Constitutio Antoniniana: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia

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The '''{{lang|la|Constitutio Antoniniana}}''' ([[Latin]] for "Constitution [or Edict] of Antoninus"), also called the '''Edict of Caracalla''' or the '''Antonine Constitution''', was an [[edict]] issued in AD 212<ref>Richard Lim, "Late Antiquity," in ''The Edinburgh Companion to Ancient Greece and Rome'' ([[Edinburgh University Press]], 2010), p. 114.</ref> by the [[Roman emperor]] [[Caracalla]]. It declared that all free men in the [[Roman Empire]] were to be given full [[Roman citizenship]] (and by extension all free women in the Empire were to be given the same rights as Roman women, such as the {{lang|la|[[jus trium liberorum]]}}).

In the century before Caracalla, [[Roman citizenship]] had already lost much of its exclusiveness and become more available between the inhabitants throughout the different provinces of the [[Roman Empire]] and between nobles such as kings of client countries. Before the Edict, however; a significant number of provincials still were non-Roman citizens and held instead the [[Latin rights]]. Therefore, being a Roman citizen remained a well sought-after status till 212.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Besson |first=Arnaud |title=Citizens in the Graeco-Roman World |chapter-url=https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004352612/B9789004352612_010.xml |titlechapter=Fifty Years before the Antonine Constitution: Access to Roman Citizenship and Exclusive Rights |date=2017-01-01 |pages=199–220 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-35261-2 |language=en |doi=10.1163/9789004352612_010}}</ref> Veterans of the [[Auxilia]] were also granted Roman citizenship on discharge.

As a result, [[Roman naming conventions|vast numbers of new citizens assumed]] the nomen {{lang|la|[[Aurelia gens|Aurelius]]}}, in honour of their patron (whose full name was Marcus Aurelius Antoninus), including several emperors: seven of the eleven emperors between [[Gallienus]] and [[Diocletian]] ([[Claudius Gothicus]], [[Quintillus]], [[Probus (emperor)|Probus]], [[Carus]], [[Carinus]], [[Numerian]] and [[Maximian]]) bore the name {{lang|la|Marcus Aurelius}}.<ref name=Salway136>Salway, p.136{{full|date=May 2024}}</ref><ref name=Blanco-Pérez2021>{{cite journal |last1=Blanco-Pérez |first1=Aitor |title=Nomenclature and Dating in Roman Asia Minor: (M.) Aurelius/a and the 3 rd Century AD |journal=Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik |date=2016 |volume=199 |pages=271–293 |jstor=26603724 }}</ref>

==''Dediticii''==

{{See|Dediticii#Dediticii and the Constitutio Antoniniana}}

The one exclusion to the universal grant occurs in a vexed passage referring to {{lang|la|[[dediticii]]}}, a class of technically free people who lacked either full Roman citizenship or [[Latin rights]]. In the Imperial era, there were threetwo categories of ''dediticii'': the ''peregrini dediticii'' ("foreigners under treaty") who had surrendered; ''[[peregrini]]'' who had taken up residence in the empire; and former slaves who were designated ''libertini qui dediticiorum numero sunt,'' freedmen who were counted among the ''dediticii'' because of a penal status that denied them the citizenship usually bestowed with [[Slavery in ancient Rome#Manumission|manumission]]. The exclusion is most often taken to refer to the former slaves who had been treated as criminals by their master but for whatever reason were freed from ownership.<ref>Herbert W. Benario, "The ''Dediticii'' of the ''Constitutio Antoniniana''," pp. 188–189, 191.</ref>

== Analysis ==

The [[Roman law|Roman jurist]] [[Ulpian]] ({{circa}} 170{{snd}}223) states in the [[Digest (Roman law)|''Digest'']]: "All persons throughout the Roman world were made Roman citizens by an edict of the Emperor Antoninus Caracalla" (D. 1.5.17).

The context of the decree is still subject to discussion. According to historian and politician [[Cassius Dio]] ({{circa}} AD 155{{snd}}{{circa}} AD 235), the main reason [[Caracalla]] passed the law was to increase the number of people available to tax. In the words of Cassius Dio: "This was the reason why he made all the people in his empire Roman citizens; nominally he was honoring them, but his real purpose was to increase his revenues by this means, inasmuchin as much as aliens did not have to pay most of these taxes."<ref>[https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/78*.html Cassius Dio, ''Roman History'', book 78, chapter 9.]</ref> However, few of those that gained citizenship were wealthy, and while it is true that Rome was in a difficult financial situation, it is thought that this could not have been the sole purpose of the edict. Cassius Dio generally saw Caracalla as a bad, contemptible emperor.

Another goal may have been to increase the number of men able to serve in the legions, as only full citizens could serve as [[legionaries]] in the [[Roman army]]. In scholarly interpretations that agree with a model of moral degeneration as the reason for the fall of the Roman Empire, most famously the model followed by British historian [[Edward Gibbon]], the edict came at a cost to the auxiliaries, which primarily consisted of non-citizen men.

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In the analyses of more recent scholars, the ''Constitutio Antoniniana'' marks a major milestone in the provincialisation of Roman law, meaning that the gap between private law in the provinces and private law in Italia narrowed. This is because, in granting citizenship to all men in the provinces, much private law had to be re-written to conform with the law that applied to Roman citizens in Rome. To these scholars, it therefore also marks the beginning of a process by which imperial constitutions became the primary source of Roman law.<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Laws' Empire: Roman Universalism and Legal Practice |date=2013 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=9780748668175 |location=Edinburgh |page=87 |language=en |author1=Caroline Humfress |author-link=Caroline Humfress |title=New Frontiers: Law and Society in the Roman |editor1-last=du Plessis |editor1-first=Paul}}</ref>

[[Mary Beard (classicist)|Mary Beard]] distinguishes the history of ancient Rome up until 212 to be different to the era that follows, "effectively a new state masquerading under an old name".<ref>{{Citecite book |lastlast1=Beard |firstfirst1=Mary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x795CgAAQBAJ&newbks=0&hl=en |title=SPQR: A History of Ancient Rome |date=2015-10-20 |publisher=Profile |isbn=978-1-84765-441-0 |pagespage=530 |language=en}}</ref> [[Anthony Kaldellis]] says ''Rome'' went from an empire to a world and this decision would later underpin the enforcement of uniform religious belief.<ref>{{Citecite book |lastdoi=Kaldellis |first=Anthony |url=https:10.1093/oso/books9780197549322.google001.com/books?id=f__CzwEACAAJ&newbks=0&hl=en0001 |title=The New Roman Empire: A History of Byzantium |date=2023-112024 |publisherlast1=OxfordKaldellis University Press|first1=Anthony |isbn=978-0-19-754935754932-32 |pages=20, 66, 71 |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==

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==External links==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120831060912/http://web.upmf-grenoble.fr/Haiti/Cours/Ak/ The Roman Law Library, incl. ''Constitutiones principis'']

* [https://www.judaism-and-rome.org/pgiss-40-and-constitutio-antoniniana P.Giss. 40 and the Constitutio Antoniniana]

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