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{{Mainwiktionary|Anarcho-collectivism}}▼
{{short description|Cultural value or system}}
'''[[Collectivism]]''' is the type of social organization.
{{distinguish|Collecting|Collectives}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
'''Collectivism''' is a value that is characterized by emphasis on [[Group cohesiveness|cohesiveness]] among individuals and prioritization of the group over the individual. Individuals or groups that subscribe to a collectivist worldview tend to find common values and goals particularly salient<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Schwartz|first=S. H.|date=1990|title=Individualism–collectivism: Critique and proposed refinements|journal=Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology|volume=21|issue=2|pages=139–157|doi=10.1177/0022022190212001|s2cid=146606056}}</ref> and demonstrate greater orientation toward [[Ingroups and outgroups|in-group]] than toward out-group.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Oyserman|first=D.|date=1993|title=The lens of personhood: Viewing the self, others, and conflict in a multicultural society|journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology|volume=65|issue=5|pages=993–1009|doi=10.1037/0022-3514.65.5.993|hdl=2027.42/89930|hdl-access=free}}</ref> The term "in-group" is thought to be defined more diffusely for collectivist individuals to include societal units ranging from the nuclear family to a religious or racial/ethnic group.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hui|first=C. H.|date=1988|title=Measurement of individualism–collectivism|journal=Journal of Research in Personality|volume=22|pages=17–36|doi=10.1016/0092-6566(88)90022-0}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Individualism and Collectivism|last=Triandis|first=H. C.|publisher=Westview Press|year=1995|location=Boulder, CO}}{{ISBN?}}{{Page needed|date=March 2022}}</ref> In a collectivist society, individuals tend to see their personal goals as less important in comparison to the goals of their societies as a collective body.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Westjohn |first=Stanford A. |last2=Magnusson |first2=Peter |last3=Franke |first3=George R. |last4=Peng |first4=Yi |date=March 2022 |title=Trust Propensity Across Cultures: The Role of Collectivism |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1069031X211036688 |journal=Journal of International Marketing |language=en |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=1–17 |doi=10.1177/1069031X211036688 |issn=1069-031X}}</ref> In addition, in the collectivist perspective, individuals focus on creating a sense of security that is developed by having strong groups and family ties.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wang |first=Haobi |last2=Lou |first2=Xiaobin |date=January 2022 |title=A meta-analysis on the social relationship outcome of being compassionate towards oneself: The moderating role of individualism-collectivism |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0191886921005419 |journal=Personality and Individual Differences |language=en |volume=184 |pages=111162 |doi=10.1016/j.paid.2021.111162}}</ref>
'''Collectivism''' may also refer to:
Throughout society, there have been many contributions that have aided in the early development of the ideas of collectivism. The idea came about through the communalism of small villages and religious groups. In turn, these collectivist developments have led to different beliefs and ideologies that make up the term collectivism as a whole.
* [[Bureaucratic collectivism]], a theory of class society which is used to describe the [[Soviet Union]] under [[Joseph Stalin]]
* [[Collectivist anarchism]], a socialist doctrine in which the workers own and manage the production
== Origin ==
* [[Collectivism (art)]], art which is created by a group of people rather than an individual
The German sociologist [[Ferdinand Tönnies]] described an early model of collectivism and [[individualism]] using the terms ''Gemeinschaft'' (community) and ''Gesellschaft'' (society).<ref>{{Cite book|title=Community and association| author = F. Tönnies |publisher=Harper Torchbooks | year=1957}}{{ISBN?}}{{page needed|date=March 2022}}</ref> ''Gemeinschaft'' relationships, in which communalism is prioritized, were thought to be characteristic of small, rural village communities. An anthropologist, Redfield (1941) echoed this notion in work contrasting folk society with urban society.<ref>{{Cite book|title= The folk culture of Yucatán|first=Robert|last=Redfield |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=1941}}{{ISBN?}}{{page needed|date=March 2022}}</ref>
* [[Communitarianism]], a political position that emphasizes the importance of the community over the individual or attempts to integrate the two
* [[Corporatism]], a political ideology in which groups, rather than individuals, are the building blocks of society
[[Max Weber]] (1930) contrasted collectivism and individualism through the lens of religion, believing that Protestants were more individualistic and self-reliant compared to Catholics, who endorsed hierarchical, interdependent relationships among people.<ref>{{Cite book|title= The Protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism| author = M. Weber |publisher= Routledge|year=1930|location=New York}}{{ISBN?}}{{page needed|date=March 2022}}</ref> [[Geert Hofstede]] (1980) was highly influential in ushering in an era of cross-cultural research making comparisons along the dimension of collectivism versus individualism. Hofstede conceptualized collectivism and individualism as part of a single continuum, with each cultural construct representing an opposite pole. The author characterized individuals that endorsed a high degree of collectivism as being embedded in their social contexts and prioritizing communal goals over individual goals.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Culture's consequences|last=Hofstede|first=G.|publisher=Sage|year=1980|location=Beverly Hills}}{{ISBN?}}{{page needed|date=March 2022}}</ref>
Hofstede insights describes collectivism as:
"Collectivism, represents a preference for a tightly-knit framework in society in which individuals can expect their relatives or members of a particular ingroup to look after them in exchange for unquestioning loyalty."<ref name="Insights">{{cite web | last=Insights | first=Hofstede | title=National Culture | website=hi.hofstede-insights.com | url=https://hi.hofstede-insights.com/national-culture | access-date=2021-10-26}}</ref>
== Historical perspectives ==
=== Marxism–Leninism ===
{{Socialism sidebar}}{{Main|New Soviet man}}
Collectivism was an important part of [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist–Leninist]] ideology in the [[Soviet Union]], where it played a key part in forming the New Soviet man, willingly sacrificing his or her life for the good of the collective. Terms such as "collective" and "the masses" were frequently used in the official language and praised in [[agitprop]] literature, for example by [[Vladimir Mayakovsky]] (''Who needs a "1"'') and [[Bertolt Brecht]] ([[The Decision (play)|The Decision]], [[Man Equals Man]]).<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia|last=Overy|first=Richard|year=2004|isbn=978-039302030-4|pages=[https://archive.org/details/dictators00rich/page/301 301]|url=https://archive.org/details/dictators00rich/page/301}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Horn|first=Eva|date=2006|title=Actors/Agents: Bertolt Brecht and the Politics of Secrecy|journal=Grey Room|volume=24|pages=38–55|doi=10.1162/grey.2006.1.24.38|s2cid=57572547}}</ref>
Both Marx and Lenin had strong ideas centered around collectivism. Lenin thought the working-class people from all over the world needed to help each other out. He pushed the idea of the working-class working together as a whole, regardless of boarders. That the proletariat of one country should help the proletariat of another. This is also why he was so upset when he was told the news of the first world war beginning and was so angry with the socialists of other countries for supporting it <ref>{{Cite book |last=Kishtainy |first=Niall |title=A Little History of Economics |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2017 |isbn=9780300206364 |location=New Haven |language=English}}</ref>. Lenin wanted everyone to be on the same page to work towards the goal of forming a more collectivist Russia. Nearly all his ideas were strictly collectivist centered. Lenin was very much against individualism, as he was an anti-capitalist. He criticized placing too much importance on free enterprise and trade as well <ref>{{Cite web |title=On Cooperation |url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1923/jan/06.htm |access-date=2022-04-15 |website=www.marxists.org}}</ref>. Lenin was a collectivist through and through, as it goes hand and hand with the nature of socialism. He had lots of strong views in collectivism and very little concerning individualistic views. Marx was for “no private ownership of land [and] no right of inheritance,” which are two very individualistic ideas <ref>{{Cite book |last=Warsh |first=David |title=Knowledge and the Wealth of Nations |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-393-06636-4 |language=English}}</ref>. Lenin’s biggest issues with individualism lied within capitalism and private property rights. Their disdain toward capitalism and property rights alone can sum up how they view the concept of individualism. His collectivist thoughts are shown plainly in this belief that he saw it was necessary for people to work together, collectively, towards a society consisting of these worker-owned firms, the cooperatives. According to Lenin, the Russian people were not making a strong enough effort to help build cooperatives and accused them of not taking advantage of the progress they made <ref>{{Cite web |title=On Cooperation |url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1923/jan/06.htm |access-date=2022-04-15 |website=www.marxists.org}}</ref>.
=== Anarcho-collectivism ===
▲{{Main|Anarcho-collectivism}}
Anarcho-collectivism deals with collectivism in a decentralized [[anarchism|anarchistic]] system, in which people are paid off their [[surplus labor]]. Collectivist anarchism is contrasted with [[anarcho-communism]], where wages would be abolished and where individuals would take freely from a storehouse of goods "[[to each according to his need]]". It is most commonly associated with [[Mikhail Bakunin]], the [[anti-authoritarian]] sections of the [[International Workingmen's Association]] and the early [[Anarchism in Spain|Spanish anarchist movement]].<ref>Blonna, Alex (1977). ''Marxism and Anarchist Collectivism in the International Workingman's Association, 1864–1872''. Blonna.{{ISBN?}}{{page needed|date=March 2022}}</ref><ref>Esenwein, George Richard (1989). ''Anarchist Ideology and the Working-class Movement in Spain, 1868–1898''. University of California Press. p. 110. {{ISBN|978-0520063983}}.</ref><ref>Martin, Benjamin (1990). ''The Agony of Modernization: Labor and Industrialization in Spain''. Cornell University Press. p. 88. {{ISBN|978-0875461656}}.</ref><ref>Ackelsberg, Martha A. (1991) [2005]. ''[[Free Women of Spain: Anarchism and the Struggle for the Emancipation of Women]]''. AK Press. p. 61. {{ISBN|978-1902593968}}.</ref><ref>Turcato, Davide. ''Making Sense of Anarchism: Errico Malatesta's Experiments with Revolution, 1889–1900''. Palgrave Macmillan. {{ISBN|978-0230301795}}, {{oclc|915485427}}{{page needed|date=March 2022}}</ref>
=== Corporatism ===
{{Main|Corporatism}}
[[Corporatism]] is sometimes seen as an ideology which relies on collectivist co-operation as one of its central components. The term is derived from the Latin ''corpus'', or "[[human body]]", which in this case means that society should function like unto a body, through the means of loyalty to an individual's in-group or ''corpus''. Collective bargaining is one example of corporatist economic principles.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Calmfors|first1=Lars|last2=Driffill|first2=John|last3=Honkapohja|first3=Seppo|last4=Giavazzi|first4=Francesco|date=April 1988|title=Bargaining Structure, Corporatism and Macroeconomic Performance|journal=Economic Policy|volume=3|issue=6|pages=13|doi=10.2307/1344503|jstor=1344503}}</ref> Often, state-sanctioned bargaining is considered collectivist.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Grunig|first=James E.|date=January 2000|title=Collectivism, Collaboration, and Societal Corporatism as Core Professional Values in Public Relations|journal=Journal of Public Relations Research|language=en|volume=12|issue=1|pages=23–48|doi=10.1207/S1532754XJPRR1201_3|s2cid=154794020|issn=1062-726X}}</ref>
== Terminology and measurement ==
The construct of collectivism is represented in empirical literature under several different names. Most commonly, the term [[Interdependence|interdependent]] self-control is used.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S.|date=1991|title=Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation|journal=Psychological Review|volume=98|issue=2|pages=224–253|doi=10.1037/0033-295x.98.2.224|citeseerx=10.1.1.320.1159}}</ref> Other phrases used to describe the concept of collectivism-individualism include allocentrism-idiocentrism,<ref>{{Cite book|title=Allocentric vs. idiocentric social behavior: A major cultural difference between Hispanics and mainstream (Technical reports)|last=Triandis|first=H. C.|publisher=Department of Psychology, University of Illinois|year=1983|location=Champaign}}</ref> collective-private self,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Trafimow, D., [[Triandis, H. C.]], & Goto, S. G.|date=1991|title=Some tests of the distinction between the private self and the collective self|journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology|volume=60|issue=5|pages=649–665|doi=10.1037/0022-3514.60.5.649}}</ref> as well as subtypes of collectivism-individualism (meaning, vertical and horizontal subtypes).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Triandis, H. C., Bhawuk, D. P. S., & Gelfand, M. J.|date=1995|title=Horizontal and vertical dimensions of individualism and collectivism: A theoretical and measurement refinement|journal=Cross-Cultural Research|volume=29|issue=3|pages=240–275|doi=10.1177/106939719502900302|s2cid=143852368}}</ref> Inconsistent terminology is thought to account for some of the difficulty in effectively synthesizing the empirical literature on collectivism.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Taras|display-authors=et al|date=2014|title=Opposite Ends of the Same Stick? Multi-Method Test of the Dimensionality of Individualism and Collectivism|url=http://repository.bilkent.edu.tr/bitstream/11693/12980/1/6983.pdf|journal=Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology|volume=45 | issue = 2 |pages=213–245|doi=10.1177/0022022113509132|hdl=11693/12980|s2cid=9349054|hdl-access=free}}</ref>
== Collectivist Cultures ==
A large percentage of the world's population is dominated by collectivist ideologies. Societies that highly value collectivism may be characterized by being those that contain a lower level of economic wealth. Many developing nations tend to be collectivists because this is an impactful method in which members within those societies are able to grant each other an extra layer of support; which assures the population’s wellbeing.
Many countries on the South American, African, and Asian continents are strongly influenced by collectivism. For example, China is a well know collectivistic society. In China, a high value is placed on being united, and individuals are encouraged to conform; this is similar to most other collectivist countries.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ma |first=Zhenzhong |last2=Huang |first2=Yufang |last3=Wu |first3=Jie |last4=Dong |first4=Weiwei |last5=Qi |first5=Liyun |date=2014-09-02 |editor-last=Manlio Del Giudice |editor-first=Prof. |editor2-last=Vincenzo Maggioni |editor2-first=Prof. |title=What matters for knowledge sharing in collectivistic cultures? Empirical evidence from China |url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/JKM-06-2014-0252/full/html |journal=Journal of Knowledge Management |language=en |volume=18 |issue=5 |pages=1004–1019 |doi=10.1108/JKM-06-2014-0252 |issn=1367-3270}}</ref> Another collectivist country is India. In India, loyalty to one’s family is highly emphasized. Often, individuals make marital decisions based on the approval of one’s family. For example, many Indian individuals will marry a person based on their family's interest rather than their own. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shah |first=Grishma |date=2009-06-05 |title=The impact of economic globalization on work and family collectivism in India |url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/17554190911005318/full/html |journal=Journal of Indian Business Research |language=en |volume=1 |issue=2/3 |pages=95–118 |doi=10.1108/17554190911005318 |issn=1755-4195}}</ref>
== See also ==
* [[Collective responsibility]]▼
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Collective guiltfarming]], aka ''collectivization''
* [[Collective identitysecurity]]
* [[Collective leadershipownership]]
* [[Collective narcissismagreement]]
▲* [[Collective responsibility]]
* [[Communitarianism]]
* [[Cultural conservatism]]
* [[Enclosure]]
* [[Nationalism]]
* [[Social solidarity]]
{{Div col end}}
== References ==
{{reflist}}
==Further reading==
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Shearmur|first=Jeremy |author-link=Jeremy Shearmur |editor-first=Ronald |editor-last=Hamowy |editor-link=Ronald Hamowy |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism |chapter=Colectivism|chapter-url=https://sk.sagepub.com/reference/libertarianism/n52.xml|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC |doi=10.4135/9781412965811.n52 |year=2008 |publisher= [[SAGE Publications|Sage]]; [[Cato Institute]] |location= Thousand Oaks, CA |isbn= 978-1412965804 |oclc=750831024| lccn = 2008009151 |pages=78–79}}
{{Conformity}}
{{Social and political philosophy}}
{{authority control}}
{{disambiguation}}
[[Category:Collectivism| ]]
[[Category:Political theories]]
[[Category:Majority–minority relations]]
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