Corvidae: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia

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{{automatic taxobox

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'''Corvidae''' is a [[Cosmopolitan distribution|cosmopolitan]] [[Family (biology)|family]] of [[Songbird|oscine]] [[passerine]] [[bird]]s that contains the [[crow]]s, [[raven]]s, [[Rook (bird)|rooks]], [[magpie]]s, [[jackdaw]]s, [[jay]]s, [[treepie]]s, [[chough]]s, and [[Nutcracker (bird)|nutcrackers]].<ref name=madge/><ref name = robertson2000/><ref name = claytonemery2005/> In [[Colloquialism|colloquial]] English, they are known as the '''crow family''' or '''corvids'''. Currently, 135 species are included in this family. The genus ''[[Corvus]]'' containing 4750 species makes up over a third of the entire family.<ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela C. Rasmussen | date=~~January~~August ~~2023~~2024 | title=Crows, mudnesters, birds-of-paradise | work=IOC World Bird List Version 1314.12 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/crows/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=1518 ~~May~~September ~~2023~~2024 }}</ref> Corvids ([[~~Raven|ravens~~raven]]s) are the largest passerines.

Corvids display remarkable [[Animal cognition|intelligence]] for animals of their size, and are among the most [[Bird intelligence|intelligent birds]] thus far studied.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Emery|first1=N. J.|last2=Clayton|first2=Nicola S.|date=2004|title=The mentality of crows: Convergent evolution of Intelligence in corvids and apes|url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1098410|journal=Science|language=en|volume=306|issue=5703|pages=1903–1907|doi=10.1126/science.1098410|pmid=15591194 |bibcode=2004Sci...306.1903E |s2cid=9828891 |issn=0036-8075}}</ref> Specifically, members of the family have demonstrated [[self-awareness]] in [[mirror test]]s ([[Eurasian magpie]]s) and [[Tool use by animals|tool-making ability]] (e.g. crows and rooks<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8059688.stm | work=BBC News | title=Rooks reveal remarkable tool-use | date=26 May 2009 | access-date=2 April 2010}}</ref>), skills which until recently were thought to be possessed only by humans and a few other higher [[mammal]]s. Their total [[Brain–body mass ratio|brain-to-body mass ratio]] is equal to that of non-human [[Hominidae|great apes]] and [[~~Cetacea|cetaceans~~cetacea]]ns, and only slightly lower than that of humans.<ref name="birding">Birding in India and South Asia: [http://www.birding.in/birds/Passeriformes/corvidae.htm Corvidae]. Retrieved 2007-NOV-10</ref>

They are medium to large in size, with strong feet and bills, [[Beak#Rictal bristles|rictal bristles]], and a single [[Moulting|moult]] each year (most passerines moult twice). Corvids are found worldwide, except for the southern tip of [[South America]] and the polar [[~~Ice~~ice cap~~|ice caps~~]]s.<ref name = claytonemery2005/> The majority of the species are found in tropical South and [[Central America]] and in southern Asia, with fewer than 10 species each in Africa and [[Australasia]]. The genus ''Corvus'' has re-entered Australia in relatively recent geological prehistory, with five species and one subspecies there. Several species of raven have reached oceanic islands, and some of these species are now highly threatened with [[extinction]], or have already become extinct.

==Systematics, taxonomy, and evolution==

The name Corvidae for the [[family (biology)|family]] was introduced by the English zoologist [[William Elford Leach]] in a guide to the contents of the [[British Museum]] published in 1820.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Leach | first=William Elford | author-link=William Elford Leach | year=1820 | chapter=Eleventh Room | title= Synopsis of the Contents of the British Museum | volume=17 | place=London | publisher=British Museum | edition=17th| pages=67–68 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/55257928 }} The name of the author is not specified in the document.</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Bock | first=Walter J. | year=1994 | title=History and Nomenclature of Avian Family-Group Names | series=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History | volume= ~~Number~~ 222 | publisher=American Museum of Natural History | place=New York | pages=118, 222 | hdl=2246/830 }}</ref> Over the years, much disagreement has arisen on the exact evolutionary relationships of the corvid family and their relatives. What eventually seemed clear was that corvids are derived from [[Australasia]]n ancestors,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Jønsson|first1=Knud A.|last2=Fabre|first2=Pierre-Henri|last3=Ricklefs|first3=Robert E.|last4=Fjeldså|first4=Jon|date=8 February 2011|title=Major global radiation of corvoid birds originated in the proto-Papuan archipelago|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=108|issue=6|pages=2328–2333|doi=10.1073/pnas.1018956108|issn=0027-8424|pmid=21262814|pmc=3038755|bibcode=2011PNAS..108.2328J|doi-access=free}}</ref> and spread throughout the world from there. Other lineages derived from these ancestors evolved into ecologically diverse, but often Australasian, groups. In the late 1970s and throughout the 1980s, [[Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy|Sibley and Ahlquist]] united the corvids with other taxa in the [[Corvida]], based on [[DNA–DNA hybridization]]. The presumed corvid relatives included: [[currawong]]s, [[birds of paradise]], [[whipbird]]s, [[quail-thrush]]es, [[Pachycephalidae|whistlers]], [[monarch flycatcher]]s and [[drongo]]s, [[shrike]]s, [[vireo]]s, and [[vanga]]s,<ref name = robertson2000/> but current research favors the theory that this grouping is partly artificial. The corvids constitute the core group of the [[Corvoidea]], together with their closest relatives (the birds of paradise, [[Australian mud-nesters]], and shrikes). They are also the core group of the Corvida, which includes the related groups, such as [[Old World oriole]]s and vireos.<ref name = j&f2006/>

[[File:Haubenhäher1.jpg|thumb|[[Crested jayshrike]]s were thought to be in this family, but may be a type of [[helmetshrike]] instead.]]

Clarification of the interrelationships of the corvids has been achieved based on [[cladistic]] analysis of several [[DNA sequence]]s.<ref name = j&f2006/><ref name=Ericson/> The jays and magpies do not constitute [[monophyletic]] lineages, but rather seem to split up into an [[Americas|American]] and [[Old World]] lineage, and an [[Holarctic]] and Oriental lineage, respectively. These are not closely related among each other. The position of the [[azure-winged magpie]], which has always been of undistinguished lineage, is less clear than previously thought.

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|1={{clade

|1=''[[Cyanopica]]'' – magpies (2 species)

|2=''[[Perisoreus]]'' – grey jays (3 species)

}}

|2={{clade

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|1=''[[Cyanolyca]]'' – jays (9 species)

|2={{clade

|1=~~{{clade~~''[[Cyanocorax]]'' – New World jays (20 species)

~~|1=''[[Cyanocorax]]'' – New World jays (17 species)~~

~~|2={{clade~~

~~|1=''[[Psilorhinus]]'' – brown jay~~

~~|2=''[[Calocitta]]'' – magpie-jays (2 species)~~

}}

|2={{clade

|1=''[[Aphelocoma]]'' – jays and scrub jays (7 species)

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|1=''[[Pica (genus)|Pica]]'' – magpies (7 species)

|2={{clade

|1=''[[Nucifraga]]'' – nutcrackers (34 species)

|2={{clade

|1=''[[Coloeus]]'' – jackdaws (2 species) <span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Eurasian jackdaw.png|50 px]]</span>

|2=''[[Corvus]]'' – crows, ravens, rook (4750 species) <span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Carrion crow.png|50 px]]</span>

}}

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The natural diet of many corvid species is omnivorous, consisting of [[invertebrate]]s, nestlings, small mammals, berries, fruits, seeds, and [[carrion]]. However, some corvids, especially the crows, have adapted well to human conditions, and have come to rely on human food sources. In a US study of [[American crow]]s, [[common raven]]s, and [[Steller's jay]]s around campgrounds and human settlements, the crows appeared to have the most diverse diet of all, taking [[human impact on the environment|anthropogenic]] foods, such as: bread, spaghetti, fried potatoes, dog food, sandwiches, and livestock feed. The increase in available human food sources is contributing to population rises in some corvid species.<ref name = m&n2006/>

Some corvids are predators of other birds. During the wintering months, corvids typically form foraging flocks.<ref name = robertson2000 /> However, some crows also eat many agricultural pests, including [[~~Cutworm|cutworms~~cutworm]]s, [[Wire-worms|wireworms]], [[~~Grasshopper|grasshoppers~~grasshopper]]s, and harmful weeds.<ref name = shadesfonight>Shades of Night: [http://www.shades-of-night.com/aviary/ The Aviary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060415190544/http://www.shades-of-night.com/aviary/ |date=15 April 2006 }}. Version of 2004-JUL-21. Retrieved 2007-NOV-10.</ref> Some corvids will eat [[carrion]], and since they lack a specialized beak for tearing into flesh, they must wait until animals are opened, whether by other predators or as roadkill.

===Reproduction===

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==== Interspecific communications ====

[[Interspecific communication]]s are evolutionarily beneficial for species living in the same environment. Facial expressions are the most widely used method to express emotions by humans. Tate et al. (2006) explored the issue of non-human mammals processing the visual cues from faces to achieve interspecific communication with humans.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Tate|first1=Andrew J|last2=Fischer|first2=Hanno|last3=Leigh|first3=Andrea E|last4=Kendrick|first4=Keith M|date=29 December 2006|title=Behavioural and neurophysiological evidence for face identity and face emotion processing in animals|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|volume=361|issue=1476|pages=2155–2172|doi=10.1098/rstb.2006.1937|issn=0962-8436|pmc=1764842|pmid=17118930}}</ref> Researchers also examined the avian species' capabilities to interpret this non-verbal communication, and their extent of sensitivity to human emotions. Based on the experimental subject of American Crows' behavioral changes to varying human gazes and facial expressions, Clucas et al. (2013) identified that crows are able to change their behaviors to the presence of direct human gaze, but did not respond differentially to human emotional facial expressions. They further suggested that the high intelligence of the crows enables them to adapt well to human-dominated environments.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Clucas|first1=Barbara|last2=Marzluff|first2=John M.|last3=Mackovjak|first3=David|last4=Palmquist|first4=Ila|date=April 2013|editor-last=Ebensperger|editor-first=L.|title=Do American Crows Pay Attention to Human Gaze and Facial Expressions?|url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/eth.12064|journal=Ethology|volume=119|issue=4|pages=296–302|doi=10.1111/eth.12064|bibcode=2013Ethol.119..296C }}</ref>

==== Personality conformity ====

It is considered difficult to study emotions in animals when humans could not communicate with them. One way to identify animal [[personality]] traits is to observe the consistency of the individual's behavior over time and circumstances.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Both|first1=Christiaan|last2=Dingemanse|first2=Niels J.|last3=Drent|first3=Piet J.|last4=Tinbergen|first4=Joost M.|date=July 2005|title=Pairs of extreme avian personalities have highest reproductive success|journal=Journal of Animal Ecology|volume=74|issue=4|pages=667–674|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2656.2005.00962.x|issn=0021-8790|doi-access=free|bibcode=2005JAnEc..74..667B }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gosling|first=Samuel D.|date=2001|title=From mice to men: What can we learn about personality from animal research?|url=http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/0033-2909.127.1.45|journal=Psychological Bulletin|volume=127|issue=1|pages=45–86|doi=10.1037/0033-2909.127.1.45|pmid=11271756|issn=1939-1455}}</ref> For group-living species, there are two opposing hypotheses regarding the assortment of personalities within a group: the social niche specialization hypothesis, and the conformity hypothesis. To test these two hypotheses, McCune et al. (2018) performed an experiment on the boldness of two species in Corvidae: the [[Mexican Jay]] and [[California Scrub-Jay]]. Their results confirmed the conformity hypothesis, supported by the significant differences in the group effects.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bergmüller|first1=Ralph|last2=Taborsky|first2=Michael|date=September 2010|title=Animal personality due to social niche specialisation|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0169534710001515|journal=Trends in Ecology & Evolution|volume=25|issue=9|pages=504–511|doi=10.1016/j.tree.2010.06.012|pmid=20638151|bibcode=2010TEcoE..25..504B }}</ref>

==== Social construction ====

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==== Consciousness, culture-rudiments, and neurology ====

The [[Eurasian magpie]] is the only non-mammal species known to be able to recognize itself in a [[mirror test]],<ref name="prior2008">{{cite journal|last1=Prior|first1=Helmut|last2=Schwarz|first2=Ariane|last3=Güntürkün|first3=Onur|date=2008|editor1-last=De Waal|editor1-first=Frans|title=Mirror-Induced Behavior in the Magpie (''Pica pica''): Evidence of Self-Recognition|journal=PLOS Biology|volume=6|issue=8|pages=e202|doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0060202|pmc=2517622|pmid=18715117 |doi-access=free }}</ref> although later research could not replicate this finding.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Soler|first1=M.|last2=Colmero|first2=J. M.|last3=Pérez-Contreras|first3=T.|last4=Peralta-Sánchez|first4=J. M.|title=Replication of the mirror mark test experiment in the magpie (Pica pica) does not provide evidence of self-recognition.|journal=Journal of Comparative Psychology|year=2020 |volume=134|issue=4 |pages=363–371|doi=10.1037/com0000223 |pmid=32406720 |s2cid=218636079 }}</ref> Studies using very similar setups could not find such behaviour in other corvids (e.g., Carrion crows<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Brecht|first1=Katharina F.|last2=Müller|first2=Jan|last3=Nieder|first3=Andreas|date=November 2020|title=Carrion crows (Corvus corone corone) fail the mirror mark test yet again.|url=http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/com0000231|journal=Journal of Comparative Psychology|language=en|volume=134|issue=4|pages=372–378|doi=10.1037/com0000231|pmid=32463251 |s2cid=218976227 |issn=1939-2087}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Vanhooland|first1=Lisa-Claire|last2=Bugnyar|first2=Thomas|last3=Massen|first3=Jorg J. M.|date=May 2020|title=Crows (Corvus corone ssp.) check contingency in a mirror yet fail the mirror-mark test.|url=http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/com0000195|journal=Journal of Comparative Psychology|language=en|volume=134|issue=2|pages=158–169|doi=10.1037/com0000195|pmid=31589059 |s2cid=203850271 |issn=1939-2087}}</ref>). Magpies have been observed taking part in elaborate grieving rituals, which have been likened to human [[funeral]]s, including laying grass wreaths.<ref name="74.220.204.222">[http://74.220.204.222/Puplando/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/EMOSPA47.pdf Animal emotions, wild justice and why they matter: Grieving magpies, a pissy baboon, and empathic elephants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610202118/http://74.220.204.222/Puplando/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/EMOSPA47.pdf |date=10 June 2015 }} Emotion, Space and Society xxx (2009) 1–4, Marc Bekoff</ref> Marc Bekoff, at the [[University of Colorado]], argues that it shows that they are capable of feeling complex emotions, including [[grief]].<ref name="74.220.204.222"/> Furthermore, [[carrion crow]]s show a neuronal response that correlates with their [[perception]] of a stimulus, which some scientists have argued to be an empirical marker of ([[Animal consciousness#Corvids|avian/corvid]]) [[Primary consciousness|sensory consciousness]]—the conscious perception of sensory input—in the crows which do not have a [[cerebral cortex]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Researchers show conscious processes in birds' brains for the first time |url=https://phys.org/news/2020-09-conscious-birds-brains.html |access-date=9 October 2020 |work=phys.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nieder |first1=Andreas |last2=Wagener |first2=Lysann |last3=Rinnert |first3=Paul |title=A neural correlate of sensory consciousness in a corvid bird |journal=Science |date=25 September 2020 |volume=369 |issue=6511 |pages=1626–1629 |doi=10.1126/science.abb1447 |pmid=32973028 |bibcode=2020Sci...369.1626N |s2cid=221881862 |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abb1447 |access-date=9 October 2020 |issn=0036-8075}}</ref> A related study shows that the [[Avian pallium|birds' pallium's]] neuroarchitecture is reminiscent of the mammalian cortex.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Stetka |first1=Bret |title=Bird Brains Are Far More Humanlike Than Once Thought |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/bird-brains-are-far-more-humanlike-than-once-thought/ |access-date=23 October 2020 |work=Scientific American}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stacho |first1=Martin |last2=Herold |first2=Christina |last3=Rook |first3=Noemi |last4=Wagner |first4=Hermann |last5=Axer |first5=Markus |last6=Amunts |first6=Katrin |last7=Güntürkün |first7=Onur |title=A cortex-like canonical circuit in the avian forebrain |journal=Science |date=25 September 2020 |volume=369 |issue=6511 |pages=eabc5534 |doi=10.1126/science.abc5534 |pmid=32973004 |s2cid=221882087 |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abc5534 |access-date=16 October 2020 |issn=0036-8075}}</ref>

====Tool use, memory, and complex rational thought====

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There are also specific examples of corvid cleverness. One [[carrion crow]] was documented cracking nuts by placing them on a crosswalk, letting the passing cars crack the shell, waiting for the light to turn red, and then safely retrieving the contents.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BGPGknpq3e0 | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211107/BGPGknpq3e0| archive-date=7 November 2021 | url-status=live|title=Attenborough – Crows in the City |publisher=YouTube.com |date=12 February 2007 |access-date=9 March 2013}}{{cbignore}}</ref> A group of crows in England took turns lifting garbage bin lids while their companions collected food.

Members of the corvid family have been known to watch other birds, remember where they hide their food, then return once the owner leaves.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Burnell, Kristi L. |author2=Tomback, Diane F. |author2-link=Diana Tomback|year=1985|jstor=4086793 |title=Steller's jays steal Grey Jay caches: field and laboratory observation|journal=Auk|volume= 102|issue=2|pages=417–419|doi=10.2307/4086793|url=http://sora.unm.edu/node/24119}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Waite, Thomas A. |year=1992|jstor=1369297 |title=Social hoarding and a load size-distance relationship in Gray Jays|journal=The Condor|url=http://sora.unm.edu/node/104654|volume=94|issue=4|pages=995–998|doi=10.2307/1369297|s2cid=86971311 }}</ref> Corvids also move their food around between hiding places to avoid thievery—but only if they have previously been thieves themselves (that is, they remember previous relevant social contexts, use their own experience of having been a thief to predict the behavior of a pilferer, and can determine the safest course to protect their caches from being pilfered). Studies to assess similar cognitive abilities in apes have been inconclusive.<ref>Owen, James (9 December 2004) [https://web.archive.org/web/20041212040209/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/12/1209_041209_crows_apes.html Crows as Clever as Great Apes, Study Says]. ''[[National Geographic News]]'', Retrieved 2007-NOV-10.</ref>

The ability to hide food requires highly accurate [[spatial memories]]. Corvids have been recorded to recall their food's hiding places up to nine months later. It is suggested that vertical landmarks (like trees) are used to remember locations. There has also been evidence that [[California scrub jay]]s, which store perishable foods, not only remember where they stored their food, but for how long. This has been compared to [[episodic memory]], previously thought unique to humans.<ref name = claytonemery2005 />

[[New Caledonian crow]]s (''Corvus moneduloides'') are notable for their highly developed tool fabrication. They make angling tools of twigs and leaves trimmed into hooks, and then subsequently use the hooks to pull insect larvae from tree holes. Tools are engineered according to task, and apparently, also to learned preferences. Recent studies revealed abilities to solve complicated problems, which suggested high levels of innovation of a complex nature.<ref>{{cite news|last=Morelle |first=Rebecca |author-link=Rebecca Morelle |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8631486.stm |title=BBC On-line: Clever New Caledonian crows can use three tools |work=BBC News |date=20 April 2010 |access-date=9 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Baraniuk|first=Chris|date=12 December 2020|title=Crows could be the smartest animal other than primates|url=https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20191211-crows-could-be-the-smartest-animal-other-than-primates|access-date=31 August 2020|website=BBC}}</ref> Other corvids that have been observed using tools include: the [[American crow]], [[blue jay]], and [[green jay]]. Researchers have discovered that [[New Caledonian crow]]s ~~don't~~do not just use single objects as tools—they can also construct novel compound tools through assemblage of otherwise non-functional elements.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bayern|first1=A. M. P. von|last2=Danel|first2=S.|last3=Auersperg|first3=A. M. I.|last4=Mioduszewska|first4=B.|last5=Kacelnik|first5=A.|date=24 October 2018|title=Compound tool construction by New Caledonian crows|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=8|issue=1|page=15676|doi=10.1038/s41598-018-33458-z|pmid=30356096|issn=2045-2322|doi-access=free|pmc=6200727|bibcode=2018NatSR...815676B}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sciencealert.com/crows-are-so-smart-they-can-make-compound-tools-out-of-multiple-parts|title=Crows Can Build Compound Tools Out of Multiple Parts, And Are You Even Surprised|last=Starr|first=Michelle|date=25 October 2018|website=ScienceAlert|access-date=4 April 2020}}</ref> Diversity in tool design among corvids suggests cultural variation. Again, great apes are the only other animals known to use tools in such a fashion.<ref name = claytonemery2005 />

[[Clark's nutcracker]]s and [[jackdaw]]s were compared in a 2002 study based on geometric rule learning. The corvids, along with a [[domestic pigeon]], had to locate a target between two landmarks, while distances and landmarks were altered. The nutcrackers were more accurate in their searches than the jackdaws and pigeons.<ref name=Jones/>

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The other major group of highly intelligent birds of the order [[Psittaciformes]] (which includes [[Psittacidae|'true' parrots]], [[cockatoo]]s, and [[New Zealand parrot]]s) is not closely related to corvids.

A study found that four-~~months~~month-old ravens can have physical and social cognitive skills similar to that of adult great apes, and concluded that the "dynamic of the different influences that, during [[ontogeny]], contributes to adult cognition" is required for the study of cognition.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cognitive performance of four-~~months~~month-old ravens may parallel adult apes |url=https://phys.org/news/2020-12-cognitive-four-months-old-ravens-parallel-adult.html |access-date=17 January 2021 |work=phys.org}}</ref><ref name="10.1038/s41598-020-77060-8">{{cite journal |last1=Pika |first1=Simone |last2=Sima |first2=Miriam Jennifer |last3=Blum |first3=Christian R. |last4=Herrmann |first4=Esther |last5=Mundry |first5=Roger |title=Ravens parallel great apes in physical and social cognitive skills |journal=Scientific Reports |date=10 December 2020 |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=20617 |doi=10.1038/s41598-020-77060-8 |pmid=33303790 |pmc=7728792 |bibcode=2020NatSR..1020617P |issn=2045-2322}} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] Available under [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ CC BY 4.0].</ref>

==Disease==

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===Role in myth and culture===

Folklore often represents corvids as clever, and even mystical, animals. Some [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]], such as the [[Haida people|Haida]], believed that a raven created the earth, and despite being a trickster spirit, ravens were popular on [[~~Totem|totems~~totem]]s, credited with creating man, and considered responsible for placing the Sun in the sky.<ref>{{cite web |title=Raven Releasing the Sun |url=https://www.nativeonline.com/raven.html |website=Native Online |access-date=30 July 2020}}</ref>

Due to their [[carrion]] diet, the [[Celts|Celtic]] peoples strongly associated corvids with war, death, and the battlefield; their great intelligence meant that they were often considered messengers, or manifestations of the gods, such as [[Bendigeidfran]] (Welsh for "Blessed Crow") or the Irish [[The Morrígan|Morrigan]] (Middle Irish for "Great Queen"),<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Clark |first=Rosalind |date=Autumn 1987 |title=Aspects of the Morrígan in Early Irish Literature |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25477680 |journal=Irish University Review |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=223–236 |jstor=25477680 |access-date=20 September 2022 |via=JSTOR}}</ref> both who were [[otherworld|underworld deities]] that may be related to the later Arthurian [[Fisher King]]. The Welsh ''[[Dream of Rhonabwy]]'' illustrates well the association of ravens with war. In many parts of Britain, gatherings of crows, or more often magpies, are counted using the [[augury|divination rhyme]]: "''one for sorrow, two for joy, three for a girl, four for a boy, five for silver, six for gold, seven for a secret never to be told."'' Another rhyme is: "''one for sorrow, two for mirth, three for a funeral, four for a birth, five for heaven, six for hell, and seven for the Devil, his own sel."'' [[Cornish mythology|Cornish superstition]] holds that when a lone magpie is encountered, it must be loudly greeted with respect.

Various [[Germanic peoples]] highly revered the raven, and the raven was often depicted as a motif on shields or other war gear in [[Anglo-Saxon art]], such as the [[Sutton Hoo]] burial, and [[Vendel period]] art. The major deity, [[Odin]], was so commonly associated with ravens throughout history that he gained the [[kenning]] "Raven God,"{{efn|E.g. [[Icelandic (language)|Icelandic]]: ''hrafnaguð'', as per the ''[[Gylfaginning]]''.}} and the [[raven banner]] was the flag of various [[Viking Age]] [[Scandinavia~~|Scandinavian~~]]n chieftains. Odin was also attended by [[Hugin and Munin]], two [[Common raven|ravens]] who flew all over the world, and whispered information they acquired into his ears.<ref name=Chappell/> The [[Valravn]] sometimes appeared in modern Scandinavian folklore. On a shield and purse lid excavated among the [[Sutton Hoo]] treasures, imagery of stylised corvids with scrolled beaks are meticulously detailed in the decorative enamel work. The corvid symbolism reflected their common [[totemic]] status to the Anglo-Saxons, whose pre-Christian [[Woden|indigenous beliefs]] were of the same origin as that of the aforementioned Vikings.

The sixth century BCE [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] scribe [[Aesop]] featured corvids as intelligent antagonists in many fables. Later, in western literature, popularized by American poet [[Edgar Allan Poe]]'s work "[[The Raven]]", the [[common raven]] becomes a symbol of the main character's descent into madness.

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*'''[[Nutcracker (bird)|Nutcrackers]]'''

**Genus ''[[Nucifraga]]''

***[[~~Spotted~~Northern nutcracker]], ''Nucifraga caryocatactes''

***[[Southern nutcracker]], ''Nucifraga hemispila''

***[[Kashmir nutcracker]], ''Nucifraga multipunctata''

***[[Clark's nutcracker]], ''Nucifraga columbiana''

Line 334 ⟶ 328:

***''Tropical Asian'' species

****[[Daurian jackdaw]], ''Coloeus dauuricus''

****[[~~Slender-billed~~Sunda crow]], ''Corvus enca''

****[[Sulawesi crow]], ''Corvus celebensis''

****[[Palawan crow]], ''Corvus pusillus<ref>{{Cite web|title=Species Updates – IOC World Bird List|url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/updates/species-updates/|access-date=29 May 2021|language=en-US}}</ref>''

****[[Samar crow]], ''Corvus samarensis''

****[[Sierra Madre crow]], ''Corvus sierramadrensis''

****[[Palawan crow]], ''Corvus pusillus

****[[Flores crow]], ''Corvus florensis''

****[[Large-billed crow]], ''Corvus macrorhynchos''

Line 388 ⟶ 385:

***[[Transvolcanic jay]], ''Aphelocoma ultramarina''

***[[Unicolored jay]], ''Aphelocoma unicolor''

**Genus ''[[Calocitta]]'' – magpie-jays

***[[Black-throated magpie-jay]], ''Calocitta colliei''▼

***[[White-throated magpie-jay]], ''Calocitta formosa''▼

**Genus ''[[Cyanocitta]]''

***[[Blue jay]], ''Cyanocitta cristata''

***[[Steller's jay]], ''Cyanocitta stelleri''

**Genus ''[[Cyanocorax]]''

▲***[[Black-throated magpie-jay]], ''~~Calocitta~~Cyanocorax colliei''

▲***[[White-throated magpie-jay]], ''~~Calocitta~~Cyanocorax formosa''

***[[Black-chested jay]], ''Cyanocorax affinis''

***[[Purplish-backed jay]], ''Cyanocorax beecheii''

Line 412 ⟶ 408:

***[[Inca jay]], ''Cyanocorax yncas''

***[[Yucatan jay]], ''Cyanocorax yucatanicus''

***[[Brown jay]], ''~~Psilorhinus~~Cyanocorax morio''▼

**Genus ''[[Psilorhinus]]''

▲***[[Brown jay]], ''Psilorhinus morio''

**Genus ''[[Cyanolyca]]''

***[[Silvery-throated jay]], ''Cyanolyca argentigula''

Line 434 ⟶ 429:

<ref name=BLI>BirdLife International. (2016). ''Aphelocoma coerulescens''. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. {{doi|10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22705629A94028132.en}}</ref>

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