Clostridioides difficile infection: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia

'''''Clostridioides difficile'' infection'''<ref>Taxonomy. Lawson et al (2016). NCBI. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=1496&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock</ref> ('''CDI''' or '''C-diff'''), also known as '''''Clostridium difficile'' infection''', is a symptomatic [[infection]] due to the [[bacterial spores|spore]]-forming bacterium ''[[Clostridioides difficile]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Di Bella |first=Stefano |last2=Sanson |first2=Gianfranco |last3=Monticelli |first3=Jacopo |last4=Zerbato |first4=Verena |last5=Principe |first5=Luigi |last6=Giuffrè |first6=Mauro |last7=Pipitone |first7=Giuseppe |last8=Luzzati |first8=Roberto |date=2024-02-29 |title=Clostridioides difficile infection: history, epidemiology, risk factors, prevention, clinical manifestations, treatment, and future options |url=https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/cmr.00135-23 |journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews |language=en |doi=10.1128/cmr.00135-23 |issn=0893-8512}}</ref> Symptoms include watery [[diarrhea]], fever, nausea, and [[abdominal pain]].<ref name="CDC2012" /> It makes up about 20% of cases of [[antibiotic-associated diarrhea]].<ref name="CDC2012" /> Antibiotics can contribute to detrimental changes in [[gut microbiota]]; specifically, they decrease short-chain fatty acid absorption which results in osmotic, or watery, diarrhea.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mullish BH, Williams HR | title = ''Clostridium difficile'' infection and antibiotic-associated diarrhoea | journal = Clinical Medicine | volume = 18 | issue = 3 | pages = 237–241 | date = June 2018 | pmid = 29858434 | pmc = 6334067 | doi = 10.7861/clinmedicine.18-3-237 }}</ref> Complications may include [[colitis#Infectious|pseudomembranous colitis]], [[toxic megacolon]], [[perforation of the colon]], and [[sepsis]].<ref name="CDC2012" />▼

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▲'''''Clostridioides difficile'' infection'''<ref>Taxonomy. Lawson et al (2016). NCBI. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=1496&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock</ref> ('''CDI''' or '''C-diff'''), also known as '''''Clostridium difficile'' infection''', is a symptomatic [[infection]] due to the [[bacterial spores|spore]]-forming bacterium ''[[Clostridioides difficile]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Di Bella |first=Stefano |last2=Sanson |first2=Gianfranco |last3=Monticelli |first3=Jacopo |last4=Zerbato |first4=Verena |last5=Principe |first5=Luigi |last6=Giuffrè |first6=Mauro |last7=Pipitone |first7=Giuseppe |last8=Luzzati |first8=Roberto |date=2024-02-29 |title=Clostridioides difficile infection: history, epidemiology, risk factors, prevention, clinical manifestations, treatment, and future options |url=https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/cmr.00135-23 |journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews |language=en |doi=10.1128/cmr.00135-23 |issn=0893-8512}}</ref> Symptoms include watery [[diarrhea]], fever, nausea, and [[abdominal pain]].<ref name=CDC2012/> It makes up about 20% of cases of [[antibiotic-associated diarrhea]].<ref name=CDC2012/> Antibiotics can contribute to detrimental changes in [[gut microbiota]]; specifically, they decrease short-chain fatty acid absorption which results in osmotic, or watery, diarrhea.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mullish BH, Williams HR | title = ''Clostridium difficile'' infection and antibiotic-associated diarrhoea | journal = Clinical Medicine | volume = 18 | issue = 3 | pages = 237–241 | date = June 2018 | pmid = 29858434 | pmc = 6334067 | doi = 10.7861/clinmedicine.18-3-237 }}</ref> Complications may include [[colitis#Infectious|pseudomembranous colitis]], [[toxic megacolon]], [[perforation of the colon]], and [[sepsis]].<ref name=CDC2012/>

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''Clostridioides difficile'' infection is spread by bacterial spores found within [[feces]].<ref name=CDC2012/> Surfaces may become contaminated with the spores with further spread occurring via the hands of healthcare workers.<ref name=CDC2012/> Risk factors for infection include [[antibiotic]] or [[proton pump inhibitor]] use, hospitalization, hypoalbuminemia,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = di Masi A, Leboffe L, Polticelli F, Tonon F, Zennaro C, Caterino M, Stano P, Fischer S, Hägele M, Müller M, Kleger A, Papatheodorou P, Nocca G, Arcovito A, Gori A, Ruoppolo M, Barth H, Petrosillo N, Ascenzi P, Di Bella S | title = Human Serum Albumin Is an Essential Component of the Host Defense Mechanism Against Clostridium difficile Intoxication | journal = The Journal of Infectious Diseases | volume = 218 | issue = 9 | pages = 1424–1435 | date = September 2018 | pmid = 29868851 | doi = 10.1093/infdis/jiy338 | doi-access = free }}</ref> other health problems, and older age.<ref name=CDC2012/> Diagnosis is by [[stool culture]] or testing for the bacteria's [[DNA]] or [[toxins]].<ref name=CDC2012/> If a person tests positive but has no symptoms, the condition is known as ''C. difficile'' [[Colonisation (biology)|colonization]] rather than an infection.<ref name=CDC2012>{{cite web|title=Frequently Asked Questions about Clostridium difficile for Healthcare Providers|url=https://www.cdc.gov/HAI/organisms/cdiff/Cdiff_faqs_HCP.html|website=CDC|access-date=5 September 2016|date=March 6, 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160902025954/http://www.cdc.gov/hai/organisms/cdiff/cdiff_faqs_hcp.html|archive-date=2 September 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>