=~~1999~~Charles Lindbergh |publisher=[[Capstone Press]]: Bridgestone Books |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-7368-0204-8 |location=Mankato, MN |page=21}}</ref><ref name="Cevasco-2009" /> He campaigned to protect [[endangered species]] including the [[humpback whale]], [[blue whale]],<ref name="Davis1999" /><ref name="Cevasco-2009" /> [[Philippine eagle]], and the [[tamaraw]] (a rare dwarf Philippine buffalo), and was instrumental in establishing protections for the [[Tasaday]] and [[Agta]] people, and various African tribes such as the [[Maasai people|Maasai]].<ref name=Environmentalist/><ref name="Davis1999" /> Alongside [[Laurance S. Rockefeller]], Lindbergh helped establish the [[Haleakalā National Park]] in Hawaii.<ref name="Winks2013">{{cite book|author=Robin W. Winks|title=Laurance S. Rockefeller: Catalyst For Conservation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vFVh9Ka_SzAC&pg=PA71|date=April 15, 2013|publisher=Island Press|isbn=978-1-61091-090-3|page=71}}</ref> He also worked to protect [[Arctic wolf|Arctic wolves]] in Alaska, and helped establish [[Voyageurs National Park]] in northern Minnesota.<ref name="Environmentalist" />

In an essay appearing in the July 1964 ''[[Reader's Digest]]'', Lindbergh wrote about a realization he had in [[Kenya]] during a trip to see land being considered for a national park.<ref name="Cevasco-2009">{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mTSIPaCr2DYC&dq=%22I+would+rather+have+birds+than+airplanes.%22+1964&pg=PA260 |title=Modern American Environmentalists: A Biographical Encyclopedia |last2= |first2= |date=2009-06-15 |publisher=JHU Press |isbn=978-0-8018-9524-1 |editor-last=Cevasco |editor-first=George A. |pages=259–262 |language=en |editor-last2=Harmond |editor-first2=Richard P.}}</ref> He contrasted his time amid the African landscape with his involvement in a supersonic transport convention in New York, and while "lying under an [[Acacia|acacia tree]]," he realized how the "construction of an airplane" was simple compared to the "evolutionary achievement of a bird." He wrote "that if I had to choose, I would rather have birds than airplanes."<ref name="Cevasco-2009" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mosley |first=Leonard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-83bnBqUJh0C&dq=%22I+realized+that+If+I+had+to+choose,+I+would+rather+have+birds+than+airplanes.%22&pg=PA365 |title=Lindbergh: A Biography |date=2000-01-01 |publisher=Courier Corporation |isbn=978-0-486-40964-1 |pages=365 |language=en}}</ref>

In this essay, he questioned his old definition of "progress," and concluded that nature displayed more actual progress than humanity's creations.<ref name="Cevasco-2009" /> He wrote several more essays for ''Reader's Digest'' and ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]'', urging people to respect the self-awareness that came from contact with nature, which he called the "wisdom of wildness," and not merely follow science.<ref name="Cevasco-2009" /> As David Boocker wrote in 2009, Lindbergh's essays, appearing in popular magazines, "introduced millions of people to the [[Conservation in the United States|conservation cause]]," and he made an important "appeal to lead a life less complicated by technology."<ref name="Cevasco-2009" />

On May 14, 1971, Lindbergh received the Philippine [[Order of the Golden Heart (Philippines)|Order of the Golden Heart]] at a formal dinner at [[Malacañang Palace]] in [[Manila]].<ref name="Philippines-1971" /> He was described as an aviation pioneer who had symbolized the advance of technology, and who now was a symbol of the drive to protect natural life from technology.<ref>{{Cite news |date=May 16, 1971 |title=Names & Faces in the News: Charles A. Lindbergh |pages=2 |work=[[The Boston Globe]] |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/435823837/ |access-date=November 6, 2022}}</ref> Lindbergh actively participated in both conservation and advocacy for tribal minorities in the Philippines, frequently visiting the country and working to protect species including the tamaraw and Philippine eagle, which he described as a "magnificent bird," lending his name to a law against killing or trapping the animal.<ref name="Star-Phoenix-1971">{{Cite news |date=August 26, 1971 |title=Another 'magnificent' animal fights for rights against man |pages=15 |work=[[Star-Phoenix]] |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/509530841 |access-date=November 6, 2022}}</ref> In August 1971, in [[Davao City]], he ceremonially received a young Philippine eagle kept in captivity after its mother was killed by a hunter, delaying his return to the United States so he could take part in the presentation.<ref name="Star-Phoenix-1971" /> Arturo Garcia, a movie theater manager in Davao, had bought the bird for $40 in March 1970 after the hunting incident, and built a large cage for it behind his house. Lindbergh entered the cage with Jesus Alvarez, director of the Philippines park and wildlife commission, received the eagle, and then turned it over to Alvarez, remarking: "Now we have to see if the bird can go back to its natural place."<ref name="Star-Phoenix-1971" /> The [[Associated Press]] reported on both Lindbergh's reception of the Order of the Golden Heart and the presentation of the eagle.<ref name="Star-Phoenix-1971" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=May 15, 1971 |title=President Marcos Honors Lindbergh |pages=3 |work=[[Honolulu Star-Bulletin]] |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/269495402 |access-date=November 6, 2022}}</ref>▼

In August 1971, in [[Davao City]], he ceremonially received a young Philippine eagle kept in captivity after its mother was killed by a hunter, delaying his return to the United States so he could take part in the presentation.<ref name="Star-Phoenix-1971" /> Arturo Garcia, a movie theater manager in Davao, had bought the bird for $40 in March 1970 after the hunting incident, and built a large cage for it behind his house. Lindbergh entered the cage with Jesus Alvarez, director of the Philippines park and wildlife commission, received the eagle, and then turned it over to Alvarez, remarking: "Now we have to see if the bird can go back to its natural place."<ref name="Star-Phoenix-1971" /> The [[Associated Press]] reported on both Lindbergh's reception of the Order of the Golden Heart and the presentation of the eagle.<ref name="Star-Phoenix-1971" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=May 15, 1971 |title=President Marcos Honors Lindbergh |pages=3 |work=[[Honolulu Star-Bulletin]] |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/269495402 |access-date=November 6, 2022}}</ref>

▲On May 14, 1971, Lindbergh received the Philippine [[Order of the Golden Heart (Philippines)|Order of the Golden Heart]] at a formal dinner at [[Malacañang Palace]] in [[Manila]].<ref name="Philippines-1971" /> He was described as an aviation pioneer who had symbolized the advance of technology, and who now was a symbol of the drive to protect natural life from technology.<ref>{{Cite news |date=May 16, 1971 |title=Names & Faces in the News: Charles A. Lindbergh |pages=2 |work=[[The Boston Globe]] |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/435823837/ |access-date=November 6, 2022}}</ref> Lindbergh actively participated in both conservation and advocacy for tribal minorities in the Philippines, frequently visiting the country and working to protect species including the tamaraw and Philippine eagle, which he described as a "magnificent bird," lending his name to a law against killing or trapping the animal.<ref name="Star-Phoenix-1971">{{Cite news |date=August 26, 1971 |title=Another 'magnificent' animal fights for rights against man |pages=15 |work=[[Star-Phoenix]] |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/509530841 |access-date=November 6, 2022}}</ref> In August 1971, in [[Davao City]], he ceremonially received a young Philippine eagle kept in captivity after its mother was killed by a hunter, delaying his return to the United States so he could take part in the presentation.<ref name="Star-Phoenix-1971" /> Arturo Garcia, a movie theater manager in Davao, had bought the bird for $40 in March 1970 after the hunting incident, and built a large cage for it behind his house. Lindbergh entered the cage with Jesus Alvarez, director of the Philippines park and wildlife commission, received the eagle, and then turned it over to Alvarez, remarking: "Now we have to see if the bird can go back to its natural place."<ref name="Star-Phoenix-1971" /> The [[Associated Press]] reported on both Lindbergh's reception of the Order of the Golden Heart and the presentation of the eagle.<ref name="Star-Phoenix-1971" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=May 15, 1971 |title=President Marcos Honors Lindbergh |pages=3 |work=[[Honolulu Star-Bulletin]] |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/269495402 |access-date=November 6, 2022}}</ref>

[[File:LakeSebuSunset 01.jpg|thumb|[[Lake Sebu]] on [[Mindanao]], near where Lindbergh made his 1972 trip to investigate the [[Tasaday]] people]]

Lindbergh's speeches and writings in later life centered on technology and nature, and his lifelong belief that "all the achievements of mankind have value only to the extent that they preserve and improve the quality of life".<ref name="Gray1988" /> In 1972, Lindbergh undertook an expedition with a television news crew to [[Mindanao]], in the Philippines, to investigate reports of a lost tribe.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Swopes |first=Bryan R. |date=2017 |title=12 April 1972 |url=https://www.thisdayinaviation.com/tag/lockheed-hc-130n-combat-king/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106004947/https://www.thisdayinaviation.com/tag/lockheed-hc-130n-combat-king/ |archive-date=November 6, 2022 |website=This Day in Aviation |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Rescue of General Charles Lindbergh Easter Sunday, 1972 by Bruce Ware |url=http://www.charleslindbergh.com/mystory/1972.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106062828/http://www.charleslindbergh.com/mystory/1972.asp |archive-date=November 6, 2022 |access-date=2022-11-06 |website=www.charleslindbergh.com |quote=Gen. Lindbergh had been airlifted into the position, along with an American news team}}</ref> The [[Tasaday]], a [[Philippine]] [[Ethnic groups in the Philippines|indigenous people]] of the [[Lake Sebu]] area, were attracting much media attention at the time. Although both ''[[NBC Evening News]]'' and ''[[National Geographic]]'' ran stories about the supposed discovery of the tribe, a controversy emerged over whether the Tasaday were truly [[Uncontacted peoples|uncontacted]], or had just been portrayed that way for media attention—particularly by [[Manuel Elizalde|Manuel Elizalde Jr.]], a Philippine politician who publicized the tribe—and were in reality "not completely isolated."<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=James |first=Jamie |date=2003-05-19 |title=The Tribe Out of Time |url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,452856,00.html |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |language=en-US |issn=0040-781X |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020235018/https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,452856,00.html |archive-date=October 20, 2022 |access-date=2022-10-20 |quote=Hemley, who concludes that although the Tasaday were not completely isolated, as Elizalde, National Geographic and others had first presented them, some of the original claims, particularly those based on linguistic evidence, cannot be easily dismissed.}}</ref> Lindbergh himself cooperated with Elizalde to get a "proclamation from President [[Ferdinand Marcos]] to preserve more than 46,000 acres of Tasaday country."<ref name="Cevasco-2009" /> However, during Lindbergh's expedition, the support helicopter for his team had mechanical trouble, creating the prospect of a three-day return trek through difficult jungle terrain. On April 2, ''The New York Times'' ran a [[United Press International|UPI]] report stating Lindbergh's party had "sent a radio message from the rain forests of the southern Philippines saying their food was nearly gone and they needed help."<ref>{{Cite news |date=1972-04-02 |title=Lindbergh's Party Radios For Help in the Philippines |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1972/04/02/archives/lindberghs-party-radios-for-help-in-the-philippines.html |access-date=2022-11-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221107005816/https://www.nytimes.com/1972/04/02/archives/lindberghs-party-radios-for-help-in-the-philippines.html |archive-date=November 7, 2022 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> [[Henry A. Byroade]], [[List of ambassadors of the United States to the Philippines|U.S. Ambassador to the Philippines]], called upon the [[31st Rescue Squadron|31st Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Squadron]] at [[Clark Air Base]] on the island of [[Luzon]] to perform a rescue.<ref name="Ware-2007" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Rescue of General Charles Lindbergh Easter Sunday, 1972 by Bruce Ware |url=http://www.charleslindbergh.com/mystory/1972.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106062828/http://www.charleslindbergh.com/mystory/1972.asp |archive-date=November 6, 2022 |access-date=2022-11-06 |website=www.charleslindbergh.com |quote=the U.S. Ambassador to the Philippines...was notified. He called the 31st Aerospace Rescue & Recovery Squadron}}</ref> U.S. Air Force [[Major (United States)|Maj.]] Bruce Ware and his crew—co-pilot [[Lieutenant colonel|Lt. Col.]] Dick Smith, flight engineer [[Staff sergeant|SSgt]] Bob Baldwin, and pararescueman [[Airman first class|Airman 1st Class]] Kim Robinson—flew their [[Sikorsky HH-3E Jolly Green Giant]] over {{convert|600|mi|km}} to rescue Lindbergh and his news crew on April 12, 1972.<ref name="Swopes-2022">{{Cite web |last=Swopes |first=Bryan R. |title=Lockheed HC-130N Combat King Archives |url=https://www.thisdayinaviation.com/tag/lockheed-hc-130n-combat-king/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106004947/https://www.thisdayinaviation.com/tag/lockheed-hc-130n-combat-king/ |archive-date=November 6, 2022 |access-date=2022-11-06 |website=This Day in Aviation |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Doeden |first=Dennis |date=2021-05-28 |title=Retired Air Force colonel who rescued Lindbergh visits Bemidji area as part of RV tour of the Mississippi |url=https://www.bemidjipioneer.com/news/retired-air-force-colonel-who-rescued-lindbergh-visits-bemidji-area-as-part-of-rv-tour-of-the-mississippi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106062836/https://www.bemidjipioneer.com/news/retired-air-force-colonel-who-rescued-lindbergh-visits-bemidji-area-as-part-of-rv-tour-of-the-mississippi |archive-date=November 6, 2022 |access-date=2022-11-06 |website=Bemidji Pioneer |language=en |quote=}}</ref><ref name="Ware-2007">{{Cite web |last=Ware |first=Bruce |date=20 Aug 2007 |title=The following is the narrative of the mission on which I was credited for saving Gen Charles Lindbergh's life on Easter Sunday, 1972. |url=https://www.rotorheadsrus.us/documents/Linberg.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106065648/https://www.rotorheadsrus.us/documents/Linberg.pdf |archive-date=November 6, 2022 |website=www.rotorheadsrus.us}}</ref> Lindbergh and the news team were stranded on a {{convert|3000|ft|m|adj=on}} high jungle ridge line, and because of this terrain the Sikorsky "had to hover with the nose wheel on one side of the ridge, and the main wheels on the other, with the boarding steps a few feet over the ridge top."<ref name="Swopes-2022" /> During the operation, the helicopter had to refuel twice, prompting Lindbergh to comment that although he had helped develop [[in-flight refueling]], he had never been aboard a helicopter during the procedure, nor on the receiving end of it.<ref name="Swopes-2022" /><ref name="Ware-2007" /> After more than twelve hours, and a total of eight trips to a nearby drop point, the mission was completed, and all 46 individuals stranded on the ridge were extracted. With Lindbergh aboard, the helicopter then flew to [[Mactan Air Base]], on the island of Cebu, where photographers were waiting for him.<ref name="Swopes-2022" /><ref name="Ware-2007" /> Ware rested in the pilot's seat for several minutes after landing, and Lindbergh was hesitant to disembark before him. He told Ware he was certain he could not have made the "hard" three day journey back.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ware |first=Bruce |date=August 20, 2007 |title=The following is the narrative of the mission on which I was credited for saving Gen Charles Lindbergh's life on Easter Sunday, 1972. |url=https://www.rotorheadsrus.us/documents/Linberg.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106065648/https://www.rotorheadsrus.us/documents/Linberg.pdf |archive-date=November 6, 2022 |website=www.rotorheadsrus.us |quote=}}</ref><ref name="Doeden-2021">{{Cite web |last=Doeden |first=Dennis |date=2021-05-28 |title=Retired Air Force colonel who rescued Lindbergh visits Bemidji area as part of RV tour of the Mississippi |url=https://www.bemidjipioneer.com/news/retired-air-force-colonel-who-rescued-lindbergh-visits-bemidji-area-as-part-of-rv-tour-of-the-mississippi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106062836/https://www.bemidjipioneer.com/news/retired-air-force-colonel-who-rescued-lindbergh-visits-bemidji-area-as-part-of-rv-tour-of-the-mississippi |archive-date=November 6, 2022 |access-date=2022-11-06 |website=Bemidji Pioneer |language=en}}</ref> Lindbergh, with other passengers, was then loaded on a [[Lockheed HC-130|HC-130]] and flown to Manila.<ref name="Ware-2007" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=April 3, 1972 |title=Lindbergh Party Flown To Safety by Air Force; TASADAY FOREST, Philippines, April 2 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1972/04/03/archives/lindbergh-party-flown-to-safety-by-air-force.html |website=[[The New York Times]] |page=3 |agency=[[Associated Press|AP]]}}</ref> As reported by the Associated Press, Lindbergh remarked after his rescue: "We were in no danger but we were stranded and running low on food."<ref name=":0" />

Lindbergh himself cooperated with Elizalde to get a "proclamation from President [[Ferdinand Marcos]] to preserve more than 46,000 acres of Tasaday country."<ref name="Cevasco-2009" /> However, during Lindbergh's 1972 expedition, the support helicopter for his team had mechanical trouble, creating the prospect of a three-day return trek through difficult jungle terrain. On April 2, ''The New York Times'' ran a [[United Press International|UPI]] report stating Lindbergh's party had "sent a radio message from the rain forests of the southern Philippines saying their food was nearly gone and they needed help."<ref>{{Cite news |date=1972-04-02 |title=Lindbergh's Party Radios For Help in the Philippines |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1972/04/02/archives/lindberghs-party-radios-for-help-in-the-philippines.html |access-date=2022-11-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221107005816/https://www.nytimes.com/1972/04/02/archives/lindberghs-party-radios-for-help-in-the-philippines.html |archive-date=November 7, 2022 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> [[Henry A. Byroade]], [[List of ambassadors of the United States to the Philippines|U.S. Ambassador to the Philippines]], called upon the [[31st Rescue Squadron|31st Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Squadron]] at [[Clark Air Base]] on the island of [[Luzon]] to perform a rescue.<ref name="Ware-2007" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Rescue of General Charles Lindbergh Easter Sunday, 1972 by Bruce Ware |url=http://www.charleslindbergh.com/mystory/1972.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106062828/http://www.charleslindbergh.com/mystory/1972.asp |archive-date=November 6, 2022 |access-date=2022-11-06 |website=www.charleslindbergh.com |quote=the U.S. Ambassador to the Philippines...was notified. He called the 31st Aerospace Rescue & Recovery Squadron}}</ref>

Maj. Ware received the Distinguished Flying Cross for his actions, and the other Sikorsky crew members received the [[Air Medal]].<ref name="Swopes-2022" /> In 2021, Ware described how he received his medal "in less than a week," remarking that it normally "takes several months. But when you've got an international hero, it kind of gains some momentum.”<ref name="Doeden-2021" /> The helicopter involved in the rescue, Sikorsky HH-3E 66-13289 (c/n 61-588),<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Rescue of General Charles Lindbergh Easter Sunday, 1972 by Bruce Ware |url=http://www.charleslindbergh.com/mystory/1972.asp |access-date=2022-11-06 |website=www.charleslindbergh.com |quote=HH-3E, tail number 66-13289 (Jolly 36 or AF Rescue 289) lifted off Clark AB, Republic of the Philippines at 0320 Hrs. on Easter Sunday morning, 1972.}}</ref> was itself lost in the South China Sea later in 1972, following a rescue from a freighter west of [[Luzon]], when its main transmission cracked and began leaking oil.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Swopes |first=Bryan R. |title=Lockheed HC-130N Combat King Archives |url=https://www.thisdayinaviation.com/tag/lockheed-hc-130n-combat-king/ |access-date=2022-11-06 |website=This Day in Aviation |language=en-US |quote=The helicopter...was lost in the South China Sea in 1972, following a rescue from a freighter west of Luzon, Philippine Islands. Notified by the accompanying HC-130 that the helicopter was trailing smoke, the aircraft commander...made an emergency landing at sea. It was determined that the main transmission had cracked and was leaking oil.}}</ref>▼

U.S. Air Force [[Major (United States)|Maj.]] Bruce Ware and his crew—co-pilot [[Lieutenant colonel|Lt. Col.]] Dick Smith, flight engineer [[Staff sergeant|SSgt]] Bob Baldwin, and pararescueman [[Airman first class|Airman 1st Class]] Kim Robinson—flew their [[Sikorsky HH-3E Jolly Green Giant]] over {{convert|600|mi|km}} to rescue Lindbergh and his news crew on April 12, 1972.<ref name="Swopes-2022">{{Cite web |last=Swopes |first=Bryan R. |title=Lockheed HC-130N Combat King Archives |url=https://www.thisdayinaviation.com/tag/lockheed-hc-130n-combat-king/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106004947/https://www.thisdayinaviation.com/tag/lockheed-hc-130n-combat-king/ |archive-date=November 6, 2022 |access-date=2022-11-06 |website=This Day in Aviation |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Doeden |first=Dennis |date=2021-05-28 |title=Retired Air Force colonel who rescued Lindbergh visits Bemidji area as part of RV tour of the Mississippi |url=https://www.bemidjipioneer.com/news/retired-air-force-colonel-who-rescued-lindbergh-visits-bemidji-area-as-part-of-rv-tour-of-the-mississippi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106062836/https://www.bemidjipioneer.com/news/retired-air-force-colonel-who-rescued-lindbergh-visits-bemidji-area-as-part-of-rv-tour-of-the-mississippi |archive-date=November 6, 2022 |access-date=2022-11-06 |website=Bemidji Pioneer |language=en |quote=}}</ref><ref name="Ware-2007">{{Cite web |last=Ware |first=Bruce |date=20 Aug 2007 |title=The following is the narrative of the mission on which I was credited for saving Gen Charles Lindbergh's life on Easter Sunday, 1972. |url=https://www.rotorheadsrus.us/documents/Linberg.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106065648/https://www.rotorheadsrus.us/documents/Linberg.pdf |archive-date=November 6, 2022 |website=www.rotorheadsrus.us}}</ref> Lindbergh and the news team were stranded on a {{convert|3000|ft|m|adj=on}} high jungle ridge line, and because of this terrain the Sikorsky "had to hover with the nose wheel on one side of the ridge, and the main wheels on the other, with the boarding steps a few feet over the ridge top."<ref name="Swopes-2022" /> During the operation, the helicopter had to refuel twice, prompting Lindbergh to comment that although he had helped develop [[in-flight refueling]], he had never been aboard a helicopter during the procedure, nor on the receiving end of it.<ref name="Swopes-2022" /><ref name="Ware-2007" />

Lindbergh also joined with early aviation industrialist, former Pan Am executive vice president, and longtime friend, Samuel F. Pryor Jr., in "efforts by the Nature Conservancy to preserve plants and wildlife in Kipahulu Valley" on the [[Hawaiian Islands|Hawaiian island]] of [[Maui]].<ref name="NYT-1985">{{Cite news |date=1985-09-19 |title=S. F. Pryor Jr., Airline Pioneer |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/09/19/us/s-f-pryor-jr-airline-pioneer.html |access-date=2022-11-08 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="LA-Times-1985" /> Lindbergh chose the [[Kipahulu, Hawaii|Kipahulu]] Valley for retirement, building an A‐frame cottage there in 1971;<ref name="NYT-1974">{{Cite news |date=1974-08-27 |title=Lindbergh Dies of Cancer in Hawaii at the Age of 72 |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/08/27/archives/lindbergh-dies-of-cancer-in-hawaii-at-the-age-of-72-lindbergh-dies.html |access-date=2022-11-08 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Pryor moved there in 1965 with his wife, Mary, after retiring from Pan Am.<ref name="LA-Times-1985" /><ref name="NYT-1985" /><ref name="PHPS-2022" /> Lindbergh's choice of Maui as a retirement home "represented his love of natural places" and his "lifelong commitment to the ideal of simplicity."<ref name="Gray-1988a">{{Cite book |last=Gray |first=Susan M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dfQ9rfHVg2sC&q=maui |title=Charles A. Lindbergh and the American Dilemma: The Conflict of Technology and Human Values |date=1988 |publisher=Popular Press |isbn=978-0-87972-422-1 |pages=105 |language=en}}</ref> Commenting on Lindbergh's profound concern with the impact of technology on humanity, Richard Hallion wrote: "He recognized the narrow margin on which society trod in the unstable nuclear era, and his work after World War II confirmed his fear that humanity now had the ability to destroy in minutes what previous generations had taken centuries to create. And so Lindbergh the technologist changed to Lindbergh the philosopher, protector of the Tasaday, preaching a turn from the materialistic, mechanistic society toward a society based on 'simplicity, humiliation, contemplation, prayer.'"<ref name="Gray-1988b">{{Cite book |last=Gray |first=Susan M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dfQ9rfHVg2sC |title=Charles A. Lindbergh and the American Dilemma: The Conflict of Technology and Human Values |date=1988 |publisher=Popular Press |isbn=978-0-87972-422-1 |pages=106 |language=en}}</ref> In her 1988 book, ''Charles A. Lindbergh and the American Dilemma'', Susan M. Gray wrote that Lindbergh "established his 'middle ground' between technology and human values, embracing both, rejecting neither."<ref name="Gray-1988b" />▼

After more than twelve hours, and a total of eight trips to a nearby drop point, the mission was completed, and all 46 individuals stranded on the ridge were extracted. With Lindbergh aboard, the helicopter then flew to [[Mactan Air Base]], on the island of Cebu, where photographers were waiting for him.<ref name="Swopes-2022" /><ref name="Ware-2007" /> Ware rested in the pilot's seat for several minutes after landing, and Lindbergh was hesitant to disembark before him. He told Ware he was certain he could not have made the "hard" three day journey back.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ware |first=Bruce |date=August 20, 2007 |title=The following is the narrative of the mission on which I was credited for saving Gen Charles Lindbergh's life on Easter Sunday, 1972. |url=https://www.rotorheadsrus.us/documents/Linberg.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106065648/https://www.rotorheadsrus.us/documents/Linberg.pdf |archive-date=November 6, 2022 |website=www.rotorheadsrus.us |quote=}}</ref><ref name="Doeden-2021">{{Cite web |last=Doeden |first=Dennis |date=2021-05-28 |title=Retired Air Force colonel who rescued Lindbergh visits Bemidji area as part of RV tour of the Mississippi |url=https://www.bemidjipioneer.com/news/retired-air-force-colonel-who-rescued-lindbergh-visits-bemidji-area-as-part-of-rv-tour-of-the-mississippi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106062836/https://www.bemidjipioneer.com/news/retired-air-force-colonel-who-rescued-lindbergh-visits-bemidji-area-as-part-of-rv-tour-of-the-mississippi |archive-date=November 6, 2022 |access-date=2022-11-06 |website=Bemidji Pioneer |language=en}}</ref> Lindbergh, with other passengers, was then loaded on a [[Lockheed HC-130|HC-130]] and flown to Manila.<ref name="Ware-2007" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=April 3, 1972 |title=Lindbergh Party Flown To Safety by Air Force; TASADAY FOREST, Philippines, April 2 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1972/04/03/archives/lindbergh-party-flown-to-safety-by-air-force.html |website=[[The New York Times]] |page=3 |agency=[[Associated Press|AP]]}}</ref> As reported by the Associated Press, Lindbergh remarked after his rescue: "We were in no danger but we were stranded and running low on food."<ref name=":0" />

▲Maj. Ware received the Distinguished Flying Cross for his actions, and the other Sikorsky crew members received the [[Air Medal]].<ref name="Swopes-2022" /> In 2021, Ware described how he received his medal "in less than a week," remarking that it normally "takes several months. But when you've got an international hero, it kind of gains some momentum.”<ref name="Doeden-2021" /> The helicopter involved in the rescue, Sikorsky HH-3E 66-13289 (c/n 61-588),<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Rescue of General Charles Lindbergh Easter Sunday, 1972 by Bruce Ware |url=http://www.charleslindbergh.com/mystory/1972.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527130747/http://www.charleslindbergh.com/mystory/1972.asp |archive-date=27 May 2024 |access-date=2022-11-06 |website=www.charleslindbergh.com |quote=~~HH-3E, tail number 66-13289 (Jolly 36 or AF Rescue 289) lifted off Clark AB, Republic of the Philippines at 0320 Hrs. on Easter Sunday morning, 1972.~~}}</ref> was itself lost in the South China Sea later in 1972, following a rescue from a freighter west of [[Luzon]], when its main transmission cracked and began leaking oil.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Swopes |first=Bryan R. |title=Lockheed HC-130N Combat King Archives |url=https://www.thisdayinaviation.com/tag/lockheed-hc-130n-combat-king/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928182658/https://www.thisdayinaviation.com/tag/lockheed-hc-130n-combat-king/ |archive-date=28 September 2023 |access-date=2022-11-06 |website=This Day in Aviation |language=en-US |quote=The helicopter...was lost in the South China Sea in 1972, following a rescue from a freighter west of Luzon, Philippine Islands. Notified by the accompanying HC-130 that the helicopter was trailing smoke, the aircraft commander...made an emergency landing at sea. It was determined that the main transmission had cracked and was leaking oil.}}</ref>

▲Lindbergh ~~also~~ joined with early aviation industrialist, former Pan Am executive vice president, and longtime friend, Samuel F. Pryor Jr., in "efforts by the Nature Conservancy to preserve plants and wildlife in Kipahulu Valley" on the [[Hawaiian Islands|Hawaiian island]] of [[Maui]].<ref name="NYT-1985">{{Cite news |date=1985-09-19 |title=S. F. Pryor Jr., Airline Pioneer |~~language~~url=enhttps://www.nytimes.com/1985/09/19/us/s-~~US |work=The New York Times~~f-pryor-jr-airline-pioneer.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915174320/https://www.nytimes.com/1985/09/19/us/s-f-pryor-jr-airline-pioneer.html |archive-date=15 September 2024 |access-date=2022-11-08 |~~issn~~work=~~0362~~[[The New York Times]] |language=en-~~4331~~US |issn=}}</ref><ref name="LA-Times-1985" /> Lindbergh chose the [[Kipahulu, Hawaii|Kipahulu]] Valley for retirement, building an ~~A‐frame~~A-frame cottage there in 1971;<ref name="NYT-1974">{{Cite news |date=1974-08-27 |title=Lindbergh Dies of Cancer in Hawaii at the Age of 72 |~~language~~url=enhttps://www.nytimes.com/1974/08/27/archives/lindbergh-~~US |work=The New York Times~~dies-of-cancer-in-hawaii-at-the-age-of-72-lindbergh-dies.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307012714/https://www.nytimes.com/1974/08/27/archives/lindbergh-dies-of-cancer-in-hawaii-at-the-age-of-72-lindbergh-dies.html |archive-date=7 March 2024 |access-date=2022-11-08 |~~issn~~work=~~0362~~[[The New York Times]] |pages=69 |language=en-~~4331~~US |issn=}}</ref> Pryor moved there in 1965 with his wife, Mary, after retiring from Pan Am.<ref name="LA-Times-1985" /><ref name="NYT-1985" /><ref name="PHPS-2022" /> Lindbergh's choice of Maui as a retirement home "represented his love of natural places" and his "lifelong commitment to the ideal of simplicity."<ref name="Gray-1988a">{{Cite book |last=Gray |first=Susan M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dfQ9rfHVg2sC&q=maui |title=Charles A. Lindbergh and the American Dilemma: The Conflict of Technology and Human Values |date=1988 |publisher=[[Bowling Green State University]] Popular Press |isbn=978-0-87972-422-1 |~~pages~~location=~~105 |language=en}}</ref> Commenting on Lindbergh's profound concern with the impact of technology on~~Bowling ~~humanity~~Green, Richard Hallion wrote: "He recognized the narrow margin on which society trod in the unstable nuclear era, and his work after World War II confirmed his fear that humanity now had the ability to destroy in minutes what previous generations had taken centuries to create. And so Lindbergh the technologist changed to Lindbergh the philosopher, protector of the Tasaday, preaching a turn from the materialistic, mechanistic society toward a society based on 'simplicity, humiliation, contemplation, prayer.'"<ref name="Gray-1988b">{{Cite book |last=Gray |first=Susan M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dfQ9rfHVg2sC |title=Charles A. Lindbergh and the American Dilemma: The Conflict of Technology and Human Values |date=1988 |publisher=Popular Press |isbn=978-0-87972-422-1OH |pages=~~106~~105 |language=en}}</ref> In her 1988 book, ''Charles A. Lindbergh and the American Dilemma'', Susan M. Gray wrote that Lindbergh "established his 'middle ground' between technology and human values, embracing both, rejecting neither."<ref name="Gray-1988b" />

Commenting on Lindbergh's profound concern with the impact of technology on humanity, Richard Hallion wrote: "He recognized the narrow margin on which society trod in the unstable nuclear era, and his work after World War II confirmed his fear that humanity now had the ability to destroy in minutes what previous generations had taken centuries to create. And so Lindbergh the technologist changed to Lindbergh the philosopher, protector of the Tasaday, preaching a turn from the materialistic, mechanistic society toward a society based on 'simplicity, humiliation, contemplation, prayer.'"<ref name="Gray-1988b">{{Cite book |last=Gray |first=Susan M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dfQ9rfHVg2sC |title=Charles A. Lindbergh and the American Dilemma: The Conflict of Technology and Human Values |date=1988 |publisher=[[Bowling Green State University]] Popular Press |isbn=978-0-87972-422-1 |location=Bowling Green, OH |pages=106 |language=en}}</ref> In her 1988 book, ''Charles A. Lindbergh and the American Dilemma'', Susan M. Gray wrote that Lindbergh "established his 'middle ground' between technology and human values, embracing both, rejecting neither."<ref name="Gray-1988b" />

===Death===

[[File:Charles A. Lindbergh Tombstone, October 5, 2006.jpg|thumb|Lindbergh's grave at Palapala Ho'omau Church in Kipahulu, [[Hawaii]], with an epitaph from {{Bibleverse|Psalm|139:9|KJV}}]]

Lindbergh spent his last years on Maui in his small, rustic seaside home. In 1972, he became sick with cancer and ultimately died of [[lymphoma]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Choosing Life: Living Your Life While Planning for Death |url=http://www.cancersupportivecare.com/plan.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218033803/http://www.cancersupportivecare.com/plan.html |archive-date=February 18, 2022 |access-date=2023-02-05 |website=Cancer Supportive & Survivorship Care}}</ref> on the morning of {{nowrap|August 26}}, 1974, at age 72.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gray |first=Susan M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dfQ9rfHVg2sC |title=Charles A. Lindbergh and the American Dilemma: The Conflict of Technology and Human Values |date=1988 |publisher=[[Bowling Green State University]] Popular Press |isbn=978-0-87972-422-1 |location=Bowling Green, OH |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Davis1999" /> After his cancer diagnosis, Lindbergh "sketched a simple design for his grave and coffin,"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Palapala Ho'omau Church {{!}} Charles Lindbergh grave on Road to Hana |url=https://roadtohana.com/palapala-hoomau-church.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424030259/https://roadtohana.com/palapala-hoomau-church.php |archive-date=24 April 2024 |access-date=2022-11-07 |website=roadtohana.com}}</ref> helping to design his grave in the "traditional Hawaiian style."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kessner |first=Thomas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QJXdVyREaYcC |title=The Flight of the Century: Charles Lindbergh and the Rise of American Aviation |date=2010-07-20 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-975264-5 |pages=240 |language=en |quote=He was buried in Maui on August 26, 1974, in a grave he helped design in the traditional Hawaiian style}}</ref> Following “a series of radiation treatments, he spent several months in Maui recuperating,” and also made a ~~26‐day~~26-day stay in the ~~Columbia‐Presbyterian~~Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center in New York, but with little improvement.<ref name="NYT-1974" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Meachum |first=Virginia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=khR_nz9chHwC |title=Charles Lindbergh: American Hero of Flight |date=2002 |publisher=Enslow |isbn=978-0-7660-1535-7 |pages=109 |language=en}}</ref>

After he realized the treatment would not save him, he decided to leave Columbia hospital and ~~made a final return~~returned to Kipahulu with his wife Anne, flying to [[Honolulu]] on August 17 and then traveling to Maui by small plane, dying a week later.<ref name="Davis1999" /><ref name="NYT-1974" /> He was buried on the grounds of the Palapala Ho'omau Church in Kipahulu, Maui, a Congregational church first established in 1864, which fell into disuse in the 1940s and was restored beginning in 1964 by Samuel F. Pryor Jr., whose family cooperated with the Lindbergh family to set up an endowment for the upkeep of the property.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Palapala Ho'omau Preservation Society |url=https://www.palapalahoomau.org/contact |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221107023610/https://www.palapalahoomau.org/contact |archive-date=November 7, 2022 |access-date=2022-11-07 |website=Palapala Ho'omau Congregational Church |language=en}}</ref><ref name="PHPS-2022">{{Cite web |title=A Brief History of Palapala Ho'omau Church |url=https://www.palapalahoomau.org/history |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221107023611/https://www.palapalahoomau.org/history |archive-date=November 7, 2022 |access-date=2022-11-07 |website=Palapala Ho'omau Congregational Church |language=en}}</ref><ref name="LA-Times-1985">{{Cite web |last=L.A. Times Archives |date=1985-09-20 |title=Samuel F. Pryor, Pioneer Aviation Industrialist |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-09-20-me-6390-story.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108071212/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-09-20-me-6390-story.html |archive-date=November 8, 2022 |access-date=2022-11-08 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |language=en-US |quote=}}</ref> Lindbergh took part in the church restoration with his old friend Pryor, and both men agreed to make their final resting place in the small cemetery they cleared.<ref name="LA-Times-1985" /> ~~Lindbergh was buried eight~~Eight hours after he died, Lindbergh was buried in a eucalyptus casket, and was laid to rest in "simple work clothes."<ref name="Gray-1988a" /> For his funeral service, he chose readings from the Bible and Native American poetry, among other selections.<ref name="Gray-1988a" />

On the evening of August 26, President [[Gerald Ford]] made a tribute to Lindbergh, saying that the courage and daring of his Atlantic flight would never be forgotten, describing him as a selfless, sincere man, and stating: "For a generation of Americans, and for millions of other people around the world, the 'Lone Eagle' represented all that was best in our country."<ref name="NYT-1974" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=1974-08-27 |title=President Leads the Nation in Tribute to Lindbergh |~~language~~url=enhttps://www.nytimes.com/1974/08/27/archives/president-~~US |work=The New York Times~~leads-the-nation-in-tribute-to-lindbergh.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108180452/https://www.nytimes.com/1974/08/27/archives/president-leads-the-nation-in-tribute-to-lindbergh.html |archive-date=8 November 2022 |access-date=2022-11-08 |~~issn~~work=~~0362~~[[The New York Times]] |pages=17 |language=en-~~4331~~US |issn=}}</ref> His [[epitaph]], on a simple stone following the words "Charles A. Lindbergh Born Michigan 1902 Died Maui 1974", quotes {{Bibleverse|Psalm|139:9|KJV}}: "If I take the wings of the morning, and dwell in the uttermost parts of the sea ... C.A.L."<ref name="Stoff2014">{{cite book|last=Stoff|first=Joshua|title=Charles A. Lindbergh: The Life of the "Lone Eagle" in Photographs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AUTDBAAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA213|date=October 6, 2014|publisher=Courier Corporation|location=North Chelmsford, Massachusetts|isbn=978-0-486-15397-1|page=213}}</ref>

==Honors and tributes==

Line 417 ⟶ 424:

* In 1933, the [[Lindbergh Range]] ({{lang-da|Lindbergh Fjelde}}) in [[Greenland]] was named after him by Danish Arctic explorer [[Lauge Koch]] following aerial surveys made during the 1931–1934 [[Three-year Expedition to East Greenland]].<ref name="cat">{{cite web|title=Catalogue of place names in northern East Greenland |publisher=Geological Survey of Denmark |url=http://www.geus.dk/publications/bull/nr21/nr21_p117-368.pdf3 |access-date=July 31, 2016}}{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>

* In [[St. Louis County, Missouri]], a [[Lindbergh School District|school district]], [[Lindbergh High School (Missouri)|high school]] and [[Lindbergh Boulevard|highway]] are named for Lindbergh, and he has a star on the [[St. Louis Walk of Fame]].<ref>[http://www.stlouiswalkoffame.org/inductees/?view=achievement "St. Louis Walk of Fame Inductees"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031162946/http://www.stlouiswalkoffame.org/inductees/?view=achievement |date=October 31, 2012}}. St. Louis Walk of Fame. Retrieved: April 25, 2013.</ref>

* In 1937, a transatlantic race was proposed to commemorate the tenth anniversary of Lindbergh's flight to Paris, though it was eventually modified to take a different course of similar length. (''~~see~~See'' [[1937 Istres–Damascus–Paris Air Race]]).

* He was inducted into the [[National Aviation Hall of Fame]] in 1967.

* The [[Royal Air Force Museum]] in London minted a medal with his image as part of a 50 medal set called ''The History of Man in Flight'' in 1972.<ref>{{cite magazine |author= |title=The History of Man in Flight |magazine=[[Flight International]] |location=London, England |publisher=IPC Business Press |date=November 16, 1972 |pages=6–7 |type=Advertisement}}</ref>

Line 435 ⟶ 442:

* [[Image:Distinguished Flying Cross ribbon.svg|border|100px]] [[Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)|Distinguished Flying Cross]] (June 11, 1927)<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Distinguished Flying Cross Awarded to Charles A. Lindbergh |url=https://mohistory.org/collections/item/1927-044-0056 |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=The Missouri Historical Society |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Today in History - June 11 |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/today-in-history/june-11/ |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=[[Library of Congress]]}}</ref>

* [[Langley Gold Medal]] from the [[Smithsonian Institution]] (1927)

* [[Congressional Gold Medal]] (Approved May 4, 1928,<ref>Glassman, Matthew E. (2011). ''[https://~~www~~books.google.com/books~~/edition/Congressional_Gold_Medals_1776_2010/yntUk64Y4cAC~~?hlid=~~en&gbpv=0~~yntUk64Y4cAC Congressional Gold Medals, 1776-2010.]'' United States: [[Congressional Research Service]]. p. 24 ISBN 9781437984552</ref> presented August 15, 1930)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hoover |first=Herbert |date=August 15, 1930 |title=Remarks on Presenting a Special Congressional Medal to Colonel Charles A. Lindbergh |url=https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/remarks-presenting-special-congressional-medal-colonel-charles-lindbergh |access-date=2024-01-30 |website=www.presidency.ucsb.edu |publisher=[[UC Santa Barbara]]}}</ref>

;Other U.S. awards

* [[Orteig Prize]] (1927, see details above)

Line 456 ⟶ 463:

* [[File:ROU Aeronautical Virtue Order 2002 Knight BAR.svg|100x100px|border]] [[Order of Aeronautical Virtue|Aeronautical Virtue Order]] ([[Kingdom of Romania|Romania]], January 13, 1933)<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Romanian Royal Order of Aeronautical Virtue Medal Given to Charles A. Lindbergh |url=https://mohistory.org/collections/item/1933-040-0180 |access-date=2024-01-24 |website=The Missouri Historical Society |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1933-01-14 |title=HONORS LINDBERGH AND MISS EARHART; Rumania Confers Highest Aeronautical Award on Them at Ceremony Here. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1933/01/14/archives/honors-lindbergh-and-miss-earhart-rumania-confers-highest.html |access-date= |work=[[The New York Times]] |pages=30 |language=en-US |issn=}}</ref>

* [[File:Ribbon of Order of the German Eagle.svg|100px|border]] [[Order of the German Eagle]] with Star ([[Nazi Germany]], {{nowrap|October 19}}, 1938)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.axishistory.com/other-aspects/uniforms-militaria/360-germany-unsorted/militaria/8693-order-of-the-german-eagle|title=Order of the German Eagle|first=Marcus|last=Wendel|access-date=June 26, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822214102/http://www.axishistory.com/other-aspects/uniforms-militaria/360-germany-unsorted/militaria/8693-order-of-the-german-eagle|archive-date=August 22, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

* Gold Medal "Plus Ultra" ([[Spain]], June 1, 1927)<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 2, 1927 |title=Documento BOE-A-1927-5509 |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1927-5509 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126132052/https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1927-5509 |archive-date=November 26, 2022 |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=www.boe.es |publisher=Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado ([[Government of Spain]]) |quote=Dado en Palacio a primero ele Junio de mil novecientos veintisiete.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lindbergh |first=Charles A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lIld6SrHeW4C |title=The Spirit of St. Louis |publisher=Scribner |year=1953 |isbn=978-0-684-85277-5 |edition= |series=Scribner classics |location=New York, NY |pages=518}}</ref>

* [[Order of the Golden Heart (Philippines)|Order of the Golden Heart]] ([[Philippines]], May 14, 1971)<ref name="Philippines-1971">{{Cite web |title=President's Week in Review: May 14 – May 20, 1971 {{!}} GOVPH |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1971/03/24/presidents-week-in-review-may-14-may-20-1971/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206205615/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1971/03/24/presidents-week-in-review-may-14-may-20-1971/ |archive-date=February 6, 2023 |access-date=2022-11-06 |website=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines |date=March 24, 1971 |language=en-US |quote=In the evening, the President [Marcos] conferred the Order of the Golden Heart on Gen. Charles A. Lindbergh “for his persevering concern regarding the kind of impact civilization makes on the quality of all forms of life on earth—human life, and other life as well.”}}</ref>

* [[Fédération Aéronautique Internationale]] FAI Gold Medal (1927)

Line 483 ⟶ 491:

In addition to many biographies, such as A. Scott Berg's 1998 award-winning bestseller ''[[Lindbergh (book)|Lindbergh]]'', Lindbergh also influenced or was the model for characters in a variety of works of fiction.<ref>[https://www.amazon.com/b?ie=UTF8&node=917118 "List of books about Charles Lindbergh"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131001003614/http://www.amazon.com/b?ie=UTF8&node=917118 |date=October 1, 2013}} Amazon.com</ref> Shortly after he made his famous flight, the [[Stratemeyer Syndicate]] began publishing a series of books for juvenile readers called the ''[[Ted Scott Flying Stories]]'' (1927–1943), which were written by a number of authors all using the ''[[pen name|nom de plume]]'' "[[Franklin W. Dixon]]", in which the pilot hero was closely modeled after Lindbergh. Ted Scott duplicated the solo flight to Paris in the series' first volume, entitled ''Over the Ocean to Paris'' published in 1927.<ref>Dixon, Franklin ''Over the Ocean to Paris'' New York: Grosset & Dunlop (1927) First edition dusk jacket notes.</ref> Another reference to Lindbergh appears in the [[Agatha Christie]] novel (1934) and movie ''[[Murder on the Orient Express (1974 film)|Murder on the Orient Express]]'' (1974) which begins with a fictionalized depiction of the [[Lindbergh kidnapping]].<ref>Lee, Amy [http://www.litencyc.com/php/sworks.php?rec=true&UID=3395 "Agatha Christie: Murder on the Orient Express"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921215738/http://www.litencyc.com/php/sworks.php?rec=true&UID=3395 |date=September 21, 2013}} The Literary Encyclopedia</ref>

There have been several [[alternate history]] novels depicting Lindbergh's alleged Nazi-sympathies and non-interventionist views during the first half of [[World War II]]. In [[Denis MacEoin|Daniel Easterman]]'s ''K is for Killing'' (1997), a fictional Lindbergh becomes president of a fascist [[United States]]. The [[Philip Roth]] novel ''[[The Plot Against America]]'' (2004) explores an alternate history where [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]] is defeated in the [[1940 United States presidential election|1940]] presidential election by Lindbergh, who allies the United States with [[Nazi Germany]].<ref>[[Paul Berman|Berman, Paul]] (October 3, 2004). [http://nyti.ms/1E4wSPs "The Plot Against America"]. ''The New York Times''.</ref> The novel draws heavily on Lindbergh's comments concerning Jews as a catalyst for its plot.<ref name="Speeches-1939-40" />

The [[Robert Harris (novelist)|Robert Harris]] novel ''[[Fatherland (novel)|Fatherland]]'' (1992) explores an alternate history where the Nazis won the war, the United States still defeats [[Japan]], [[Adolf Hitler]] and President [[Joseph Kennedy]] negotiate peace terms, and Lindbergh is the [[US Ambassador to Germany]]. The [[Jo Walton]] novel ''[[Farthing (novel)|Farthing]]'' (2006) explores an alternate history where the [[United Kingdom]] made peace with Nazi Germany in 1941, Japan never attacked [[Pearl Harbor]], thus the United States never got involved with the war, and Lindbergh is president and is seeking closer economic ties with the [[Greater East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere]].

===Film and television===

Line 489 ⟶ 499:

* The 1942 [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer|MGM]] picture ''[[Keeper of the Flame (film)|Keeper of the Flame]]'', starring [[Katharine Hepburn]] and [[Spencer Tracy]], features Hepburn as the widow of a "Lindbergh-like" national hero.<ref>Hoberman, J. [http://www.forward.com/article/4269/ "Fantasies of a Fascist America"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080504154135/http://www.forward.com/article/4269/ |date=May 4, 2008}}. ''The Jewish Daily Forward'', October 1, 2004.</ref>

* In the major motion picture ''[[The Spirit of St. Louis (film)|The Spirit of St. Louis]]'' (1957), directed by [[Billy Wilder]], Lindbergh was played by [[James Stewart]], an admirer of Lindbergh and himself a World War{{nbsp}}II aviator. The film largely centers around Lindbergh's record-breaking 1927 flight.<ref>Phillips, Gene D. ''Some Like It Wilder: The Life and Controversial Films of Billy Wilder'' (Screen Classics). Lexington, Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky, 2009., p. 180.</ref> Prior to the casting of Stewart, [[John Kerr (actor)|John Kerr]] declined to play the role because of Lindbergh's alleged pro-Nazi beliefs.<ref name=KerrObit>{{cite news| last=Vitello| first=Paul| title=John Kerr, Star of 'Tea and Sympathy,' Dies at 81| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/09/movies/john-kerr-star-of-tea-and-sympathy-dies-at-81.html| access-date=June 13, 2022| newspaper=The New York Times | date=February 8, 2013}}</ref>

* In 1976, [[Buzz Kulik]]'s TV movie ''[[The Lindbergh Kidnapping Case]]'', with [[Anthony Hopkins]] as [[Richard ~~Bruno~~ Hauptmann]], premiered on [[NBC]].<ref>The Lindbergh Kidnapping Case [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0074801/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114135126/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0074801/|date=January 14, 2020}} (1976) Internet Movie Database</ref>

* Lindbergh was the theme of prolific director [[Orson Welles]]'s final living film project in 1984, ''[[The Spirit of Charles Lindbergh]]'', where Welles speaks of the human spirit while quoting Lindbergh's journal. Although never intended to be viewed by the public, a brief clip can be seen at the end of Vassili Slovic's 1995 documentary ''Orson Welles: the One-Man Band''.

* The 2020 [[HBO]] alternate history miniseries ''[[The Plot Against America (miniseries)|The Plot Against America]]'', based on the Philip Roth [[The Plot Against America|book of the same name]], features actor Ben Cole as a fictionalized President Lindbergh following his defeat of Roosevelt in 1940. The series portrays Lindbergh as a [[xenophobic]] [[populist]] with strong ties to Nazi Germany.

Line 523 ⟶ 533:

==See also==

* [[Amelia Earhart]]

* [[History of antisemitism in the United States]]

Line 549 ⟶ 559:

===Sources===

* {{cite book |~~title~~author=~~One~~Berg ~~Summer:~~|first=A. ~~America, 1927~~Scott |~~isbn~~title=~~978-0767919401~~Lindbergh |~~last=Bryson|first~~publisher=~~Bill~~G. P. Putnam's Sons |year=~~2013~~1998 |~~publisher~~isbn=~~Doubleday |url~~978-~~access=registration~~0425170410 |url=https://archive.org/details/~~isbn_9780767919401~~lindbergh0000berg |url-access=registration}}

* {{cite book |~~author~~title=~~Lindbergh~~One Summer: America, ~~Charles~~1927 A.|isbn=978-0767919401 |~~title~~last=~~"WE"~~Bryson |~~publisher~~first=~~G. P. Putnam's Sons~~ Bill |year=~~1927~~2013 |~~isbn~~publisher=~~978~~Doubleday |url-~~4871876339~~access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/~~welind00lind |url-access=registration~~isbn_9780767919401}}

* {{cite book |author=~~Lindbergh,~~Cole ~~Charles~~|first=Wayne AS. |title=~~The~~Charles ~~Spirit~~A. ofLindbergh ~~St.~~and ~~Louis~~the Battle Against American Intervention in World War II |publisher=Harcourt ~~C. Scribner's~~Brace ~~Sons~~Jovanovich |year=~~1953~~1974 |isbn= 978-~~0743237055~~0-15-118168-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/~~spiritofstlouis0000lind_q7l5~~charlesalindberg00wayn |url-access=registration}}

* {{cite book |author=~~Lindbergh,~~Dunn ~~Charles A.~~|first=Susan |title=~~The~~1940: ~~Wartime~~FDR, ~~Journals of Charles A.~~Willkie, Lindbergh, Hitler—the ~~|publisher=Harcourt,~~Election ~~Brace,~~Amid ~~Jovanovich~~the ~~|date=1970~~Storm |~~isbn~~year=~~978-0151946259~~2013 |~~url~~publisher=~~https://archive.org/details/wartimejournalso0000lind~~[[Yale ~~|url-access=registration~~University Press]]}}

* {{Cite journal |last=Goodman |first=David |date=October 2008 |title=Pittsburgh 1941: War, Race, Biography, and History |journal=[[Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography]] |volume=132 |issue=4 |pages=341–375}}

* {{cite book |author=Lindbergh, Charles A. |title=Charles A. Lindbergh: Autobiography of Values |publisher=Harcourt Brace Jovanovich |date=1977 |isbn=978-0151102020 |url=https://archive.org/details/autobiographyofv00lind}}.▼

* {{cite book |author=Lindbergh |first=Charles A. |title="WE" |publisher=G. P. Putnam's Sons |year=1927 |isbn=978-4871876339 |url=https://archive.org/details/welind00lind |url-access=registration}}

* {{cite book |author=~~Cole, Wayne S.~~Lindbergh |~~title~~first=Charles A. ~~Lindbergh~~|title=The ~~and~~Spirit ~~the~~of ~~Battle~~St. ~~Against American Intervention in World War II~~Louis |publisher=~~Harcourt~~C. ~~Brace~~Scribner's ~~Jovanovich~~Sons |year=~~1974~~1953 |isbn=978-~~0-15-118168-1~~0743237055 |url=https://archive.org/details/~~charlesalindberg00wayn~~spiritofstlouis0000lind_q7l5 |url-access=registration}}▼

* {{cite book |author=Lindbergh |first=Charles A. |title=The Wartime Journals of Charles A. Lindbergh |publisher=Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich |date=1970 |isbn=978-0151946259 |url=https://archive.org/details/wartimejournalso0000lind |url-access=registration}}

▲* {{cite book |author=Lindbergh, |first=Charles A. |title=Charles A. Lindbergh: Autobiography of Values |publisher=Harcourt Brace Jovanovich |date=1977 |isbn=978-0151102020 |url=https://archive.org/details/autobiographyofv00lind}}.

*{{cite web |first= |last= |title=Lindbergh: U.S. Air Mail Service Pioneer |publisher=Lindbergh Foundation |year= |access-date=October 29, 2023 |url=http://www.charleslindbergh.com/airmail/ |ref=airmail}}

* {{cite book |author= Olson, |first=Lynne |title=Those Angry Days: Roosevelt, Lindbergh, and America's Fight Over World War II |publisher=Random House |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-4000-6974-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OjZnbVFDisUC&dq=Lindbergh+Roosevelt&pg=PA15 |url-access=registration}}▼

*{{cite web |first= |last= |title=Pan Am's First Routes from Brownsville |publisher=The Pan Am Historical Foundation |year= |access-date=October 29, 2023 |url=https://www.panam.org/explorations/539-pan-am-s-base-at-brownsville-2 |ref=panam}}

Line 564 ⟶ 579:

* Singer, Saul Jay. "The Anti-Semitism Of Charles Lindbergh," ''Jewish Press'' March 6, 2019 [https://www.jewishpress.com/sections/features/features-on-jewish-world/the-anti-semitism-of-charles-lindbergh/2019/03/06/ online]

* Steiger, William A. (1954) "Lindbergh Flies Air Mail from Springfield." ''Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society'' 47(2): 133–148. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/40189369 online]

* {{cite magazine |author=Thomas, Louisa |date=July 24, 2016 |title=America First, for Charles Lindbergh and Donald Trump |url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/america-first-for-charles-lindbergh-and-donald-trump |magazine=[[The New Yorker]]}}

Line 569 ⟶ 585:

===Books===

* {{cite book |author=Bak, Richard |title=The Big Jump: Lindbergh and the Great Atlantic Air Race |publisher=Wiley |year=2011 |isbn=978-0471477525 |url=https://archive.org/details/bigjumplindbergh0490bakr |url-access=registration}}

* {{cite book |author= ~~Berg~~Duffy, A.James ~~Scott~~P. |title=Lindbergh ~~|publisher=G~~vs. P.Roosevelt: The Rivalry That ~~Putnam's~~Divided ~~Sons~~America |publisher=Regnery Publishing |year=~~1998~~2010 |isbn=978-~~0425170410~~1596986015 |url=https://archive.org/details/~~lindbergh0000berg~~lindberghvsroose0000duff |url-access=registration}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=rAiVCRELHsQC&dq=Lindbergh+Jews&pg=PA7 online]

* Gehrz, Christopher. ''Charles Lindbergh: A Religious Biography of America's Most Infamous Pilot'' (Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2021) [https://books.google.com/books?~~hl=en&lr=&~~id=fcuAEAAAQBAJ~~&oi=fnd&pg=PT14~~&dq=%22Charles+Lindbergh%22&~~ots~~pg=~~0uOXlF4DzY&sig=AZjXq2d7ufNOBaSZS0IPQR5_uHc~~PT14 online] also see [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/church-history/article/abs/charles-lindbergh-a-religious-biography-of-americas-most-infamous-pilot-by-christopher-gehrz-library-of-religious-biography-grand-rapids-michigan-william-b-eerdmans-publishing-company-2021-xi-265-pp-2800-cloth/BF3DA414220DB9B40209F3041F6F5FE1 online book review].▼

▲* {{cite book |author=Cole, Wayne S. |title=Charles A. Lindbergh and the Battle Against American Intervention in World War II |publisher=Harcourt Brace Jovanovich |year=1974 |isbn=978-0-15-118168-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/charlesalindberg00wayn |url-access=registration}}

* {{cite book |author= Duffy, James P. |title=Lindbergh vs. Roosevelt: The Rivalry That Divided America |publisher=Regnery Publishing |year=2010 |isbn=978-1596986015 |url=https://archive.org/details/lindberghvsroose0000duff |url-access=registration}} [https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=rAiVCRELHsQC&oi=fnd&pg=PA7&dq=Lindbergh+Jews&ots=WD66KzlEi3&sig=ZvPG2eibXKWIiIc9C7HoVRty5lM online]

* Dunn, Susan. ''1940: FDR, Willkie, Lindbergh, Hitler—the election amid the storm'' (Yale University Press, 2013). [https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=9ZUniR1uQcUC&oi=fnd&pg=PP8&dq=Lindbergh+Jews&ots=rs7UphU8Pc&sig=J9dsT6Fy7aUkzBe4Z2GGP4vDRZs online]

▲* Gehrz, Christopher. ''Charles Lindbergh: A Religious Biography of America's Most Infamous Pilot'' (Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2021) [https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=fcuAEAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PT14&dq=%22Charles+Lindbergh%22&ots=0uOXlF4DzY&sig=AZjXq2d7ufNOBaSZS0IPQR5_uHc online] also see [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/church-history/article/abs/charles-lindbergh-a-religious-biography-of-americas-most-infamous-pilot-by-christopher-gehrz-library-of-religious-biography-grand-rapids-michigan-william-b-eerdmans-publishing-company-2021-xi-265-pp-2800-cloth/BF3DA414220DB9B40209F3041F6F5FE1 online book review].

* {{cite book |author=Groom, Winston |title=The Aviators: Eddie Rickenbacker, Jimmy Doolittle, Charles Lindbergh, and the Epic Age of Flight |publisher=National Geographic |year=2013 |isbn=978-1426211560 |url=https://archive.org/details/aviatorseddieric0000groo_n3e7 |url-access=registration}}

Line 584 ⟶ 597:

* {{cite book |author=Milton, Joyce |title=Loss of Eden: A Biography of Charles and Anne Morrow Lindbergh |publisher=HarperCollins |year=1993 |isbn=978-0060165031 |url=https://archive.org/details/lossofedenbiogra00milt |url-access=registration}}

* {{cite book |author=Mosley, Leonard |title=Lindbergh: A Biography |publisher=Doubleday |year=1976 |isbn=978-0-385-09578-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/lindberghbiograp0000mosl |url-access=registration}}

▲* {{cite book |author= Olson, Lynne |title=Those Angry Days: Roosevelt, Lindbergh, and America's Fight Over World War II |publisher=Random House |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-4000-6974-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OjZnbVFDisUC&dq=Lindbergh+Roosevelt&pg=PA15 |url-access=registration}}

* {{cite book |author=Wallace, Max |title=The American Axis: Henry Ford, Charles Lindbergh and the Rise of the Third Reich |publisher=Macmillan |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-312-33531-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/americanaxis00maxw |url-access=registration}}

Line 633 ⟶ 643:

[[Category:America First Committee members]]

[[Category:American conservationists]]

[[Category:American eugenicists]]

[[Category:American environmentalists]]

[[Category:American inventors]]