Christopher Nolan: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia


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{{Short description|British and American filmmaker (born 1970)}}

{{Redirect|Chris Nolan|a similar name|Christopher Nolan (disambiguation)}}

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| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1970|7|30}}

| birth_place = London, England<!--Per [[WP:OVERLINK]] "The names of subjects with which most readers will be at least somewhat familiar", including locations with London as an example, do not typically need to be linked)-->

| nationalitycitizenship = {{hlist|BritishUnited Kingdom|AmericanUnited States}}

| alma_mater = [[University College London]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])

| occupation = {{hlist|Film director|producer|screenwriter}}

| years_active = 1993–present

| works = {{hlist|[[Christopher Nolan filmography|Filmography]]|[[Cinematic style of Christopher Nolan|cinematic style]]}}

| boards = [[The Film Foundation]]

| title = Co-founder of [[Syncopy Inc.]]

| spouse = {{marriage|[[Emma Thomas]]|1997}}

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| awards = [[List of awards and nominations received by Christopher Nolan|Full list]]

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'''Sir Christopher Edward Nolan''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|CBE}} (born 30 July 1970) is a British and American<!--See talk page before changing nationality--> filmmaker. Known for his [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]] blockbusters with complex storytelling, he is considered a leading filmmaker of the 21st century. [[Christopher Nolan filmography|Nolan's films]] have earned over $6&nbsp;billion worldwide, making him the [[List of highest-grossing film directors|seventh-highest-grossing film director of all time]]. [[List of awards and nominations received by Christopher Nolan|His accolades]] include two [[Academy Award]]s, a [[Golden Globe Awards|Golden Globe Award]] and two [[British Academy Film Awards]]. Nolan was appointed a [[Commander of the Order of the British Empire]] in 2019, and received a [[Knight Bachelor|knighthood]] in 2024 for his contributions to film.

Nolan developed an interest in filmmaking from a young age. After studying [[English literature]] at [[University College London]], he made several short films before his feature film debut with ''[[Following]]'' (1998). Nolan gained international recognition with his second film, ''[[Memento (film)|Memento]]'' (2000), and transitioned into studio filmmaking with ''[[Insomnia (2002 film)|Insomnia]]'' (2002). He became a high-profile director with [[Batman in film#The Dark Knight trilogy (2005–2012)|''The Dark Knight'' trilogy]] (2005–2012), and found further success with ''[[The Prestige (film)|The Prestige]]'' (2006), ''[[Inception]]'' (2010), ''[[Interstellar (film)|Interstellar]]'' (2014), and ''[[Dunkirk (2017 film)|Dunkirk]]'' (2017). After the release of ''[[Tenet (film)|Tenet]]'' (2020), Nolan parted ways with longtime distributor [[Warner Bros. Pictures]], and signed with [[Universal Pictures]] for the biographical thriller [[Oppenheimer (film)|''Oppenheimer'']] (2023), which won him Academy Awards for [[Academy Award for Best Director|Best Director]] and [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]].

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== Early life ==

Christopher Edward Nolan was born on 30 July 1970, in [[Westminster]], London. His father, Brendan James Nolan, was a British advertising executive of Irish descent<ref>{{cite web|title=Christopher Nolan, although a native of London, proudly traces his lineage back to Irish roots' |url=https://www.irishhistory.com/genealogy/irish-surnames/nolan-family-name-history/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312001606/https://www.irishhistory.com/genealogy/irish-surnames/nolan-family-name-history/ |archivedate=12 March 2024 }}</ref> who worked as a [[creative director]]. His mother, Christina Jensen, was an American flight attendant from [[Evanston, Illinois]]; she would later work as a teacher of English. He has an elder brother, Matthew, and a younger brother, [[Jonathan Nolan|Jonathan]], also a filmmaker. The three brothers were raised [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] in [[Highgate]] and would spend their summers in Evanston.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Grimes |first=Christopher |date=21 July 2023 |title=Director Christopher Nolan: 'Oppenheimer is absolutely a cautionary tale' |url=https://www.ft.com/content/e47df8a6-21fa-4d8c-9817-351f1a438aef |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230918224920/https://www.ft.com/content/e47df8a6-21fa-4d8c-9817-351f1a438aef |archive-date=18 September 2023 |access-date=31 January 2024 |website=[[Financial Times]] |issn=0307-1766}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PqGrR2Upz0M |title=Writers Bloc Presents: Christopher Nolan, Tom Shone and Kenneth Branagh |date=2 December 2020 |publisher=Writers Bloc Presents |time=56:02 |access-date=10 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209153617/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=PqGrR2Upz0M |archive-date=9 February 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Nolan also spent time living in Chicago during his youth, and he holds both UK and US citizenship.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gomez |first1=Luis |title=Batman’sBatman's Chicago connection |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2014/07/22/batmans-chicago-connection/ |work=Chicago Tribune |date=22 July 2014}}</ref>{{sfn|Nathan|2022|pp=12–13}}

[[File:Flaxman Gallery, UCL.JPG|thumb|alt=An image showing the top of the oculus in the Flaxman Gallery, University College London|Nolan attended [[University College London]] and used its Flaxman Gallery for a scene in ''[[Inception]]'' (2010).<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 July 2010 |title=Nolan's Mind Games |publisher=[[Film London]] |url=http://filmlondon.org.uk/news/2010/july/nolans_mind_games |url-status=dead |access-date=11 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101122213601/http://filmlondon.org.uk/news/2010/july/nolans_mind_games |archive-date=22 November 2010}}</ref>]]

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''Following''{{'s}} success afforded Nolan the opportunity to make ''[[Memento (film)|Memento]]'' (2000), which became his breakthrough film. His brother Jonathan pitched the idea to him, about a man with [[anterograde amnesia]] who uses notes and tattoos to hunt for his wife's murderer. Jonathan worked the idea into a short story, "[[Memento Mori (short story)|Memento Mori]]" (2001), and Nolan developed it into a screenplay that told the story in reverse. Aaron Ryder, an executive for [[Newmarket Films]], said it was "perhaps the most innovative script I had ever seen".{{sfn|Mottram|2002|p=176}} The film was optioned and given a budget of $4.5{{nbsp}}million, with [[Guy Pearce]] and [[Carrie-Anne Moss]] in the starring roles.{{sfn|Mottram|2002|p=177}} Newmarket also distributed the film after it was rejected by studios who feared that it would not attract a wide audience. Following a positive [[word of mouth]] and screenings in 500 theatres, it earned $40{{nbsp}}million.{{sfn|Nathan|2022|pp=45–48}} ''Memento'' premiered at the [[Venice Film Festival]] in September 2000 to critical acclaim.{{sfn|Mottram|2002|pp=62–64}} [[Joe Morgenstern]] of ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' wrote in his review, "I can't remember when a movie has seemed so clever, strangely affecting and slyly funny at the very same time."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Morgenstern |first=Joe |title=Hero With No Memory Turns ''Memento'' Into Unforgettable Trip |author-link=Joe Morgenstern |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB9846986937127287|date=16 March 2001 |url-status=live |access-date=21 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150326002730/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB9846986937127287 |archive-date=26 March 2015|url-access=subscription}} {{subscription required}}</ref> In the book ''The Philosophy of Neo-Noir'', Basil Smith drew a comparison with [[John Locke]]'s ''[[An Essay Concerning Human Understanding]]'', which argues that conscious memories constitute our identities – a theme Nolan explores in the film.{{sfn|Smith|2007|p=35}} ''Memento'' earned Nolan many accolades, including nominations for an [[Academy Award for Best Writing (Original Screenplay)|Academy Award]] and a [[Golden Globe Award for Best Screenplay]], as well as two [[Independent Spirit Award]]s: [[Independent Spirit Award for Best Director|Best Director]] and [[Independent Spirit Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]].<ref name="nytimesawards">{{Cite news |date=2013 |title=Christopher Nolan awards |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/movies/person/240025/Christopher-Nolan/awards |url-status=dead |access-date=26 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024065520/http://www.nytimes.com/movies/person/240025/Christopher-Nolan/awards |archive-date=24 October 2013|url-access=limited}}</ref>{{sfn|Shone|2020|p=19}} Six critics listed it as one of the best [[2000s in film|films of the 2000s]].<ref name="Metadecade">{{Cite web |last=Dietz|first=Jason|date=3 January 2010 |title=Film Critics Pick the Best Movies of the Decade |url=https://www.metacritic.com/feature/film-critics-pick-the-best-movies-of-the-decade |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428073436/http://www.metacritic.com/feature/film-critics-pick-the-best-movies-of-the-decade |archive-date=28 April 2017 |access-date=4 September 2012 |publisher=[[Metacritic]]}}</ref> In 2001, Nolan and Emma Thomas founded the production company [[Syncopy Inc.]]<ref name="syncopy"/>{{efn|The name of the company is derived from [[Syncope (medicine)|syncope]], a medical term for fainting. [[Sorcha Ní Fhlainn]], a lecturer specialising in film studies, alluded this wordplay to Nolan's style of "disorientation" in his work. She also associated the name with synthetic and philosopher [[Jean Baudrillard]]'s [[treatise]] ''[[Simulacra and Simulation]]''.{{sfn|Ní Fhlainn|2015|p=161}}}}

Impressed by his work on ''Memento'', filmmaker [[Steven Soderbergh]] recommended Nolan to [[Warner Bros.]] to direct the [[psychological thriller]] ''[[Insomnia (2002 film)|Insomnia]]'' (2002), although the studio initially wanted a more seasoned director.{{sfn|deWaard|Tait|2013|p=49}} A remake of the 1997 [[Insomnia (1997 film)|Norwegian thriller of the same name]], the film is viewed as "the outlier of Nolan's filmography" due to its perceived lack of unconventionality he is known for.{{sfn|Nathan|2022|p=50}} Starring [[Al Pacino]], [[Robin Williams]] and [[Hilary Swank]],{{sfn|Shone|2020|p=442}} ''Insomnia'' follows two Los Angeles detectives sent to a northern Alaskan town to investigate the murder of a local teenager. It received positive reviews from critics and earned $113{{nbsp}}million against a budget of $46{{nbsp}}million.<ref>{{Cite web |title=''Insomnia'' |date=24 May 2002 |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1114154-insomnia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100802163407/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1114154-insomnia/ |archive-date=2 August 2010 |access-date=18 January 2014 |publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=''Insomnia'' |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=insomnia.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100808004401/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=insomnia.htm |archive-date=8 August 2010 |access-date=18 January 2014 |publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]]}}</ref> Film critic [[Roger Ebert]] praised the film for introducing new perspectives and ideas on the issues of morality and guilt, adding, "Unlike most remakes, the Nolan ''Insomnia'' is not a pale retread, but a re-examination of the material, like a new production of a good play."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ebert |first=Roger |date=24 May 2002 |title=''Insomnia'' review |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/insomnia-2002 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213010524/http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/insomnia-2002 |archive-date=13 February 2015 |access-date=18 February 2015 |work=RogerEbert.com|author-link=Roger Ebert}}</ref> [[Richard Schickel]] of ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' deemed ''Insomnia'' a "worthy successor" to ''Memento'' and "a triumph of atmosphere over a none-too-mysterious mystery".<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Schickel |first=Richard |author-link=Richard Schickel|date=19 May 2002 |title=Sleepless in Alaska |url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,238623,00.html |url-status=live |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113065714/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,238623,00.html |archive-date=13 January 2015 |access-date=16 February 2015}}</ref>

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In early 2003, Nolan approached Warner Bros. with the idea of making a new [[Batman]] film, based on the character's origin story.<ref name="bb-latimes">{{Cite news |last=Greenberg |first=James |date=8 May 2005 |title=Rescuing Batman |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2005-may-08-ca-batman8-story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217132113/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2005-may-08-ca-batman8-story.html |archive-date=17 December 2019 |access-date=17 December 2019 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> Nolan was fascinated by the notion of grounding it in a more realistic world than a comic-book fantasy.{{sfn|Nathan|2022|pp=73–75}} He relied heavily on traditional [[stunt]]s and [[miniature effect]]s during filming, with minimal use of [[computer-generated imagery]] (CGI).{{sfn|Nathan|2022|p=69}} ''[[Batman Begins]]'' (2005), the biggest project Nolan had undertaken to that point,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Foundas |first=Scott |title=Christopher Nolan looks back over the ''Dark Knight'' trilogy in this extended interview |url=http://filmcomment.com/article/cinematic-faith-christopher-nolan-scott-foundas |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820002832/https://www.filmcomment.com/article/cinematic-faith-christopher-nolan-scott-foundas/ |archive-date=20 August 2017 |access-date=27 June 2013 |work=Film Comment}}</ref> was released to critical acclaim and commercial success.<ref>{{Cite web |title=''Batman Begins''|date=15 June 2005 |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/batman_begins/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180115152611/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/batman_begins/ |archive-date=15 January 2018 |access-date=18 January 2014 |publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Starring [[Christian Bale]] as [[Bruce Wayne (Dark Knight trilogy)|Bruce Wayne / Batman]]—along with [[Michael Caine]], [[Gary Oldman]], [[Morgan Freeman]] and [[Liam Neeson]]—''Batman Begins'' revived the franchise.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sims|first=David|title=The Complicated Legacy of ''Batman Begins'' |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2015/06/the-complicated-legacy-of-batman-begins/395477/|date=10 June 2015 |url-status=live |work=[[The Atlantic]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150611041139/http://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2015/06/the-complicated-legacy-of-batman-begins/395477/ |archive-date=11 June 2015 |access-date=10 June 2015|url-access=subscription}} {{subscription required}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |first=Shawn|last= Adler |date=14 August 2008 |title=He-Man' Movie Will Go Realistic: 'We're Not Talking About Putting Nipples on the Trapjaw Suit |url=http://moviesblog.mtv.com/2008/08/14/he-man-movie-will-go-realistic-were-not-talking-about-putting-nipples-on-the-trapjaw-suit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080902155525/http://moviesblog.mtv.com/2008/08/14/he-man-movie-will-go-realistic-were-not-talking-about-putting-nipples-on-the-trapjaw-suit |archive-date=2 September 2008 |access-date=8 April 2013|publisher=[[MTV]]}}</ref> ''Batman Begins'' was 2005's ninth-highest-grossing film and was praised for its psychological depth and contemporary relevance;<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=2005 Worldwide Box Office |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/year/world/2005/?ref_=bo_cso_table_1 |publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]] |access-date=13 December 2022 |archive-date=7 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707054520/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/yearly/chart/?view2=worldwide&yr=2005&p=.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Christopher Nolan Season at BFI Southbank in July 2012 |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/sites/bfi.org.uk/files/downloads/bfi-press-release-christopher-nolan-season-at-bfi-southbank-in-july-2012-06-06.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304093423/http://www.bfi.org.uk/sites/bfi.org.uk/files/downloads/bfi-press-release-christopher-nolan-season-at-bfi-southbank-in-july-2012-06-06.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=31 March 2014 |publisher=[[British Film Institute]]}}</ref> it is cited as one of the most influential films of the 2000s.<ref>{{cite web|last=Rothman|first=Michael|title=''Batman Begins'': 5 Ways the Movie Changed Hollywood|publisher=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]|date=16 June 2019|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/batman-begins-ways-movie-changed-hollywood/story?id=31802311|access-date=3 December 2022|archive-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726151554/https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/batman-begins-ways-movie-changed-hollywood/story?id=31802311|url-status=live}}</ref> Film author Ian Nathan wrote that within five years of his career, Nolan "[went] from unknown to indie darling to gaining creative control over one of the biggest properties in Hollywood, and (perhaps unwittingly) fomenting the genre that would redefine the entire industry".{{sfn|Nathan|2022|pp=58–59}}

Nolan directed, co-wrote and produced ''[[The Prestige (film)|The Prestige]]'' (2006), an adaptation of [[The Prestige|the Christopher Priest novel]] about two rival 19th-century magicians.{{sfn|Nathan|2022|p=78}} The screenplay was the result of an intermittent, five-year collaboration between him and his brother Jonathan, who had begun writing it already in 2001. Nolan initially intended to make the film as early as 2003, but had postponed the project after agreeing to make ''Batman Begins''.{{sfn|Nathan|2022|p=79}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Fleming|first=Michael|date=16 April 2003|title=Nolan wants 'Prestige' |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |url=https://variety.com/2003/film/news/nolan-wants-prestige-1117884751 |url-status=live |access-date=9 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005094256/http://variety.com/2003/film/news/nolan-wants-prestige-1117884751/ |archive-date=5 October 2013}}</ref> Starring [[Hugh Jackman]] and Christian Bale in the lead roles of rival magicians, ''The Prestige'' received critical acclaim and received two Academy Award nominations.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Child |first1=Ben |title=Prestige novelist: Christopher Nolan's Batman movies 'boring and pretentious' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2014/nov/28/prestige-novelist-christopher-nolans-batman-movies-boring-and-pretentious |access-date=13 December 2022 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=28 November 2014 |archive-date=13 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213170546/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2014/nov/28/prestige-novelist-christopher-nolans-batman-movies-boring-and-pretentious |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Oscars 2007: full list of winners and nominees |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2007/feb/26/awardsandprizes.oscars2007|date=26 February 2007 |url-status=live |access-date=26 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815183501/https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2007/feb/26/awardsandprizes.oscars2007 |archive-date=15 August 2017}}</ref> Roger Ebert described it as "quite a movie{{snd}}atmospheric, obsessive, almost satanic",<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ebert|first=Roger |title=Now you see him...now you see him! |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-prestige-2007 |date=6 September 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203004736/http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-prestige-2007 |archive-date=3 February 2014 |access-date=18 January 2014 |work=RogerEbert.com|author-link=Roger Ebert}}</ref> and [[Kenneth Turan]] of the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' called it an "ambitious, unnerving melodrama".<ref>{{Cite news |first=Kenneth |last=Turan|author-link=Kenneth Turan|title=They've got something up their sleeves |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=https://articleswww.latimes.com/2006archives/la-xpm-2006-oct/-20/entertainment/-et-prestige20-story.html|date=20 October 2006 |url-status=live |access-date=23 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814051743/http://articles.latimes.com/2006/oct/20/entertainment/et-prestige20 |archive-date=14 August 2016}}</ref> ''[[The Guardian]]''{{'s}} [[Philip French]] wrote: "In addition to the intellectual or philosophical excitement it engenders, ''The Prestige'' is gripping, suspenseful, mysterious, moving and often darkly funny."<ref>{{Cite news|last=French|first=Philip |author-link=Philip French|title=''The Prestige'' |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2006/nov/12/drama.sciencefictionandfantasy |url-status=live |access-date=27 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221084521/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2006/nov/12/drama.sciencefictionandfantasy |archive-date=21 December 2016|date=12 November 2006}}</ref> Despite a negative box-office prognosis, the film earned over $109{{nbsp}}million against a budget of $40{{nbsp}}million.{{sfn|Nathan|2022|pp=85, 94–95}}

[[File:The Dark Knight European Premier - Leicester square2.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|left|Nolan (left) with the cast and crew of ''[[The Dark Knight]]'' at the 2008 European premiere in London|alt=Christopher Nolan speaking to the mic while four people are standing behind him]]

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[[File:ChrisNolanBFI150224 (10 of 12) (53532289710) (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|left|Nolan at [[BFI Southbank]] in 2024]]

Nolan's 12th film was ''[[Oppenheimer (film)|Oppenheimer]]'' (2023), a biopic based on [[J. Robert Oppenheimer]] (played by [[Cillian Murphy]]) and his role in the development of the [[atom bomb]].{{sfn|Nathan|2022|p=216}} It was Nolan's first [[Motion Picture Association film rating system|R-rated]] film since ''Insomnia'' (2002).<ref>{{cite web|author=Lupton, Drake|date=2 June 2023|url=https://collider.com/christopher-nolan-oppenheimer-release-date-cast-filming/|title=''Oppenheimer'': Release Date, Cast, Trailer, and Everything We Know About Christopher Nolan's New Movie|publisher=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]|access-date=16 June 2023|archive-date=15 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230615212205/https://collider.com/christopher-nolan-oppenheimer-release-date-cast-filming/|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was financed and distributed by [[Universal Pictures]], making it Nolan's first since ''Memento'' that was not made for Warner Bros. He disagreed with Warner Bros.' decision to simultaneously release their films in theatres and on [[HBO Max]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Starkey |first1=Adam |title=Here's what we know about Christopher Nolan's ''Oppenheimer'' |url=https://www.nme.com/features/film-features/oppenheimer-christopher-nolan-new-film-release-date-plot-cast-explained-3282604 |access-date=23 December 2022 |work=[[NME]] |date=19 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805101035/https://www.nme.com/features/film-features/oppenheimer-christopher-nolan-new-film-release-date-plot-cast-explained-3282604 |archive-date=5 August 2022}}</ref> Nolan secured the deal with Universal after he was promised a production budget of around $100&nbsp;million with an equal marketing budget, total creative control, 20 per cent of [[first-dollar gross]], a 100-day theatrical window and a blackout period from the studio wherein the company would not release another film three weeks before or after ''Oppenheimer''{{'s}} release.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kit|first=Borys|date=15 September 2021 |title=Inside the Studios' (and Apple's) Frenzy to Get Christopher Nolan's Next Film |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/christopher-nolan-pitch-to-studios-including-apple-seeking-his-next-film-1235014132/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915154038/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/christopher-nolan-pitch-to-studios-including-apple-seeking-his-next-film-1235014132/ |archive-date=15 September 2021 |access-date=16 September 2021 |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> The film received critical acclaim.<ref>{{cite web |title=''Oppenheimer'' |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/oppenheimer_2023 |publisher=Rotten Tomatoes |access-date=20 July 2023 |archive-date=19 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719190500/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/oppenheimer_2023 |url-status=live }}</ref> Matthew Jackson of ''[[The A.V. Club]]'' wrote, "''Oppenheimer'' deserves the title of masterpiece. It's Christopher Nolan's best film so far, a step up to a new level for one of our finest filmmakers, and a movie that burns itself into your brain."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jackson |first1=Matthew |title=''Oppenheimer'' review: Christopher Nolan delivers his masterpiece |url=https://www.avclub.com/a-review-of-christopher-nolans-oppenheimer-1850654105 |work=[[The A.V. Club]] |date=19 July 2023 |access-date=20 July 2023 |archive-date=20 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720064141/https://www.avclub.com/a-review-of-christopher-nolans-oppenheimer-1850654105 |url-status=live }}</ref> Terming it "boldly imaginative and [Nolan's] most mature work yet", [[BBC Culture]]'s [[Caryn James]] added that it combined the "explosive, commercially-enticing action of ''The Dark Knight'' trilogy" with the "cerebral underpinnings" of ''Memento'', ''Inception'' and ''Tenet''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=James |first=Caryn |author-link=Caryn James|date=19 July 2023 |title=Oppenheimer review: A "magnificent" story of a tragic American genius |publisher=[[BBC Culture]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20230719-a-magnificent-story-of-a-tragic-american-genius |url-status=live |access-date=21 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719222320/https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20230719-a-magnificent-story-of-a-tragic-american-genius |archive-date=19 July 2023}}</ref> ''Oppenheimer'' grossed over $960975{{nbsp}}million worldwide, making it the [[2023 in film#Highest-grossing films|third-highest-grossing film of 2023]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Top 2023 Movies at the Worldwide Box Office |url=https://www.the-numbers.com/box-office-records/worldwide/all-movies/cumulative/released-in-2023 |publisher=[[The Numbers (website)|The Numbers]] |access-date=26 August 2023 |archive-date=5 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105203535/https://www.the-numbers.com/box-office-records/worldwide/all-movies/cumulative/released-in-2023 |url-status=live }}</ref> Among the film's [[List of accolades received by Oppenheimer (film)|numerous accolades]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gonzalez |first=Shivani |date=7 January 2024 |title=Golden Globes Winners 2024: The Complete List |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/07/movies/golden-globes-winners-list.html |access-date=8 January 2024 |work=[[The New York Times]] |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=8 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108000129/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/07/movies/golden-globes-winners-list.html/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Yossman |first1=K. J. |last2=Shafer |first2=Ellise |title=BAFTA Film Awards 2024 Winners List (Updating Live) |url=https://variety.com/2024/film/awards/bafta-film-awards-2024-winners-list-1235913491/ |access-date=18 February 2024 |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=18 February 2024 |archive-date=18 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240218173615/https://variety.com/2024/film/awards/bafta-film-awards-2024-winners-list-1235913491/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Nolan won the Academy Awards for Best Director and Best Picture.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Barnes |first=Brooks |date=10 March 2024 |title=Oscars 2024 Highlights: 'Oppenheimer' Wins Best Picture, and Emma Stone Wins Best Actress for 'Poor Things' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2024/03/10/movies/oscars-academy-awards |access-date=10 March 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=10 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310213033/https://www.nytimes.com/live/2024/03/10/movies/oscars-academy-awards |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Personal life and public image ==

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** {{harvc |last=Ní Fhlainn |first=Sorcha |chapter='You keep telling yourself what you know, but what do you believe?': Cultural Spin, Puzzle Films and Mind Games in the Cinema of Christopher Nolan |pages=147–163 |in1=Furby |in2=Joy |year=2015 }}

* {{cite book |last1=Goh |first1=Robbie B. H. |title=Christopher Nolan: Filmmaker and Philosopher |year=2022 |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]] |isbn=978-1-3501-3996-1 <!--|chapter=Christopher Nolan as filmmaker and philosopher: Themes, methods and influences|pages=1–20-->}}

* {{cite journal |last1=James |first1=Oliver |last2=von Tunzelmann |first2=Eugénie |last3=Franklin |first3=Paul |last4=Thorne |first4=Kip S. |author3-link=Paul Franklin (visual effects supervisor) |author4-link=Kip Thorne |year=2015a |title=Gravitational lensing by spinning black holes in astrophysics, and in the movie Interstellar |journal=[[Classical and Quantum Gravity]] |publisher=[[IOP Publishing]] |volume=32 |issue=6 |pages=065001 |doi=10.1088/0264-9381/32/6/065001 |arxiv=1502.03808 |bibcode=2015CQGra..32f5001J |s2cid=3415942 |ref={{harvid|James et al.|2015a}} |url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0264-9381/32/6/065001/pdf |format=PDF |access-date=30 December 2022 |archive-date=30 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230195500/https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0264-9381/32/6/065001/pdf |url-status=live | issn = 0264-9381 }}

* {{cite journal |last1=James |first1=Oliver |last2=von Tunzelmann |first2=Eugénie |last3=Franklin |first3=Paul |last4=Thorne |first4=Kip S. |author3-link=Paul Franklin (visual effects supervisor) |author4-link=Kip Thorne |year=2015b |title=Visualizing Interstellar's Wormhole |journal=[[American Journal of Physics]] |publisher=[[American Association of Physics Teachers]] |format=PDF |volume=83 |issue=6 |pages=486–499 |doi=10.1119/1.4916949 |arxiv=1502.03809 |bibcode=2015AmJPh..83..486J |s2cid=37645924 |ref={{harvid|James et al.|2015b}} |url=https://aapt.scitation.org/doi/pdf/10.1119/1.4916949 |access-date=8 December 2022 |archive-date=8 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208182118/https://aapt.scitation.org/doi/pdf/10.1119/1.4916949 |url-status=live }}

* {{cite book |last1=Johnson |first1=David Kyle |chapter=Inception as Philosophy: Choose Your Dreams or Seek Reality |title=The Palgrave Handbook of Popular Culture as Philosophy |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] |date=2020 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-97134-6_5-1|author-link=David Kyle Johnson|isbn=978-3-319-97134-6|s2cid=213244862 }}

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