Corvidae: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia

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<div style="text-align:left;"><big>{{Legend2|#00BE30|Native|border=1px solid #aaa}} {{Legend2|#F3F300|(Re)Introduced|border=1px solid #aaa}}</big></div> <div style="text-align:left;"><big>{{Legend2|#15A3EB|Extinct (post-1500)|border=1px solid #aaa}} {{Legend2|#FF0000|Extinct (pre-1500)|border=1px solid #aaa}}</big></div>

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'''Corvidae''' is a [[Cosmopolitan distribution|cosmopolitan]] [[Family (biology)|family]] of [[Songbird|oscine]] [[passerine]] [[bird]]s that contains the [[crow]]s, [[raven]]s, [[Rook (bird)|rooks]], [[magpie]]s, [[jackdaw]]s, [[jay]]s, [[treepie]]s, [[chough]]s, and [[Nutcracker (bird)|nutcrackers]].<ref name=madge/><ref name = robertson2000/><ref name = claytonemery2005/> In [[Colloquialism|colloquial]] English, they are known as the '''crow family''' or '''corvids'''. Currently, 135 species are included in this family. The genus ''[[Corvus]]'' containing 4750 species makes up over a third of the entire family.<ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela C. Rasmussen | date=~~January~~August ~~2023~~2024 | title=Crows, mudnesters, birds-of-paradise | work=IOC World Bird List Version 1314.12 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/crows/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=1518 ~~May~~September ~~2023~~2024 }}</ref> Corvids ([[raven]]s) are the largest passerines.

Corvids display remarkable [[Animal cognition|intelligence]] for animals of their size, and are among the most [[Bird intelligence|intelligent birds]] thus far studied.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Emery|first1=N. J.|last2=Clayton|first2=Nicola S.|date=2004|title=The mentality of crows: Convergent evolution of Intelligence in corvids and apes|url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1098410|journal=Science|language=en|volume=306|issue=5703|pages=1903–1907|doi=10.1126/science.1098410|pmid=15591194 |bibcode=2004Sci...306.1903E |s2cid=9828891 |issn=0036-8075}}</ref> Specifically, members of the family have demonstrated [[self-awareness]] in [[mirror test]]s ([[Eurasian magpie]]s) and [[Tool use by animals|tool-making ability]] (e.g. crows and rooks<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8059688.stm | work=BBC News | title=Rooks reveal remarkable tool-use | date=26 May 2009 | access-date=2 April 2010}}</ref>), skills which until recently were thought to be possessed only by humans and a few other higher [[mammal]]s. Their total [[Brain–body mass ratio|brain-to-body mass ratio]] is equal to that of non-human [[Hominidae|great apes]] and [[cetacea]]ns, and only slightly lower than that of humans.<ref name="birding">Birding in India and South Asia: [http://www.birding.in/birds/Passeriformes/corvidae.htm Corvidae]. Retrieved 2007-NOV-10</ref>

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|1=''[[Cyanolyca]]'' – jays (9 species)

|2={{clade

|1=~~{{clade~~''[[Cyanocorax]]'' – New World jays (20 species)

~~|1=''[[Cyanocorax]]'' – New World jays (17 species)~~

~~|2={{clade~~

~~|1=''[[Psilorhinus]]'' – brown jay~~

~~|2=''[[Calocitta]]'' – magpie-jays (2 species)~~

}}

|2={{clade

|1=''[[Aphelocoma]]'' – jays and scrub jays (7 species)

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|1=''[[Pica (genus)|Pica]]'' – magpies (7 species)

|2={{clade

|1=''[[Nucifraga]]'' – nutcrackers (34 species)

|2={{clade

|1=''[[Coloeus]]'' – jackdaws (2 species) <span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Eurasian jackdaw.png|50 px]]</span>

|2=''[[Corvus]]'' – crows, ravens, rook (4750 species) <span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Carrion crow.png|50 px]]</span>

}}

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==== Interspecific communications ====

[[Interspecific communication]]s are evolutionarily beneficial for species living in the same environment. Facial expressions are the most widely used method to express emotions by humans. Tate et al. (2006) explored the issue of non-human mammals processing the visual cues from faces to achieve interspecific communication with humans.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Tate|first1=Andrew J|last2=Fischer|first2=Hanno|last3=Leigh|first3=Andrea E|last4=Kendrick|first4=Keith M|date=29 December 2006|title=Behavioural and neurophysiological evidence for face identity and face emotion processing in animals|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|volume=361|issue=1476|pages=2155–2172|doi=10.1098/rstb.2006.1937|issn=0962-8436|pmc=1764842|pmid=17118930}}</ref> Researchers also examined the avian species' capabilities to interpret this non-verbal communication, and their extent of sensitivity to human emotions. Based on the experimental subject of American Crows' behavioral changes to varying human gazes and facial expressions, Clucas et al. (2013) identified that crows are able to change their behaviors to the presence of direct human gaze, but did not respond differentially to human emotional facial expressions. They further suggested that the high intelligence of the crows enables them to adapt well to human-dominated environments.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Clucas|first1=Barbara|last2=Marzluff|first2=John M.|last3=Mackovjak|first3=David|last4=Palmquist|first4=Ila|date=April 2013|editor-last=Ebensperger|editor-first=L.|title=Do American Crows Pay Attention to Human Gaze and Facial Expressions?|url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/eth.12064|journal=Ethology|volume=119|issue=4|pages=296–302|doi=10.1111/eth.12064|bibcode=2013Ethol.119..296C }}</ref>

==== Personality conformity ====

It is considered difficult to study emotions in animals when humans could not communicate with them. One way to identify animal [[personality]] traits is to observe the consistency of the individual's behavior over time and circumstances.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Both|first1=Christiaan|last2=Dingemanse|first2=Niels J.|last3=Drent|first3=Piet J.|last4=Tinbergen|first4=Joost M.|date=July 2005|title=Pairs of extreme avian personalities have highest reproductive success|journal=Journal of Animal Ecology|volume=74|issue=4|pages=667–674|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2656.2005.00962.x|issn=0021-8790|doi-access=free|bibcode=2005JAnEc..74..667B }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gosling|first=Samuel D.|date=2001|title=From mice to men: What can we learn about personality from animal research?|url=http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/0033-2909.127.1.45|journal=Psychological Bulletin|volume=127|issue=1|pages=45–86|doi=10.1037/0033-2909.127.1.45|pmid=11271756|issn=1939-1455}}</ref> For group-living species, there are two opposing hypotheses regarding the assortment of personalities within a group: the social niche specialization hypothesis, and the conformity hypothesis. To test these two hypotheses, McCune et al. (2018) performed an experiment on the boldness of two species in Corvidae: the [[Mexican Jay]] and [[California Scrub-Jay]]. Their results confirmed the conformity hypothesis, supported by the significant differences in the group effects.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bergmüller|first1=Ralph|last2=Taborsky|first2=Michael|date=September 2010|title=Animal personality due to social niche specialisation|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0169534710001515|journal=Trends in Ecology & Evolution|volume=25|issue=9|pages=504–511|doi=10.1016/j.tree.2010.06.012|pmid=20638151|bibcode=2010TEcoE..25..504B }}</ref>

==== Social construction ====

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*'''[[Nutcracker (bird)|Nutcrackers]]'''

**Genus ''[[Nucifraga]]''

***[[~~Spotted~~Northern nutcracker]], ''Nucifraga caryocatactes''

***[[Southern nutcracker]], ''Nucifraga hemispila''

***[[Kashmir nutcracker]], ''Nucifraga multipunctata''

***[[Clark's nutcracker]], ''Nucifraga columbiana''

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***''Tropical Asian'' species

****[[Daurian jackdaw]], ''Coloeus dauuricus''

****[[~~Slender-billed~~Sunda crow]], ''Corvus enca''

****[[Sulawesi crow]], ''Corvus celebensis''

****[[Palawan crow]], ''Corvus pusillus<ref>{{Cite web|title=Species Updates – IOC World Bird List|url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/updates/species-updates/|access-date=29 May 2021|language=en-US}}</ref>''

****[[Samar crow]], ''Corvus samarensis''

****[[Sierra Madre crow]], ''Corvus sierramadrensis''

****[[Palawan crow]], ''Corvus pusillus

****[[Flores crow]], ''Corvus florensis''

****[[Large-billed crow]], ''Corvus macrorhynchos''

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***[[Transvolcanic jay]], ''Aphelocoma ultramarina''

***[[Unicolored jay]], ''Aphelocoma unicolor''

**Genus ''[[Calocitta]]'' – magpie-jays

***[[Black-throated magpie-jay]], ''Calocitta colliei''▼

***[[White-throated magpie-jay]], ''Calocitta formosa''▼

**Genus ''[[Cyanocitta]]''

***[[Blue jay]], ''Cyanocitta cristata''

***[[Steller's jay]], ''Cyanocitta stelleri''

**Genus ''[[Cyanocorax]]''

▲***[[Black-throated magpie-jay]], ''~~Calocitta~~Cyanocorax colliei''

▲***[[White-throated magpie-jay]], ''~~Calocitta~~Cyanocorax formosa''

***[[Black-chested jay]], ''Cyanocorax affinis''

***[[Purplish-backed jay]], ''Cyanocorax beecheii''

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***[[Inca jay]], ''Cyanocorax yncas''

***[[Yucatan jay]], ''Cyanocorax yucatanicus''

***[[Brown jay]], ''~~Psilorhinus~~Cyanocorax morio''▼

**Genus ''[[Psilorhinus]]''

▲***[[Brown jay]], ''Psilorhinus morio''

**Genus ''[[Cyanolyca]]''

***[[Silvery-throated jay]], ''Cyanolyca argentigula''

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<ref name=BLI>BirdLife International. (2016). ''Aphelocoma coerulescens''. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. {{doi|10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22705629A94028132.en}}</ref>

<ref name=Breininger>{{cite journal |last1=Breininger |first1=D. R. |last2=Toland |first2=B. |last3=Oddy |first3=D. M. |last4=Legare |first4=M. L. |title=Landcover characterizations and Florida scrub-jay (''Aphelocoma coerulescens'') population dynamics |doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2005.09.026 |url=http://www.nbbd.com/godo/minwr/research/scrubjay-landcover.pdf |year=2006 |journal=Biological Conservation |volume=128 |issue=2 |pages=169–181|bibcode=2006BCons.128..169B }}</ref>

<ref name=Bond>{{cite journal |last1=Bond |first1=Alan B. |last2=Kamil |first2=Alan C. |last3=Balda |first3=Russell P. |doi=10.1006/anbe.2003.2101 |title=Social complexity and transitive inference in corvids |year=2003 |journal=Animal Behaviour |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=479–487 |s2cid=9836564 |url=http://www.biosci.unl.edu/avcog/research/articles/AnBeh03.pdf |access-date=10 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216084527/http://www.biosci.unl.edu/avcog/research/articles/AnBeh03.pdf |archive-date=16 February 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<ref name=Chappell>{{cite journal |last=Chappell |first=J. |pmc=1326277 |title=Living with the Trickster: Crows, Ravens, and Human Culture |year=2006 |journal=PLOS Biology |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=e14 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0040014 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name = claytonemery2005>{{cite journal |last1=Clayton |first1=Nicola |last2=Emery |first2=Nathan |year=2005 |title=Corvid cognition |journal=Current Biology |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=R80–R81 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2005.01.020 |pmid=15694292|doi-access=free |bibcode=2005CBio...15..R80C }}</ref>

<ref name=Emery>{{cite journal |last1=Emery |first1=Nathan |last2=Clayton |first2=Nicola |title=The Mentality of Crows: Convergent Evolution of Intelligence in Corvids and Apes |year=2004 |journal=Science |volume=306 |issue=5703 |pages=1903–7 |doi=10.1126/science.1098410 |pmid=15591194|bibcode=2004Sci...306.1903E |citeseerx=10.1.1.299.6596 |s2cid=9828891 }}</ref>

<ref name=Ericson>{{cite journal |last1=Ericson |first1=Per G. P. |last2=Jansén |first2=Anna-Lee |last3=Johansson |first3=Ulf S. |last4=Ekman |first4=Jan |doi=10.1111/j.0908-8857.2001.03409.x |url=http://www.nrm.se/download/18.4e32c81078a8d9249800021299/Corvidae%5B1%5D.pdf |title=Inter-generic relationships of the crows, jays, magpies and allied groups (Aves: Corvidae) based on nucleotide sequence data |date=2005 |journal=Journal of Avian Biology |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=222–234|citeseerx=10.1.1.493.5531 }}</ref>

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<ref name=Jones>{{cite journal |last1=Jones |first1=Juli E. |last2=Antoniadis |first2=Elena |last3=Shettleworth |first3=Sara J. |last4=Kamil |first4=Alan C. |date=2002| title=A Comparative Study of Geometric Rule Learning by Nutcrackers (''Nucifraga columbiana''), Pigeons (''Columba livia''), and Jackdaws (''Corvus monedula'') |journal=Journal of Comparative Psychology |doi=10.1037/0735-7036.116.4.350 |pmid=12539930 |volume=116 |issue=4 |pages=350–356 |url=http://www08.homepage.villanova.edu/michael.brown/Psych%208175/JonesAntoniadisShettleworthKamil2002.pdf}}</ref>

<ref name = j&f2006>{{cite journal |last1=Jønsson |first1=Knud A. |last2=Fjeldså |first2=Jon |doi=10.1111/j.1463-6409.2006.00221.x |title=A phylogenetic supertree of oscine passerine birds (Aves: Passeri) |year=2006 |journal=Zoologica Scripta |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=149–186|s2cid=85317440 }}</ref>

<ref name=Krushinskii>{{cite journal |last1=Krushinskii |first1=L. V. |last2=Zorina |first2=Z. A. |last3=Dashevskiy |first3=B. A. |pmid=112801 |date=1979 |title=Ability of birds of the Corvidae family to operate by the empirical dimensions of figures |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=590–7 |journal=Zhurnal Vysshei Nervnoi Deiatelnosti ~~Imeni~~imeni I P Pavlova}}</ref>

<ref name=Li>{{cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Shou-Hsien |last2=Brown |first2=Jerram L. |s2cid=34041075 |title=High frequency of extrapair fertilization in a plural breeding bird, the Mexican jay, revealed by DNA microsatellites |date=2000 |journal=Animal Behaviour |doi=10.1006/anbe.2000.1554 |pmid=11124886 |volume=60 |issue=6 |pages=867–877}}</ref>

<ref name=Lee>{{cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=T. M. |last2=Soh |first2=M. C. K. |last3=Sodhi |first3=N. |last4=Koh |first4=L. P. |last5=Lim |first5=S. L. H. |title=Effects of habitat disturbance on mixed species bird flocks in a tropical sub-montane rainforest |date=2005 |journal=Biological Conservation |doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2004.07.005 |volume=122 |issue=2 |pages=193–204|bibcode=2005BCons.122..193L }}</ref>

<ref name=madge>{{cite book |last1=Madge |first1=S. |last2=Burn |first2=H. |date=1993 |title=Crows and Jays |publisher=Helm |isbn=978-1-873403-18-1}}</ref>

<ref name=Marzluff>{{cite book |last1=Marzluff |first1=John M. |last2=Angell |first2=T. |date=2005 |title=In the Company of Crows and Ravens |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven, Connecticut |isbn=978-0-300-10076-1}}</ref>

<ref name=m&n2006>{{cite journal |last1=Marzluff |first1=John M. |last2=Neatherlin |first2=Eric |date=2006 |title=Corvid response to human settlements and campgrounds: Causes, consequences, and challenges for conservation |journal=Biological Conservation |volume=130 |issue=2 |pages=301–314 |doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2005.12.026|bibcode=2006BCons.130..301M }}</ref>

<ref name=Patterson>{{cite journal |last1=Patterson |first1=I. J. |last2=Dunnet |first2=G. M. |last3=Fordham |first3=R. A. |date=1971 |title=Ecological studies of the Rook ''Corvus frugilegus'' L. in northeast Scotland. Dispersion |journal=J. Appl. Ecol. |jstor=2402685 |doi=10.2307/2402685|volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=815–833|bibcode=1971JApEc...8..815P }}</ref>

<ref name=Perrins>Perrins, Christopher (2003): ''The New Encyclopedia of Birds'' Oxford University Press: Oxford {{ISBN|0-19-852506-0}}</ref>

<ref name = robertson2000>Robertson, Don (30 January 2000): Bird Families of the World: [http://www.montereybay.com/creagrus/corvids.html Corvidae] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060428150428/http://www.montereybay.com/creagrus/corvids.html |date=28 April 2006 }}. Retrieved 2007-NOV-10.</ref>