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Over the course of late prehistory, millions of shell beads were manufactured and traded from Santa Cruz Island. It has been suggested that exclusive control over stone quarries used to manufacture the drills needed in bead production could have played a role in the development of social complexity in Chumash society.<ref name="Arnold 2001" />
The bead-making industry was categorized intoinvolved two differentdistinct craft specializations: thatthe consistedproduction of tools used to make beads and the productionactual manufacturing of the beads themselves.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gamble |first=Lynn H. |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/j.ctt1ppr4x |title=The Chumash World at European Contact: Power, Trade, and Feasting Among Complex Hunter-Gatherers |date=2008 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-25441-1 |edition=1 |jstor=10.1525/j.ctt1ppr4x }}</ref> ChertCentral isto this industry was [[chert]], a hard, fine-grained sedimentary rock. Micro-bladeThe isChumash thecrafted waysmall thatflakes theof toolschert areinto made[[Microblade outtechnology|microblades]], overwhich smallwere flakes.essential Thefor drilltheir technologybead isproduction. theThese toolmicroblades thatwere wasthen neededused to makecreate drills, the holestools innecessary thefor piecesmaking ofholes shellin toshells, turntransforming them into beads. The chert (sedimentary rock) was used to createThus, chert microlithic tools whichplayed werea usedcrucial forrole in the shellbead-making productionprocess.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Arnold |first=Jeanne E. |date=1990 |title=Lithic Resource Control and Economic Change in the Santa Barbara Channel Region |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27825420 |journal=Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=158–172 |jstor=27825420 |issn=0191-3557}}</ref>
The regional diversity present within the Chumash territory spawned an intricate trade system connecting the island, coastal, and mainland groups. The villages of Xaxas and Muwu emerged as the most important trade hubs for the Chumash people. Their positioning relative to coastal and mainland trade routes and resources made these villages particularly powerful within the Chumash trade ecosystem.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Perry |first1=Jennifer |last2=Delaney-Rivera |first2=Colleen |date=April 2011 |title=Interactions and Interiors of the Coastal Chumash |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1179/cal.2011.3.1.103 |journal=California Archaeology |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=103–126 |doi=10.1179/cal.2011.3.1.103 |issn=1947-461X}}</ref>
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