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Line 5: The '''{{lang|la|Constitutio Antoniniana}}''' ([[Latin]] for: "Constitution [or Edict] of Antoninus") (also called the '''Edict of Caracalla''' or the '''Antonine Constitution''') was an [[edict]] issued in AD 212,<ref>"Late Antinquity" by Richard Lim in ''The Edinburgh Companion to Ancient Greece and Rome''. Edinburgh: [[Edinburgh University Press]], 2010, p. 114.</ref> by the [[Roman Emperor]] [[Caracalla]]. It declared that [[Peregrinus (Roman)|all free men]] in the [[Roman Empire]] were to be given full [[Roman citizen]]ship (by extension all free women in the Empire were to be given the same rights as Roman women, such as the {{lang|la|[[jus trium liberorum]]}}), with the exception of the {{lang|la|[[dediticii]]}}, people who had become subject to Rome through surrender in war, and freed slaves.<ref>Giessen Papyrus, 40,7-9 "I grant to all the inhabitants of the Empire the Roman citizenship and no one remains outside a civitas, with the exception of the dediticii"</ref> By the century previous to Caracalla, [[Roman citizenship]] had already lost much of its exclusiveness and become more available between the inhabitants throughout the different provinces of the [[Roman Empire]] and between nobles such as kings of client countries. Before the Edict, however; a significant number of provincials still were non-Roman citizens and held instead the [[Latin rights]]. Therefore, being a Roman citizen remained a well sought-after status till 212.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Besson |first=Arnaud |url=https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004352612/B9789004352612_010.xml |title=Fifty Years before the Antonine Constitution: Access to Roman Citizenship and Exclusive Rights |date=2017-01-01 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-35261-2 |language=en |doi=10.1163/9789004352612_010}}</ref> As a result, [[Roman naming conventions|vast numbers of new citizens assumed]] the nomen {{lang|la|[[Aurelia gens|Aurelius]]}}, in honour of their patron (whose full name was Marcus Aurelius Antoninus), including several emperors: seven of the eleven emperors between [[Gallienus]] and [[Diocletian]] ([[Claudius Gothicus]], [[Quintillus]], [[Probus (emperor)|Probus]], [[Carus]], [[Carinus]], [[Numerian]] and [[Maximian]]) bore the name {{lang|la|Marcus Aurelius}}.<ref name=Salway136>Salway, p.136</ref> | |||